Sodium chlorite

Sodium chlorite
Names
IUPAC name
Sodium chlorite
Other names
Chlorous acid, sodium salt
Textone
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.028.942
EC Number 231-836-6
KEGG
RTECS number VZ4800000
UNII
UN number 1496
Properties
NaClO2
Molar mass 90.442 g/mol (anhydrous)
144.487 g/mol (trihydrate)
Appearance white solid
Odor odorless
Density 2.468 g/cm3, solid
Melting point anhydrous decomposes at 180–200 °C
trihydrate decomposes at 38 °C
75.8 g/100 mL (25 °C)
122 g/100 mL (60 °C)
Solubility slightly soluble in methanol, ethanol
Acidity (pKa) 10-11
Structure
monoclinic
Thermochemistry
-307.0 kJ/mol
Pharmacology
D03AX11 (WHO)
Hazards
Safety data sheet ICSC 1045
NFPA 704
Flash point Non-flammable
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
350 mg/kg (rat, oral)
Related compounds
Other anions
 Sodium chloride
Sodium hypochlorite
Sodium chlorate
Sodium perchlorate
Other cations
 Potassium chlorite
Barium chlorite
Related compounds
 Chlorine dioxide
Chlorous acid
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
☒N verify (what is ☑Y☒N ?)
Infobox references

Sodium Chlorite (NaClO2) is a chemical compound used in the manufacturing of paper and as a disinfectant.

Use

The main application of sodium chlorite is the generation of chlorine dioxide for bleaching and stripping of textiles, pulp, and paper. It is also used for disinfection of municipal water treatment plants after conversion to chlorine dioxide.[1]:2 An advantage in this application, as compared to the more commonly used chlorine, is that trihalomethanes (such as chloroform) are not produced from organic contaminants.[1]:25,33 Chlorine dioxide generated from sodium chlorite is approved by FDA under some conditions for disinfecting water used to wash fruits, vegetables, and poultry.[2]

Sodium chlorite, NaClO2, sometimes in combination with zinc chloride, also finds application as a component in therapeutic rinses, mouthwashes,[3][4] toothpastes and gels, mouth sprays,[5] as preservative in eye drops,[6] and in contact lens cleaning solution under the trade name Purite.

Under the brand name Oxine it is used for sanitizing air ducts and HVAC/R systems and animal containment areas (walls, floors, and other surfaces).

Chemical reagent

In organic synthesis, sodium chlorite is frequently used as a reagent in the Pinnick oxidation for the oxidation of Aldehydes to Carboxylic acids. The reaction is usually performed in monosodium phosphate buffered solution in the presence of a chlorine scavenger (usually 2-methyl-2-butene).[7]

In 2005, sodium chlorite was used as an oxidizing agent to convert alkyl furans to the corresponding 4-oxo-2-alkenoic acids in a simple one pot synthesis.[8]

Acidified sodium chlorite

Mixing sodium chlorite solution with a weak food-grade acid solution (commonly citric acid), both stable, produces short-lived acidified sodium chlorite (ASC) which has potent decontaminating properties. Upon mixing the main active ingredient, chlorous acid is produced in equilibrium with chlorite anion. The proportion varies with pH, temperature, and other factors, ranging from approximately 5–35% chlorous acid with 65–95% chlorite; more acidic solutions result in a higher proportion of chlorous acid. Chlorous acid breaks down to chlorine dioxide which in turn breaks down to chlorite anion and ultimately chloride anion. ASC is used for sanitation of the hard surfaces which come in contact with food and as a wash or rinse for a variety of foods including red meat, poultry, seafood, fruits and vegetables. Because the oxo-chlorine compounds are unstable when properly prepared, there should be no measurable residue on food if treated appropriately.[9][10] ASC also is used as a teat dip for control of mastitis in dairy cattle.[11]

Army

The U.S. Army Natick Soldier Research, Development, and Engineering Center produced a portable "no power required" method of generating chlorine dioxide, known as ClO2, gas, described as one of the best biocides available for combating contaminants, which range from benign microbes and food pathogens to Category A Bioterror agents. In the weeks after the 9/11 attacks when anthrax was sent in letters to public officials, hazardous materials teams used ClO2 to decontaminate the Hart Senate Office Building, and the Brentwood Postal Facility.[12]

Safety

Sodium chlorite, like many oxidizing agents, should be protected from inadvertent contamination by organic materials to avoid the formation of an explosive mixture. The chemical is stable in pure form and does not explode on percussive impact, unless organic contaminants are present, such as on a greasy hammer striking the chemical on an anvil.[13] It also easily ignites by friction if combined with a reducing agent like powdered sugar, sulphur or red phosphorus.

Toxicity

Sodium chlorite is a strong oxidant and can therefore be expected to cause clinical symptoms similar to the well known sodium chlorate: methemoglobinemia, hemolysis, renal failure.[14] A dose of 10-15 grams of sodium chlorate can be lethal.[15] Methemoglobemia had been demonstrated in rats and cats,[16] and recent studies by the EMEA have confirmed that the clinical symptomatology is very similar to the one caused by sodium chlorate in rats, mice, rabbits, and green monkeys.[17]

There is only one human case in the medical literature of chlorite poisoning.[18] It seems to confirm that the toxicity is equal to sodium chlorate. From the analogy with sodium chlorate, even small amounts of about 1 gram can be expected to cause nausea, vomiting and even life-threatening hemolysis in Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase deficient persons.

The EPA has set a maximum contaminant level of 1 milligram of chlorite per liter (1 mg/L) in drinking water.[19]

Sellers of “Miracle Mineral Solution”, a mixture of sodium chlorite and citric acid also known as "MMS" that is promoted as a cure-all have been convicted, fined, or otherwise disciplined in multiple jurisdictions around the world. MMS products were variously referred to as snake oil and complete quackery.[20] [21] [22] [23][24] [22][25] [26][27]

Manufacture

The free acid, chlorous acid, HClO2, is only stable at low concentrations. Since it cannot be concentrated, it is not a commercial product. However, the corresponding sodium salt, sodium chlorite, NaClO2 is stable and inexpensive enough to be commercially available. The corresponding salts of heavy metals (Ag+, Hg+, Tl+, Pb2+, and also Cu2+ and NH4+) decompose explosively with heat or shock.

Sodium chlorite is derived indirectly from sodium chlorate, NaClO3. First, the explosive (only at concentrations greater than 10% in atmosphere) chlorine dioxide, ClO2 is produced by reducing sodium chlorate in a strong acid solution with a suitable reducing agent (for example, sodium sulfite, sulfur dioxide, or hydrochloric acid). The chlorine dioxide is then absorbed into an alkaline solution and reduced with hydrogen peroxide (H
2O
2), yielding sodium chlorite.

General references

  • "Chemistry of the Elements", N.N. Greenwood and A. Earnshaw, Pergamon Press, 1984.
  • "Kirk-Othmer Concise Encyclopedia of Chemistry", Martin Grayson, Editor, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1985

References

  1. 1 2 EPA Guidance Manual, chapter 4: Chlorine dioxide (PDF), US Environmental Protection Agency, archived (PDF) from the original on 2008-10-11, retrieved 2012-02-27
  2. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-03-30. Retrieved 2011-11-02.
  3. ↑ "New mouthwashes may help take bad breath away" Archived 2012-06-26 at the Wayback Machine. article by Joyce Cohen in USA Today
  4. ↑ "SmartMouth 2 Step Mouth Rinse". dentist.net. Archived from the original on 29 October 2010. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
  5. ↑ Skin Deep cosmetic safety database: products containing sodium chlorite Archived 2014-09-03 at the Wayback Machine.,
  6. ↑ Blink Tears
  7. ↑ Bal BS, Childers WE, Pinnick HW (1981). "Oxidation of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes". Tetrahedron (abstract). 37 (11): 2091. doi:10.1016/S0040-4020(01)97963-3.
  8. ↑ Annangudi SP, Sun M, Salomon RG (2005). "An efficient synthesis of 4-oxo-2-alkenoic acids from 2-alkyl furans". Synlett (abstract). 9 (9): 1468. doi:10.1055/s-2005-869833.
  9. ↑ Acidified sodium chlorite handling/processing (PDF), Agricultural Marketing Service (USDA), July 21, 2008, archived from the original on April 8, 2013, retrieved December 9, 2012
  10. ↑ Rao, Madduri V (2007), Acidified sodium chlorite (ACS), chemical and technical assessment (PDF), Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, archived (PDF) from the original on December 3, 2012, retrieved December 9, 2012
  11. ↑ "Preventing Bovine Mastitis by a Postmilking Teat Disinfectant Containing Acidified Sodium Chlorite" Archived 2010-02-13 at the Wayback Machine. J. Dairy Sci. 90:1201–1208
  12. ↑ Natick plays key role in helping to fight spread of Ebola Archived 2015-06-24 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved: 23/01/2016
  13. ↑ Taylor, M. C. "SODIUM CHLORITE PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry. 32: 899–903. doi:10.1021/ie50367a007.
  14. ↑ Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, McGraw-Hill Professional; 8th edition (March 28, 2006), ISBN 978-0-07-143763-9
  15. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-12-11. Retrieved 2012-12-11.
  16. ↑ Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. Robert E. Gosselin, Roger P. Smith, Harold C. Hodge, Jeannet Braddock. Uitgever: Williams & Wilkins; 5 edition (September 1984) ISBN 978-0-683-03632-9
  17. ↑ Sodium Chlorite - Summary Report of the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products - Veterinary Medicines Evaluation Unit "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2007-07-10. Retrieved 2007-07-10.
  18. ↑ Acute sodium chlorite poisoning associated with renal failure. Lin JL, Lim PS. Ren Fail. 1993;15(5):645-8. PMID 8290712
  19. ↑ "ATSDR: ToxFAQs™ for Chlorine Dioxide and Chlorite". Archived from the original on 2012-07-02.
  20. ↑ "Seller of "Miracle Mineral Solution" Convicted for Marketing Toxic Chemical as a Miracle Cure". United States Department of Justice. Archived from the original on May 11, 2016. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
  21. ↑ "Assurance of Voluntary Compliance - Kerri Rivera" (PDF). NBC Chicago. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 April 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
  22. 1 2 Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Leanne Rita Vassallo and Aaron David Smith (FCA 954 August 20, 2009). Text
  23. ↑ Pulkkinen, Levi (August 3, 2009). "Sexy stories, bogus cures lead to action by state AG". SeattlePI.com. seattlepi.com staff. OCLC 3734418. Archived from the original on November 2, 2013. Retrieved February 12, 2012
  24. ↑ "Washington Attorney General reels in refunds for consumers hooked by Aussies' quack medicine web sites" (Press release). Washington State Office of the Attorney General. March 8, 2010. Archived from the original on December 7, 2011. Retrieved February 12, 2012.
  25. ↑ "Aussie net scammers stung after $1.2m haul". iTnews for Australian Business. Haymarket Media. Aug 26, 2009. Archived from the original on September 20, 2011. Retrieved February 12, 2012
  26. ↑ "Woman told to stop selling cancer 'miracle drug'". ABC News. Australia. April 23, 2009. Archived from the original on June 14, 2013. Retrieved February 12, 2012
  27. ↑ "Unregistered health provider ordered to stop misleading cancer patients" (Press release). Minister for Tourism and Fair Trading, The Honourable Peter Lawlor. April 23, 2009. Archived from the original on April 3, 2011. Retrieved February 12, 2012.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.