Three Hundred Tang Poems

Three Hundred Tang Poems
Traditional Chinese 唐詩三百首
Simplified Chinese 唐诗三百首

The Three Hundred Tang Poems (Chinese: 唐詩三百首) is an anthology of poems from the Chinese Tang dynasty (618 - 907) first compiled around 1763 by Sun Zhu (1722-1778[1]), the Qing Dynasty scholar, also known as Hengtang Tuishi (衡塘退士 "Retired Master of Hengtang"). Various later editions also exist. All editions contain slightly more than 300 total poems: in this case, three hundred means not exactly 300 but refers to an estimative quantification; the ten, twenty, or more extra poems represent a sort of a good luck bonus,[2] analogous to the "baker's dozen" in the West. Even more, the number 300 (or more exactly 305) was a classic number for a poetry collection due to the influence of the Classic of Poetry (Shijing 詩經), which was generally known as The Three Hundred Poems.[1]

Dissatisfied with the anthology Poems by a Thousand Masters (Qianjiashi 千家詩) compiled by Liu Kezhuang in the late Southern Song, and influenced by Ming Dynasty poetry anthologies, Sun selected the poems based on their popularity and educational value. The collection has been popular ever since and can be found in many Chinese households. For centuries, elementary students memorized the poems and used them to learn to read and write. It contains poems by Du Fu, Li Bai, Wang Wei, Li Shangyin, Meng Haoran, Han Yu, Du Mu, Bai Juyi, Liu Changqing, Cen Shen, Wang Changling, Wei Yingwu, and more.[3][4] Li He is one notable Tang poet absent from the compilation.

Organization of poems

The original Qing Dynasty version of the 300 Tang Poems was organized by the poem's formal type, of which there were seven:

  • Folk song styled verse (yuefu)
  • Ancient verse (gushi):
    • Five-character ancient verse
    • Seven-character ancient verse
  • Modern style verse (jintishi):
    • Eight-line regulated verse (lüshi):
      • Five-character regular verse
      • Seven-character regular verse
    • Quatrain (jueju):
      • Five-character quatrain
      • Seven-character quatrain

Out of 317 poems in one edition, 90 were in the gushi form and 227 were in the lüshi or the jueju forms.[5]

Poets

The poets of the Tang shi include a number of authors ranging from the well-known and famous to obscure or anonymous poets, and even include at least one emperor. The poet with the most pieces included in this collection is Du Fu, with thirty-nine. Li Bo is a close runner-up, with thirty-four. Wang Wei has twenty-nine poems included in the anthology and Li Shangyin has twenty-four. Meng Haoran has fifteen, Wei Yingwu twelve, Liu Changqing eleven, and Du Mu ten. After that, each of the other poets' included pieces number in the single digits; however, some of these poets are quite important, such as Liu Zongyuan or Bai Juyi. Some important poets, such as Li He, are not represented at all.

NameTraditionalSimplifiedPinyinWade-Giles[note 1]Dates[note 2]Number of included pieces[note 3]
Bai Juyi白居易白居易Bái JūyìPo Chü-i772–8466
Cen Shen岑參岑参Cén ShēnTs'en Shen715–7707
Chang Jian常建常建Cháng JiànCh'ang Chien708–765?2
Chen Tao陳陶陳陶Chén TáoCh'en T'ao824–8821
Chen Zi'ang陳子昂陈子昂Chén ZĭángCh‛en Tzŭ-ang661?–7021
Cui Hao崔顥崔颢Cuī HàoTs'ui Hao704?–7544
Cui Shu崔曙崔曙Cuī ShǔTs'ui Shu704–7391
Cui Tu崔塗崔涂Cuī TúTs'ui T'u854–?2
Dai Shulun戴叔倫戴叔伦Dài ShūlúnTai Shu-lun732–7891
Du Fu杜甫杜甫Dù FǔTu Fu712–77039
Du Mu杜牧杜牧Dù MùTu Mu803–85210
Du Qiuniang (Lady Du Qiu)杜秋娘杜秋娘Dù QiūniángTu Ch'iu-niang?–825?1
Du Shenyan杜審言杜审言Dù ShěnyánTu Shen-yen646–708?1
Du Xunhe杜荀鶴杜荀鹤Dù XúnhèTu Hsün-hê846–9041
Gao Shi高適高适Gāo ShìKao Shih716?–7652
Gu Kuang顧況顾况Gù KuàngKu K'uang725—8141
Han Hong韓翃韩翃Hán HóngHan Hungmid 8th century3
Han Wo韓偓韩偓Hán WòHan Wo844–9231
Han Yu韓愈韩愈Hán YùHan Yü768–8244
He Zhizhang賀知章贺知章Hè ZhīzhāngHe Chih-chang659?–7441
Huangfu Ran皇甫冉皇甫冉Huángfǔ RǎnHuang-fu Jan716–7691
Jia Dao賈島贾岛Jiǎ DǎoChia Tao779–8431
Jiaoran皎然皎然JiǎoránChiao-jan730–7991
Jin Changxu金昌緒金昌绪Jīn ChāngxùChin Ch'ang-hsü?1
Li Bai (Li Po)李白李白Lǐ Bái (Lǐ Bó)Li Pai (Li Po)701–76234
Li Duan李端李端Lǐ DuānLi Tuan743–7821
Li Pin李頻李频Lǐ PínLi P'in818–8761
Li Qi李頎李颀Lǐ QíLi Ch'i690–7517
Li Shangyin李商隱李商隐Lǐ ShāngyǐnLi Shang-yin813?–858?24
Li Ye (Li Jilan)李冶李冶Lǐ YěLi Yeh?–78418
Li Yi李益李益Lǐ YìLi I748?–827?3
Liu Changqing劉長卿刘长卿Liú ChángqīngLiu Chang-ch'ing710?–789?11
Liu Fangping劉方平刘方平Liú FāngpingLiu Fang-p'ingmid 8th century2
Liu Jixu劉脊虛刘脊虚Liú JǐxūLiu Chi-hsü?1
Liu Yuxi劉禹錫刘禹锡Liú YǔxīLiu Yü-hsi772–8424
Liu Zhongyong柳中庸柳中庸Liǔ ZhōngyōngLiu Chung-yung?–775?1
Liu Zongyuan柳宗元柳宗元Liǔ ZōngyuánLiu Tsung-yüan773–8195
Lu Lun盧綸卢纶Lú LúnLu Lun739–7996
Luo Binwang駱賓王骆宾王Luò BīnwángLo Pin-wang640?–684?1
Ma Dai馬戴马戴Mǎ DàiMa Tai799–8692
Meng Haoran孟浩然孟浩然Mèng HàoránMeng Hao-jan689?–74015
Meng Jiao孟郊孟郊Mèng JiāoMeng Chiao751–8142
Pei Di裴迪裴迪Péi DíPei Ti716?–?1
Qian Qi錢起钱起Qián QǐCh'ien Ch'i722?–780?3
Qin Taoyu秦韜玉秦韬玉Qín TāoyùCh'in T'ao-yülate 9th century1
Qiu Wei邱為邱为Qiū WéiCh'iu Wei694–789?1
Qiwu Qian綦毋潛綦毋潜Qíwú QiánCh'i-wu Ch'ien692?–755?1
Quan Deyu權德輿权德舆Quán DéyúCh'uan Tê-yu759–8181
Shen Quanqi沈佺期沈佺期Shěn QuánqīShên Ch'üan-ch'i650?–713?2
Sikong Shu司空曙司空曙Sīkōng ShǔSsû-k'ung Shu720?–790?3
Song Zhiwen宋之問宋之问Sòng ZhīwènSung Chih-wên656?–712?1
Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (Tang Xuanzong)唐玄宗唐玄宗Táng XuánzōngT'ang Hsüan-tsung685–7621
Wang Bo王勃王勃Wáng BóWang Po649?–6761
Wang Changling王昌齡王昌龄Wáng ChānglíngWang Ch'ang-ling698–7568
Wang Han王翰王翰Wáng HànWang Hanearly 8th century1
Wang Jian王建王建Wáng JiànWang Chien?–830?1
Wang Wan王灣王灣Wáng WānWang Wan693–7511
Wang Wei王維王维Wáng WéiWang Wei699–75929
Wang Zhihuan王之渙王之涣Wáng ZhīhuànWang Tsu-huan688–7422
Wei Yingwu (Wei Yinwu)韋應物韦应物Wéi YìngwùWei Ying-wu737–79212
Wei Zhuang韋莊韦庄Wéi ZhuāngWei Chuang836–9102
Wen Tingyun溫庭筠温庭筠Wēn TīngyūnWen T'ing-yun812–8704
Wumingshi (Anonymous)無名氏无名氏WúmíngshìWu-ming-shih?1
Xi Biren (Anonymous)[note 4]西鄙人西鄙人Xī BǐrénHsi Bi-jen?1
Xu Hun許渾许浑Xǔ HúnHsü Hun791–8582
Xue Feng薛逢薛逢Xuē FéngHsueh Fengmid 9th century1
Yuan Jie元結元结Yuán JiēYüan Chieh723–7722
Yuan Zhen元稹元稹Yuán ZhěnYüan Chen779–8314
Zhang Hu張祜张祜Zhāng HùChang Hu785[6]–849?5
Zhang Ji from Hubei張繼张继Zhāng JìChang Chi715?–779?1
Zhang Ji from Jiangnan張籍张籍Zhāng JíChang Chi766–830?1
Zhang Jiuling張九齡张九龄Zhāng JiǔlíngChang Chiu-ling678?–7405
Zhang Mi (Zhang Bi)張泌张泌Zhāng MìChang Milate 9th century1
Zhang Qiao張喬张喬Zhāng QiáoChang Ch'iao?1
Zhang Xu張旭张旭Zhāng XùChang Hsü658?–747?1
Zhao Luanluan趙鸞鸞赵鸾鸾Zhào LuánluánChao Luan-luan14th century[note 5]
Zheng Tian鄭畋郑畋Zhèng TiánCheng T'ien824?–882?1
Zhu Qingyu朱慶餘朱慶余Zhū QìngyúChu Ch'ing-yüearly 9th century2
Zu Yong祖詠祖咏Zǔ YǒngTsu Yung699–746?2
  1. ↑ Lacking tone marks, and may be modified Wade-Giles.
  2. ↑ Birth, death, flourishing, or other as available. All dates Common Era.
  3. ↑ From standard edition(s).
  4. ↑ Xi Biren is an alias meaning "humble person from the west border". The author is unknown (cf. "The Beauty of Tang Poems and Zhuan Zi Calligraphy", "Xi Bi'ren", by Marie L. Sun and Alex K. Sun)
  5. ↑ Zhao Luanluan was a Yuan dynasty poet mistaken by the compilers as a Tang dynasty courtesan-poet.

Translations

The first complete translation of the Three Hundred Tang Poems into English was published as The Jade Mountain, translated by Witter Bynner and Jiang Kanghu. From 1929 through 1972 it went through ten editions.[3] It has also been translated by Peter Harris in 2009.[7]

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 Yu, 64-65
  2. ↑ Rexroth, xvi
  3. 1 2 Weichang Chan, ed. (1997). "Home of 300 Tang Poems". Chinese Text Initiative (in Chinese and English). Translated by Witter Bynner. University of Virginia. Archived from the original on 2007-09-25. Retrieved 2007-09-12.
  4. ↑ "Tang Shi – 300 Tang poems". Wengu - Chinese Classics and Translations (in Chinese, English, and French). AFPC. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-09-12.
  5. ↑ Watson 127
  6. ↑
  7. ↑ https://www.amazon.com/Three-Hundred-Everymans-Library-Pocket/dp/0307269736

References

  • Wu, John C. H. (1972). The Four Seasons of Tang Poetry. Rutland, Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle. ISBN 978-0-8048-0197-3
  • Watson, Burton (1971). CHINESE LYRICISM: Shih Poetry from the Second to the Twelfth Century. (New York: Columbia University Press). ISBN 0-231-03464-4
  • Rexroth, Kenneth (1970). Love and the Turning Year: One Hundred More Poems from the Chinese. New York: New Directions.
  • Yu, Pauline (2002). "Chinese Poetry and Its Institutions", in Hsiang Lectures on Chinese Poetry, Volume 2, Grace S. Fong, editor. Montreal: Center for East Asian Research, McGill University.
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