Sphaeroforma arctica

Sphaeroforma arctica
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
(unranked):	Opisthokonta
(unranked):	Holozoa
Class:	Ichthyosporea
Order:	Ichthyophonida
Genus:	Sphaeroforma
Species:	S. arctica
Binomial name
	Sphaeroforma arctica;

Sphaeroforma arctica, is a unicellular eukaryote with a pivotal position in the tree of life. It was first isolated from the arctic marine amphipod Gammarus setosus.^[1]^[2] Like other Ichthyosporeans such as Creolimax and Abeoforma, Sphaeroforma arctica are spherical cells characterized with their capacity to grow into multi-nucleated coenocytes (multi-nucleates cell). However, a unique feature of S. arctica, is that no obvious budding, hyphal, amoeboid, sporal or flagellated growth stages have been observed in laboratory growth conditions.

Taxonomy

Sphaeroforma is a member of the Ichthyosporea clade, which is the earliest branching holozoan lineage. It is a key organism to understand the origin of animals.

Applications

Indeed, Sphaeroforma arctica grows easily in Marine broth, with the particularity of growing synchronously.^[3]^[4] From a cell with 1 single nucleus, it can grow to reach a 128 nuclei cell before undergoing cellularization (the process by which the coenocytes split up to give new-born cells).

Moreover, it has been recently shown that S. arctica contains miRNA as well as the complex miRNA processing machinery. Taken together, Sphaeroforma arctica is a great model organism from both evolutionary and cell biology perspectives.^[5]

References

↑ Marshall, Wyth L.; Berbee, Mary L. (March 2013). "Comparative morphology and genealogical delimitation of cryptic species of sympatric isolates of Sphaeroforma (Ichthyosporea, Opisthokonta)". Protist. 164 (2): 287–311. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2012.12.002. ISSN 1618-0941. PMID 23352078.
↑ Jøstensen, Jens-Petter; Sperstad, Sigmund; Johansen, Steinar; Landfald, Bjarne (2002-01-01). "Molecular-phylogenetic, structural and biochemical features of a cold-adapted, marine ichthyosporean near the animal-fungal divergence, described from in vitro cultures". European Journal of Protistology. 38 (2): 93–104. doi:10.1078/0932-4739-00855.
↑ Suga, Hiroshi; Ruiz-Trillo, Iñaki (2013-05-01). "Development of ichthyosporeans sheds light on the origin of metazoan multicellularity". Developmental biology. 377 (1): 284–292. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.01.009. ISSN 0012-1606. PMC 4342548. PMID 23333946.
↑ Ondracka, Andrej; Ruiz-Trillo, Iñaki (2017-09-19). "Decoupling of the nuclear division cycle and cell size control in the coenocytic cycle of the ichthyosporean Sphaeroforma arctica". bioRxiv 190900.
↑ Brate, Jon; Neumann, Ralf Stefan; Fromm, Bastian; Haraldsen, Arthur Alexander Blorstad; Grini, Paul; Shalchian-Tabrizi, Kamran (2016-10-01). "Pre-metazoan origin of animal miRNAs". bioRxiv 076190.

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[1] Marshall, Wyth L.; Berbee, Mary L. (March 2013). "Comparative morphology and genealogical delimitation of cryptic species of sympatric isolates of Sphaeroforma (Ichthyosporea, Opisthokonta)". Protist. 164 (2): 287–311. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2012.12.002. ISSN 1618-0941. PMID 23352078.

[2] Jøstensen, Jens-Petter; Sperstad, Sigmund; Johansen, Steinar; Landfald, Bjarne (2002-01-01). "Molecular-phylogenetic, structural and biochemical features of a cold-adapted, marine ichthyosporean near the animal-fungal divergence, described from in vitro cultures". European Journal of Protistology. 38 (2): 93–104. doi:10.1078/0932-4739-00855.

[3] Suga, Hiroshi; Ruiz-Trillo, Iñaki (2013-05-01). "Development of ichthyosporeans sheds light on the origin of metazoan multicellularity". Developmental biology. 377 (1): 284–292. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.01.009. ISSN 0012-1606. PMC 4342548. PMID 23333946.

[4] Ondracka, Andrej; Ruiz-Trillo, Iñaki (2017-09-19). "Decoupling of the nuclear division cycle and cell size control in the coenocytic cycle of the ichthyosporean Sphaeroforma arctica". bioRxiv 190900.

[5] Brate, Jon; Neumann, Ralf Stefan; Fromm, Bastian; Haraldsen, Arthur Alexander Blorstad; Grini, Paul; Shalchian-Tabrizi, Kamran (2016-10-01). "Pre-metazoan origin of animal miRNAs". bioRxiv 076190.