Serpent Mound

Great Serpent Mound
The Great Serpent Mound
ancient Native American effigy
Nearest city Peebles, Ohio
Coordinates 39°01′25″N 83°25′53″W / 39.02361°N 83.43139°W / 39.02361; -83.43139Coordinates: 39°01′25″N 83°25′53″W / 39.02361°N 83.43139°W / 39.02361; -83.43139[1]
NRHP reference # 66000602[2]
Added to NRHP October 15, 1966

The Great Serpent Mound is a 1,348-foot (411 m)-long,[3] three-foot-high prehistoric effigy mound on a plateau of the Serpent Mound crater along Ohio Brush Creek in Adams County, Ohio. Maintained within a park by the Ohio History Connection, it has been designated a National Historic Landmark by the United States Department of Interior. The Serpent Mound of Ohio was first reported from surveys by Ephraim Squire and Edwin Davis in their historic volume Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, published in 1848 by the newly founded Smithsonian Museum.

Researchers have at different times attributed construction of the mound to two different prehistoric indigenous cultures. Originally thought to be Adena in origin, a 1996 carbon dating study led scholars to believe the mound was built by members of the Fort Ancient culture around 1070 CE.[4] More recent carbon dating done in 2014 places the mound's construction at around 300 BCE, once again suggesting Adena construction.[5] Serpent Mound is the largest serpent effigy in the world.[6]

Description

Ohio historical marker

Including all three parts, the Serpent Mound extends about 1,376 feet (419 m), varies in height from less than a foot to more than three feet (30–100 cm), and has a width of 20 to 25 feet.[7] Conforming to the curve of the land on which it rests, with its head approaching a cliff above a stream, the serpent winds back and forth for more than eight hundred feet and seven coils, and ends in a triple-coiled tail. The shape itself consisted mostly of a layer of yellowish clay and ash that was reinforced with a layer of rocks, and then covered with a layer of soil.[8][9] The serpent head has an open mouth extending around the east end of a 120-foot (37 m)-long hollow oval feature that may represent the snake eating an egg,[10] though some scholars posit that the oval feature symbolizes the sun, the body of a frog, or merely the remnant of a platform. The effigy's extreme western feature is a triangular mound approximately 31.6 feet (9.6 m) at its base and long axis. There are serpent effigies in Scotland and Ontario that are very similar.[6]

Origin

The dating of the design, the original construction, and the identity of the builders of the serpent effigy are three questions still debated in the disciplines of social science, including ethnology, archaeology, and anthropology. In addition, contemporary American Indians have an interest in the site. Several attributions have been entered by academic, philosophic, and Native American concerns regarding all three of these unknown factors of when designed, when built, and by whom.

Recently the dating of the site has been brought into question. While it has long been thought to be an Adena site based on slim evidence, a couple of radiocarbon dates from a small excavation raise the possibility that the mound is no more than a thousand years old. Middle Ohio Valley people of the time were not known for building large earthworks, however; they did display a high regard for snakes as shown by the numerous copper serpentine pieces associated with them.[11]

Radiocarbon dating of charcoal discovered within the mound in the 1990s indicated that people worked on the mound circa 1070 AD.[4]

Adena culture

Historically, researchers first attributed the mound to the Adena culture (1000 BC - 1 AD). William Webb, noted Adena exponent, found evidence through carbon dating for Kentucky Adena as early as 1200 BC. As there are Adena graves near the Serpent Mound, scholars thought the same people constructed the mound. The skeletal remains of the Adena type uncovered in the 1880s at Serpent Mound indicate that these people were unique among the ancient Ohio Valley peoples. It was more than 45 years before scholars paid sufficient attention to the Adena studies.

The Adena culture did build some nearby mounds, so for more than 125 years, many scholars thought they created the Serpent Mound as well. The Adena were renowned for their elaborate earthworks and their creation of "sacred circles" as part of their cosmology. An unrecorded number of their gravesites throughout the greater Ohio Valley were destroyed before any organized archeological supervision performed correct analysis of their contents.

Carbon-dating studies published in 1996 of material from the mound appeared to place the Serpent Mound construction as later than the span of the Adena.[4] This suggested that a people subsequent to the Adena may have built or refurbished the site for their own uses and purposes. Although a characteristic of excavation at most Adena mounds has been discovery of related artifacts, to date no cultural artifacts have been found within the Serpent Mound. This study and its inferences drew the attention of many experts and is further discussed below.

Fort Ancient culture

Squier and Davis's map from Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, published by the Smithsonian Institution Press in 1848

Scholars previously thought that the Fort Ancient culture (1000-1650 AD), an Ohio Valley-based, mound-building society, constructed Serpent Mound about 1070 AD. The Fort Ancient culture was influenced by the contemporary Mississippian culture society based along the mid-Mississippi River valley with its North American center at Cahokia (in present-day Illinois). The Mississippian culture had regional chiefdoms as far south as present-day Louisiana and Mississippi, as well as extending to western North Carolina and north to the Great Lakes area.

Fort Ancient society, a Late Prehistoric (AD 900-1650) group, was named because they inhabited the ramparts of the large notched earthworks in Warren County, Ohio, commonly called "Fort Ancient". The earthwork had been built, however, by the early Hopewell culture (200 BC-500 AD) at least 1,000 years prior to the arrival of the Fort Ancient culture. The Hopewell culture had abandoned the earthworks and disappeared long before the Fort Ancient peoples arose in the area.

In 1996 the team of Robert V. Fletcher and Terry L. Cameron (under the supervision of the Ohio Historical Society's Bradley T. Lepper) reopened a trench created by Frederic Ward Putnam of Harvard over 100 years before. They found a few pieces of charcoal in what was believed to be an undisturbed portion of the Serpent Mound. However, bioturbation, including burrowing animals, frost cracks, etc., can reverse the structural timeline of an earthen mound such as Serpent Mound. It can shift carbon left by a later culture on the surface to areas deep within the structure, making the earthwork appear younger.

When the team conducted carbon dating studies on the charcoal pieces, two yielded a date of ca. 1070 AD, with the third piece dating to the Late Archaic period some two thousand years earlier, specifically 2920+/-65 years BP (before the present). The third date, ca. 2900 BP, was recovered from a core sample below cultural modification level. The first two dates place the Serpent Mound within the realm of the Fort Ancient culture. The third dates the mound back to very early Adena culture or before.[12]

The Fort Ancient people could have been the builders of the Serpent Mound. Alternatively, they may have refurbished the earthwork for their own use in the same way that people today fix up old houses to make them suitable for occupation again. The rattlesnake is significant as a symbol in the Mississippian culture, which would help explain the image of the mound. But there is no sign or indication of a rattle.[12]

If this mound was built by the Fort Ancient people, it was uncharacteristic for that group. For example, the mound does not contain artifacts, although, like the Adena people, the Fort Ancient culture typically buried many artifacts in its mounds. In another difference, the Fort Ancient people did not usually bury their dead in the manner of the burials found in proximity to the effigy.[12]

One of the only other effigy mounds in Ohio, the Alligator Effigy Mound in Granville, was carbon dated to the Fort Ancient period.

Current theory

An eight-member team led by archaeologist William F Romain has been published in the Journal of Archaeological Science.[13][14] The team found much older charcoal samples in less-damaged sections of the mound. The investigators conjecture that the mound was originally built between 381 BC and 44 BC, with a mean date of 321 BC. They explain the more recent charcoal found in the 1990s as likely the result of a "repair" effort by Indians around 1070 AD, when the mound would already have been suffering from natural degradation.[5]

Purpose

Adena Period graves at the site suggest the earthwork served a mortuary function, and that this was the principal nature of the site, directing spirits of the dead from burial mounds and subsurface graves northward, not a place to conduct large ceremonial gatherings as has been suggested by tourism/promotion interests.[5]

Astronomical significance

The spiral tail at the end of the Serpent Mound

In 1987 Clark and Marjorie Hardman published their finding that the oval-to-head area of the serpent is aligned to the summer solstice sunset.[15][16] William F. Romain has suggested an array of lunar alignments based on the curves in the effigy's body. Fletcher and Cameron argued convincingly for the Serpent Mound's coils being aligned to the two solstice and two equinox events each year. If the Serpent Mound were designed to sight both solar and lunar arrays, it would be significant as the consolidation of astronomical knowledge into a single symbol. The head of the serpent is aligned to the summer solstice sunset and the coils also may point to the winter solstice sunrise and the equinox sunrise.[17]

If 1070 AD is accurate as the construction year, building the mound could theoretically have been influenced by two astronomical events: the light from the supernova that created the Crab Nebula in 1054, and the appearance of Halley's Comet in 1066.[18] The supernova light would have been visible for two weeks after it first reached earth, even during the day. The Halley's Comet's tail has always appeared as a long, straight line and does not resemble the curves of the Serpent Mound. Halley's comet appears every 76 years. Numerous other supernovas may have occurred over the centuries that span the possible construction dates of the effigy.

A depiction of the serpent mound that appeared in The Century periodical in April 1890, drawn by William Jacob Baer.

Serpent Mound Impact structure

The mound is located on the site of a classic astrobleme, an ancient meteorite impact structure. One of the strongest clues to the impact origin of this structure is in the pattern of disruption of sedimentary strata. In the center of the structure, strata have been uplifted several hundred feet, in much the same way that the central uplifts of lunar craters such as Copernicus were formed. In 2003 geologists from Ohio State government and the University of Glasgow (Scotland) corroborated the meteorite impact origin of the structure at Serpent Mound. They had studied core samples collected at the site in the 1970s. Further analyses of the rock core samples indicated the impact occurred during the Permian Period, about 248 to 286 million years ago; thus, the topographic expression of this impact, an impact crater, has been completely erased by erosion.[19][20]

Recent history

The Serpent Mound was first mapped by Euro-Americans as early as 1815. In 1846 it was surveyed for the Smithsonian Institution by two Chillicothe men, Ephraim G. Squier and Edwin Hamilton Davis. Their book Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley (1848), published by the Smithsonian, included a detailed description and map of the serpent mound.

Preservation

Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley fascinated many across the country, including Frederic Ward Putnam of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology at Harvard University. Putnam spent much of his career lecturing and publishing on the Ohio mounds, specifically the Serpent Mound. When he visited the Midwest in 1885, he found that plowing and development were destroying many of the mounds. In 1886, with help from a group of wealthy women in Boston (such as the noted Glass Flowers' patroness Mary Lee Ware),[21] Putnam raised funds to purchase 60 acres (240,000 m2) at the Serpent Mound site for preservation. The purchase also contained three conical mounds, a village site and a burial place.[22] Serpent Mound is listed as a "Great Wonder Of the Ancient World" by National Geographic Magazine.[23]

Originally purchased on behalf of the Trustees of the Peabody Museum, in 1900 the land and its ownership were granted to the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society (a predecessor of the present Ohio Historical Society).

The Ohio Historical Society designated the Arc of Appalachia Preserves system, a project of Highlands Sanctuary, Inc., as the managing agency of Serpent Mound [17][24][25]

Following an instance of vandalism in 2015, more security cameras and protective gates were added.[26][27]

Excavation

Hopewell pipe, points, and earspool on display at Serpent Mound
Gorgets and points from the Adena culture, found at Serpent Mound

After raising sufficient funds, in 1886 Putnam returned to the same site. He worked for four years excavating the contents and burial sequences of both the Serpent Mound and two nearby conical mounds. After his work was completed and his findings documented, Putnam worked on restoring the mounds to their original state.

One of the conical mounds that was excavated by Putnam (1890)[28] yielded a principal burial which has grave goods that associate it with the Adena period (800 BCE-100 BCE). He also found and excavated nine intrusive burials in the mound. Additionally, Putnam discovered an ash bed north of the conical mound that contained many prehistoric artifacts. After the excavation, the conical mound was reconstructed and is today standing south of the parking lot at Serpent Mound State Memorial.

In 2011, excavations were undertaken prior to installation of utility lines at Serpent Mound State Memorial. The excavations focused on three sides of the conical mound that Putnam (1890) had excavated. In addition to concentrations of artifacts, an ashy soil horizon was excavated north of the conical mound. The ashy soil horizon had prehistoric artifacts associated with them. It is believed that the ashy deposit is a remnant of the ash bed that Putnam (1890) excavated. Wood charcoal from within the remnant ash bed was carbon dated to CE 1041-1211, the Fort Ancient period. Because the burials in the conical mound dated to the Early Woodland period, the Fort Ancient period dating of the remnant ash bed is suggestive of ritual reuse of the circum mound area.[29]

Serpent Mound Museum

A digital GIS map of Ohio's Great Serpent Mound, created by Timothy A. Price and Nichole I. Stump in March 2002

In 1901 the Ohio Historical Society hired engineer Clinton Cowan to survey newly acquired lands. Cowan created a 56 by 72-inch (1,800 mm) map that depicted the outline of the Serpent Mound in relation to nearby landmarks, such as rivers. Cowan also made specific geographical surveys of the area, and he discovered the unique astrobleme on which the mound is based. He found that the mound is at the convergence of three distinctly different soil types. Cowan's information, in conjunction with Putnam's archaeological discoveries, has been the basis for all modern investigations of the Serpent Mound.

In 1967, the Ohio Historical Society opened the Serpent Mound Museum, built near the mound. A pathway was constructed around the base of the mound to help visitors. The museum features exhibits that include interpretations of the effigy's form, description of the processes of constructing the mound, the geographical history of the area, and an exhibit on the Adena culture, historically credited as the creators of the mound.

Serpent Mound State Memorial is currently being operated on behalf of the Ohio Historical Society by the Arc of Appalachia Preserve System. It is a non-profit organization specializing in the preservation and protection of native biodiversity and prehistoric aboriginal sites in southern Ohio.

See also

References

  1. ↑ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Serpent Mound
  2. ↑ National Park Service (2007-01-23). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
  3. ↑ Glotzhober and Lepper, Serpent Mound: Ohio's Enigmatic Effigy Mound, Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio, 1994, p. 3
  4. 1 2 3 Jessica E. Saraceni, "Redating Serpent Mound", Archaeology, 49(6), Nov/Dec 1996, accessed 8 Dec 2008
  5. 1 2 3 "History Got it Wrong: Scientists Now Say Serpent Mound as Old as Aristotle, Indian Country". indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com.
  6. 1 2 "Serpent Mound", MNSU (dead link) Archived 2004-08-13 at the Wayback Machine.
  7. ↑ "https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/serp/hd_serp.htm". www.metmuseum.org. Retrieved 2018-08-30. External link in |title= (help)
  8. ↑ "The Ancient Ohio Trail : Serpent Mound". CERHAS - University of Cincinnati. Retrieved 2017-12-23.
  9. ↑ Putnam, F. W. (1889). "The Serpent Mound of Ohio". The Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine. 39. Retrieved 2017-12-23.
  10. ↑ Landis, Don. "Monuments, Mounds, Pyramids..." The Genius of Ancient Man: Evolution's Nightmare. Green Forest, AR: Master, 2012. 67. Print.
  11. ↑ Milner, George "The Moundbuilders Ancient Peoples of Easter North America", 2004
  12. 1 2 3 "Serpent Mound: A Fort Ancient Icon?", Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 21, No.1, University of Iowa, 1996
  13. ↑ Herrmann Edward W (2014). "A new multistage construction chronology for the Great Serpent Mound, USA". Journal of Archaeological Science. 50: 117–125. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2014.07.004.
  14. ↑ "ancientearthworksproject.org". ancientearthworksproject.org.
  15. ↑ Clark and Marjorie Hardman, Ohio Archaeologist 37(3):34-40 (1987)
  16. ↑ Glotzhober and Lepper, Serpent Mound: Ohio's Enigmatic Effigy Mound, Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio, 1994 p. 11
  17. 1 2 "Serpent Mound". Ohio Historical Society. Archived from the original on 2010-12-27. Retrieved 2011-03-05.
  18. ↑ Fletcher, Robert V.; Terry L. Cameron; Bradley T. Lepper; Dee Anne Wymer; William Pickard (Spring 1996). "Serpent Mound: A Fort Ancient Icon?". Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology. University of Iowa. 21 (1).
  19. ↑ "Serpent Mound". Earth Impact Database. University of New Brunswick. Retrieved 2012-02-07.
  20. ↑ "Subsurface Geology of the Serpent Mound Disturbance of Adams, Highland, and Pike Counties, Ohio." Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey. PDF Archived 2010-11-28 at the Wayback Machine. (accessed 10 April 2007)
  21. ↑ Mary L. Ware and the Early Funding of Harvard Anthropology: Private Sources of Funding in the Nineteenth Century (Paper); D. Wes Beattie - http://eraven.franklinpierce.edu/academicshowcase/2017/marulli.htm
  22. ↑ Ralph W. Dexter, "Contributions of Frederic Ward Putnam to Ohio Archaeology", The Ohio Journal of Science 65(3): 110, May, 1965
  23. ↑ "Serpent Mound Recognized As Great Wonder Of Ancient World". NBC4I.com. Archived from the original on 2011-01-10. Retrieved 2011-03-21.
  24. ↑ "Serpent_Mound_Visitors_Guide". Archived from the original on 2011-02-22. Retrieved 2011-03-05.
  25. ↑ "Spring 2010 Highlands Nature Sanctuary Protecting The Region's Woodlands" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-27. Retrieved 2011-03-05.
  26. ↑ "Man who took joyride at Serpent Mound sentenced", Carrie Blackmore Smith. Cincinnati Enquirer. November 6, 2016. Retrieved 9 jan 2017
  27. ↑ "Man faces felony charges after Serpent Mound Park vandalism", Brian Hamrick. WLWT5. July 15, 2015. Retrieved 9 jan 2017
  28. ↑ "Reining in the Rogue Royal of Arabia". unz.org.
  29. ↑ Schwarz, Kevin. "Long Shadows Over the Valley: Recent Findings from ASC Group's Excavations at Serpent Mound State Memor". academia.edu.

Further reading

  • Fletcher, Robert V., Terry L. Cameron, Bradley T. Lepper, Dee Anne Wymer, and William Pickard, "Serpent Mound: A Fort Ancient Icon?", Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology, Vol 21, No. 1, Spring 1996, University of Iowa.
  • Putnam, Frederic Ward, "The Serpent Mound of Ohio: Site Excavation and Park Reconstruction.", Century Magazine Vol 39: 871-888. Illustrations by William Jacob Baer.
  • Squier, Ephraim G. and Edwin H. Davis, Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C., 1998. Reprint of 1848 edition with a new introduction by David J. Meltzer.
  • Weintraub, Daniel and Kevin R. Schwarz, "Long Shadows Over the Valley: Recent Findings from ASC Group's Excavations at Serpent Mound State Memorial", Current Research in Ohio Archaeology 2013. The Ohio Archaeological Council.
  • Woodward, Susan L. and Jerry N. McDonald, Indian Mounds of the Middle Ohio Valley, Blacksburg, Virginia: The McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company, 1986
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