Pubic hair

Pubic hair
Pubic hair of mature male and female humans
Details
Identifiers
Latin pubes
TA A16.0.00.022
FMA 70754
Anatomical terminology

Pubic hair is terminal body hair that is found in the genital area of adolescent and adult humans. The hair is located on and around the sex organs and sometimes at the top of the inside of the thighs. In the pubic region around the pubis bone, it is known as a pubic patch. Pubic hair is found on the scrotum in the male and on the vulva in the female.

Although fine vellus hair is present in the area in childhood, pubic hair is considered to be the heavier, longer and coarser hair that develops during puberty as an effect of rising levels of androgens in males and estrogens in females. Pubic hair differs from other hair on the body and is a secondary sex characteristic. Many cultures regard pubic hair as erotic, and in most cultures pubic hair is associated with the genitals, which both men and women are expected to keep covered at all times. In some cultures, it is the norm for pubic hair to be removed, especially of females; the practice is regarded as part of personal hygiene. In other cultures, the exposure of pubic hair (for example, when wearing a swimsuit) may be regarded as unaesthetic or embarrassing and is therefore trimmed or otherwise styled to avoid it being visible.

Development

Tanner scale-female

Pubic hair forms in response to the increasing levels of testosterone in both girls and boys. Those hair follicles are located and stimulated in androgen sensitive areas develop pubic hair.[1] The Tanner scale describes and quantifies the development of pubic hair. Before the onset of puberty, the genital area of both boys and girls has very fine vellus hair (stage 1).[2] At the onset of puberty, the body produces rising levels of the sex hormones, and in response, the skin of the genital area begins to produce thicker and rougher, often curlier, hair with a faster growth rate.[3][4] The onset of pubic hair development is termed pubarche.

In males, the first pubic hair appears as a few sparse hairs that are usually thin on the scrotum or at the upper base of the penis (stage 2). Within a year, hairs around the base of the penis are abundant (stage 3). Within 3 to 4 years, hair fills the pubic area (stage 4) and becomes much thicker and darker, and by 5 years extends to the near thighs and upwards on the abdomen toward the umbilicus (stage 5).[5]

Other areas of the skin are similarly, though slightly less, sensitive to androgens and androgenic hair typically appears somewhat later. In rough sequence of sensitivity to androgens and appearance of androgenic hair, are the armpits (axillae), perianal area, upper lip, preauricular areas (sideburns), periareolar areas (nipples), middle of the chest, neck under the chin, remainder of chest and beard area, limbs and shoulders, back, and buttocks. Although generally considered part of the process of puberty, pubarche is distinct and independent of the process of maturation of the gonads that leads to sexual maturation and fertility. Pubic hair can develop from adrenal androgens alone and can develop even when the ovaries or testes are defective and nonfunctional. There is little, if any, difference in the capacity of male and female bodies to grow hair in response to androgens.

Pubic hair and underarm hair can vary in color considerably from the hair of the scalp. In most people, it is darker, although it can also be lighter. In most cases it is most similar in color to a person's eyebrows.[6]

Hair texture varies from tightly curled to entirely straight, not necessarily correlating to the texture of the scalp hair.[6][7] People of East Asian heritage tend to have straight, wavy pubic hair.[8]

Pubic hair patterns can vary by race and ethnicity.[7] Patterns of pubic hair, known as the escutcheon, vary between sexes. On most women, the pubic patch is triangular and lies over the vulva and mons pubis. On many men, the pubic patch tapers upwards to a line of hair pointing towards the navel (see abdominal hair), roughly a more upward-pointing triangle.[6] As with axillary (armpit) hair, pubic hair is associated with a concentration of sebaceous glands in the area.

Clinical significance

Folliculitis on mons pubis and inner thigh typical after shaving the pubic area

Pubic hair can become infested with the pubic louse. Adult pubic lice are 1.1–1.8 mm in length. The pubic hair can typically host up to a dozen on average. Pubic lice typically are found attached to hair in the pubic area but sometimes are found on coarse hair elsewhere on the body (for example, eyebrows, eyelashes, beard, mustache, chest, armpits, etc.). Crab lice attach to pubic hair that is thicker than other body hair because their claws are adapted to the specific diameter of pubic hair.[9] Pubic lice infestations (pthiriasis) are usually spread through sexual contact.[9][10] The crab louse can travel up to 10 inches on the body. Pubic lice infestation is found worldwide and occurs in all races and ethnic groups and in all economic levels. Pubic lice usually are spread through sexual contact and are most common in adults. Occasionally pubic lice may be spread by close personal contact or contact with articles such as clothing, bed linens, and towels that have been used by an infested person.[11] Pubic lice found on the head or eyelashes of children may be an indication of sexual exposure or abuse. Pubic lice do not transmit disease; however, secondary bacterial infection can occur from scratching of the skin.They are much broader in comparison to head and body lice. Adults are found only on the human host and require human blood to survive. If adults are forced off the host, they will die within 24–48 hours without a blood feeding.[12]

Symptoms of a crab louse infection in the pubic area is intense itching, redness and inflammation. These symptoms cause increased circulation to the skin of the pubic region creating a blood-rich environment for the crab louse. Pubic lice infestation can also be diagnosed by identifying the presence of nits or eggs on the pubic hair.[9] In December 2016 NPR reported that "Frequent removal of pubic hair is associated with an increased risk for herpes, syphilis and human papillomavirus".[13] However, the medical community has also seen a recent increase in folliculitis, or infection around the hair follicle, in women who wax or shave their bikini areas.[14] Some of these infections can develop into more serious abscesses that require incision with a scalpel, drainage of the abscess, and antibiotics. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause of folliculitis.[15] Burns can result when dipilatory wax is used, even according to manufacturer instructions.[16]

Pubic hair grooming has been associated with injury and infection. It is estimated that about 1/4 groomers have had at least one lifetime injury due to pubic hair grooming.[17] Grooming has also been associated with cutaneous sexually transmitted diseases, such as genital warts, syphilis, and herpes.[18] Grooming may not cause these infections but rather be a marker for high-risk sexual activity.

Society and culture

In Eastern Europe and the Scandinavian North it never caught such restrictions and views on public exposure of pubic hair, as the customs of public bathing and sauna in the nude are clear manifestation of it. With the reintroduction of public beaches and pools bathing in Western Europe and the Mediterranean early in the 20th century, exposure of both sexes' areas near their pubic hair became more common, and after the progressive reduction in the size of female and male swimsuits, especially since the coming into fashion and growth in popularity of the bikini after the 1940s, the practice of shaving or bikini waxing of pubic hair off the hem lines also come into vogue.[19]

Pubic hair is seen by some people as an object of sexual arousal and is termed pubephilia.

Removal

Left: Waxing of woman's pubic hair. Right: Shaving.

In some Middle Eastern societies, removal of male & female body hair has been considered proper hygiene, mandated by local customs, for many centuries.[20] Muslim teaching includes Islamic hygienical jurisprudence in which pubic and armpit hair must be pulled out or shaven to be considered as Sunnah. Trimming is taught to be considered acceptable.[21]

In the 1980s, some strippers and pornographic actresses adopted a more radical trimming of their pubic hair in response to the fear of the HIV/AIDS epidemic and other STDs and contagions. The reason for the removal of pubic hair from women in pornography was a matter of "technical considerations of cinematography".[22] Hair removal progressed to full removal.[23] Because of the popularity of pornography, pubic hair shaving was mimicked by women.[24][25]

The presentation is regarded by some as being erotic and aesthetic, while others consider the style as unnatural. Some people remove pubic hairs for erotic and sexual reasons or because they or their sex partner enjoy the feel of a hairless crotch.[26][27]

Styling

All hair can be removed with wax formulated for that purpose. Some individuals may remove part or all of their pubic hair, axillary hair and facial hair. Pubic hair removal using wax is bikini waxing. The method of removing hair is called depilation (when removing only the hair above the skin) or epilation (when removing the entire hair). Beauty salons often offer various waxing services. It is sometimes referred to as "pubic topiary".[28][29][30]

Some women modify their pubic hair—either to fit in with societal trends, or simply as an expression of their own style or lifestyle.[22][25] These styles include:

  • Natural, Au naturel
  • Hair removed (generally waxed) from the sides to form a triangle so that pubic hair cannot be seen while wearing swimwear. This can range from the very edge of the "bikini line" to up to an inch reduction on either side. Hair length can be from an inch and a half to half an inch.
  • Landing strip
  • Hair sharply removed from the sides to form a long centered vertical rectangle, hair length about quarter of an inch.
  • Brazilian waxing
  • Pubic hair completely removed.
  • Freestyle

These are usually variations of the Brazilian/G-wax, where a design is formed out of the pubic hair. Stencils for several shapes are available commercially. A controversial Gucci commercial included female pubic hair shaved into a 'G'.[31]

In art

Heinrich Aldegrever's Eve, 1540; a rare early example of pubic hair in northern European art

In ancient Egyptian art, female pubic hair is indicated in the form of painted triangles.[32] In medieval and classical European art, pubic hair was very rarely depicted, and male pubic hair was often, but not always, omitted.[33] Sometimes it was portrayed in stylized form, as was the case with Greek graphic art.[34] The same was true in much of Indian art, and in other Eastern portrayals of the nude. In 16th century southern Europe, Michelangelo showed the male David with stylized pubic hair, but female bodies were depicted hairless below the head. Nevertheless, Michelangelo's male nudes on the Sistine Chapel ceiling display no pubic hair. In Renaissance northern Europe, pubic hair was more likely to be portrayed than in the south, more usually male, while occasionally on female figures.

According to John Ruskin's biographer Mary Lutyens, the notable author, artist, and art critic was apparently accustomed only to the hairless nudes portrayed unrealistically in art, never having seen a naked woman before his wedding night. He was allegedly so shocked by his discovery of his wife Effie's pubic hair that he rejected her, and the marriage was later legally annulled. He is supposed to have thought his wife was freakish and deformed.[35] Later writers have often followed Lutyens and repeated this version of events. For example, Gene Weingarten in his book I'm with Stupid (2004) writes that "Ruskin had [the marriage] annulled because he was horrified to behold upon his bride a thatch of hair, rough and wild, similar to a man's. He thought her a monster."[36] However, there is no proof for this, and some disagree. Peter Fuller in his book Theoria: Art and the Absence of Grace writes, "It has been said that he was frightened on the wedding night by the sight of his wife's pubic hair; more probably, he was perturbed by her menstrual blood." Ruskin's biographers Tim Hilton and John Batchelor also believe that menstruation is the more likely explanation.[37][38]

Francisco Goya's The Nude Maja (1797) has been considered as probably the first European painting to show a female subject's pubic hair, though paintings had hinted at it. The painting was considered quite pornographic at the time.[39] Gustave Courbet's L'Origine du monde (The Origin of the World, 1866) was considered scandalous probably more because of the presentation of thick pubic hair than the exposed female genitals.

In the late 18th century female pubic hair is openly portrayed in Japanese shunga (erotica), especially in the ukiyo-e tradition.[40] Hokusai's picture The Dream of the Fisherman's Wife (1814), which depicts a woman having an erotic fantasy, is a well-known example. In Japanese drawings, such as hentai, pubic hair is often omitted, since for a long time the display of pubic hair was not legal. The interpretation of the law has since changed.[41]

History

Among the upper class in 18th century pre-Victorian Britain, pubic hair from one's lover was frequently collected as a souvenir. The curls were, for instance, worn like cockades in men's hats as potency talismans, or exchanged among lovers as tokens of affection.[42] The museum of St. Andrews University in Scotland has in its collection a snuffbox full of pubic hair of one of King George IV's mistresses, possibly Elizabeth Conyngham, which the notoriously licentious monarch donated to the Fife sex club, The Beggar's Benison.[42]

In Western societies, after the spread of Christianity, public exposure of a woman's bare skin between the ankle and waist started to be disapproved of culturally. Upper body exposure due to the use of the popular vest bodices used in Western Europe from the 15th century to early 20th century, as the widespread dirndls used even in more traditionally conservative mountain areas and the more or less loose shirts under these, enabled a permissive view of the shoulders, décolletage and arms allowing a free exposure of upper body hair in women of all classes with less rejection or discrimination than body hair on the sex organs, obviously to conceal by implication. Many people came to consider public exposure of pubic hair to be embarrassing.[19] It may be regarded as immodest and sometimes as obscene. However, it never came to have a full hold in Western culture in wide tracts of Central Europe, until the encroaching of Protestantism during the 16th century on formerly more tolerant customs.

According to the Oxford Companion to the Body, in the 1450s public women would shave their pubic hair for personal hygiene and to combat pubic lice and would then don a merkin or pubic wig where their public line of work would require so.[43][44] Evidence of pubic hair removal in ancient India is thought to date back to 4000 to 3000 BC.[45] According to ethnologist F. Fawcett, writing in 1901, he had observed the removal of body hair, including pubic hair about the vulva, as a custom of women from the Hindu Nair caste.[46]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Colvin, Caroline Wingo; Abdullatif, Hussein (2013-01-01). "Anatomy of female puberty: The clinical relevance of developmental changes in the reproductive system". Clinical Anatomy. 26 (1): 115–129. doi:10.1002/ca.22164. ISSN 1098-2353.
  2. ↑ Green 1998, p. 200.
  3. ↑ Lawrence S. Neinstein, M.D.: Adolescent Medicine - Children's Hospital Los Angeles Archived 2016-03-07 at the Wayback Machine.
  4. ↑ Rogol 2002, pp. 25–29.
  5. ↑ Neill & Lewis 2009, p. 25.
  6. 1 2 3 Sherrow 2006, p. 315.
  7. 1 2 Morris 2007, pp. 192-202.
  8. ↑ Ogle & Fox 1998, pp. 52-.
  9. 1 2 3 Williams gynecology. Hoffman, Barbara L., Williams, J. Whitridge (John Whitridge), 1866-1931. (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. 2012. ISBN 9780071716727. OCLC 779244257.
  10. ↑ "Parasites - Lice". CDC.gov. September 24, 2013. Retrieved 2018-08-20.
  11. ↑ "Pubic "Crab" Lice - Epidemiology & Risk Factors". CDC.gov. September 24, 2013. Retrieved 2018-08-20.
  12. ↑ "Pubic "Crab" Lice - Biology". CDC.gov. March 17, 2015. Retrieved 2018-08-20.
  13. ↑ Doucleff, Michaeleen (6 December 2016). "Going Bare Down There May Boost The Risk Of STDs". NPR.org. Retrieved 2016-12-07.
  14. ↑ Hackley, Barbara; Kriebs, Jan M.; Rousseau, Mary Ellen (2008). Primary Care of Women: A Guide for Midwives and Women's Health Providers. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 833. ISBN 9781449666156.
  15. ↑ "Staphylococcal Infections". MedlinePlus [Internet]. Bethesda, MD: National Library of Medicine, USA. Skin infections are the most common. They can look like pimples or boils.
  16. ↑ Chang, Angela C; Watson, Katherine M; Aston, Tara L; Wagstaff, Marcus JD; Greenwood, John E (2011-05-13). "Depilatory Wax Burns: Experience and Investigation". Eplasty. 11. ISSN 1937-5719. PMC 3098007. PMID 21625616.
  17. ↑ Truesdale, Matthew D.; Osterberg, E. Charles; Gaither, Thomas W.; Awad, Mohannad A.; Elmer-DeWitt, Molly A.; Sutcliffe, Siobhan; Allen, Isabel; Breyer, Benjamin N. (2017). "Prevalence of Pubic Hair Grooming–Related Injuries and Identification of High-Risk Individuals in the United States" (PDF). JAMA Dermatology. 153 (11): 1114. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2017.2815. ISSN 2168-6068.
  18. ↑ Osterberg, E Charles; Gaither, Thomas W; Awad, Mohannad A; Truesdale, Matthew D; Allen, Isabel; Sutcliffe, Siobhan; Breyer, Benjamin. "Correlation between pubic hair grooming and STIs: results from a nationally representative probability sample". Sexually Transmitted Infections. BMJ. 93 (3). doi:10.1136/sextrans-2016-052687.
  19. 1 2 Tschachler, Devine & Draxlbauer 2003, pp. 61-62.
  20. ↑ "Waxing Unwanted Hair". Archived from the original on March 2, 2010. Retrieved March 29, 2006.
  21. ↑ Buyukcelebi 2005, pp. 169-.
  22. 1 2 "Pubic hair is back". The Daily Telegraph.
  23. ↑ Friedland, Roger (13 June 2013). "Looking Through the Bushes: The Disappearance of Pubic Hair". The Huffington Post.
  24. ↑ Hsu, Christine (28 November 2012). "French Study Reveals Why an Increasing Number of Women Are Tuning in to Porn". Medical Daily.
  25. 1 2 Shire, Emily (4 October 2014). "Waxing: Damned if You Do and Damned if You Don't: How Pubic Hair Became Political". The Daily Beast.
  26. ↑ The Hair Down There. University of California, Santa Barbara's SexInfo. Retrieved May 4, 2007.
  27. ↑ Rowen, Tami S.; Gaither, Thomas W.; Awad, Mohannad A.; Osterberg, E. Charles; Shindel, Alan W.; Breyer, Benjamin N. (2016). "Pubic Hair Grooming Prevalence and Motivation Among Women in the United States". JAMA Dermatology. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2016.2154. ISSN 2168-6068.
  28. ↑ The Fuzz That Was. Willamette Week.
  29. ↑ Belle de Jour's naughty notebook. The Telegraph.
  30. ↑ Pubic-Hair Topiary. The Stranger.
  31. ↑ "Tom's Pubic Ad Avoids Ban". Vogue. February 27, 2003. Retrieved October 27, 2008.
  32. ↑ Stuckey, Johanna (2007). The "Holy One". Cross Quarterly for the Goddess Woman. 6 (4).
  33. ↑ Barcan 2004, p. 144.
  34. ↑ Hollander 1993, p. 136.
  35. ↑ Saltz, Jerry. Pudenda Agenda. artnet.com.
  36. ↑ Weingarten & Barreca 2004, pp. 150-151.
  37. ↑ Hilton 2002, pp. 117–120.
  38. ↑ Batchelor 2013, p. 135.
  39. ↑ Bruce 1996.
  40. ↑ Screech 1999.
  41. ↑ Zanghellini 2009.
  42. 1 2 Perrottet 2009.
  43. ↑ Oxford Companion to the Body, Oxford University Press, 2002.
  44. ↑ Francis 2003.
  45. ↑ Masini 2005, p. 49.
  46. ↑ Fawcett 2004, p. 195.

References

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  • Rogol, Alan D (2002). "Androgens and puberty". Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 198 (1–2): 25–29. doi:10.1016/S0303-7207(02)00365-9. ISSN 0303-7207.
  • Neill, Sallie; Lewis, Fiona (2009). Ridley's The Vulva. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4443-1669-8.
  • Sherrow, Victoria (2006). Encyclopedia of Hair: A Cultural History. Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-33145-9.
  • Morris, Desmond (2007). "The Pubic Hair". The Naked Woman. ISBN 0-09-945358-4.
  • Ogle, Robert R.; Fox, Michelle J. (1998). Atlas of Human Hair: Microscopic Characteristics. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4200-4836-0.
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  • Masini, April (2005). Think & Date Like a Man: Be the Woman Who Gets the Man She Wants...and Keeps Him!. Masini. ISBN 978-0-595-37466-3.
  • Fawcett, F. (2004). Nâyars of Malabar. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 978-81-206-0171-0.
  • Barcan, Ruth (2004). Nudity: A Cultural Anatomy. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-85973-872-6.
  • Hollander, Anne (1993). Seeing Through Clothes. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-08231-1.
  • Screech, Timon (1999). Sex and the Floating World: Erotic Images in Japan, 1700-1820. Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-86189-030-6.
  • Zanghellini, A. (2009). "Underage Sex and Romance in Japanese Homoerotic Manga and Anime". Social & Legal Studies. 18 (2): 159–177. doi:10.1177/0964663909103623.
  • Bruce, Teresa (1996). "Pornophobia, pornophilia, and the need for a middle path". American University Journal of Gender, Social Policy & the Law. 5.
  • Weingarten, Gene; Barreca, Gina (2004). I'm with Stupid: One Man. One Woman. 10,000 Years of Misunderstanding Between the Sexes Cleared Right Up. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-5832-6.
  • Batchelor, John (2 December 2013). John Ruskin: No Wealth But Life. Random House. ISBN 978-1-84595-215-0.
  • Francis, Gareth (26 June 2003). "A short and curly history of the merkin". The Guardian.
  • Perrottet, Tony (14 December 2009). "Secrets of the Great British Sex Clubs". Slate Magazine. Retrieved 2017-09-08.
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