Flag carrier

A flag carrier is a transportation company, such as an airline or shipping company, that, being locally registered in a given sovereign state, enjoys preferential rights or privileges accorded by the government for international operations. The term also refers to any carrier that is or was owned by a government, even long after their privatization when preferential rights or privileges continue.[1]

Flag carriers may be known as such due to maritime law requiring all aircraft or ships to display the state flag of the country of their registry.[2]

A flag carrier (if it is a certificated airline rather than a holding company, conglomerate, or multinational private equity firm) may also be known as a national airline or a national carrier, although this can have different legal meanings in some countries.

Background

An Airbus A330-200 of the Lebanese flag carrier Middle East Airlines.

The term "flag carrier" is a legacy of the time when countries established state-owned airline companies. Governments then took the lead due to the high capital costs of establishing and running airlines. However, not all such airlines were government-owned; Pan Am, TWA, Cathay Pacific, Union de Transports Aériens, Canadian Pacific Air Lines and Olympic Airlines were all privately owned. Most of these were considered to be flag carriers[3] as they were the "main national airline"[4] and often a sign of their country's presence abroad.[5][6]

The heavily regulated aviation industry also meant aviation rights are often negotiated between governments, denying airlines the right to an open market. These Bilateral Air Transport Agreements similar to the Bermuda I and Bermuda II agreements specify rights awardable only to locally registered airlines, forcing some governments to jump-start airlines to avoid being disadvantaged in the face of foreign competition. Some countries also establish flag carriers such as Israel's El Al[7] or Lebanon's Middle East Airlines[8] for nationalist reasons, or to aid the country's economy, particularly in the area of tourism.[9]

In many cases, governments would directly assist in the growth of their flag carriers typically through subsidies and other fiscal incentives. The establishment of competitors in the form of other locally registered airlines may be prohibited, or heavily regulated to avoid direct competition.[10] Even where privately run airlines may be allowed to be established, the flag carriers may still be accorded priority, especially in the apportionment of aviation rights to local or international markets.[11]

In the last two decades, however, many of these airlines have since been corporatized as a public company or a state-owned enterprise, or completely privatized.[12] The aviation industry has also been gradually deregulated and liberalized,[13] permitting greater freedoms of the air particularly in the United States and in the European Union with the signing of the Open Skies agreement.[14] One of the features of such agreements is the right of a country to designate multiple airlines to serve international routes with the result that there is no single "flag carrier".[15]

List of flag-carrying airlines

The chart below lists airlines considered to be a "flag carrier", based on current or former state ownership, or other verifiable designation as a national airline.

Country or Region Airline Details of current state ownership Details of former state ownership
 AfghanistanAriana Afghan Airlines[16]Majority[17]
 AlbaniaAir Albania[18]
 AlgeriaAir Algérie[19]State-owned[20]
 AngolaTAAG Angola Airlines[21]Majority[22]
 ArgentinaAerolíneas Argentinas[23]State-owned[23]
 AustraliaQantas[24]NoneState-owned until 1992.[25]
 AustriaAustrian Airlines[26]None – owned by LufthansaState-owned until 5 December 2008.[27]
 AzerbaijanAzerbaijan Airlines[28]
 BahamasBahamasair[29]State-owned
 BahrainGulf Air[30]
 BangladeshBiman Bangladesh Airlines[31]Public-limited companyState-owned until 23 July 2007.
 BelarusBelavia[32]State-owned[33]
 BelgiumBrussels Airlines[34]None – owned by Lufthansa[35]Was state-owned in its original incarnation (SN Brussels Airlines)
 BhutanDruk Air[36]None
 BoliviaBoliviana de Aviación[37]State-owned[38]
 BotswanaAir BotswanaState-owned
 BruneiRoyal Brunei Airlines[39]State-owned[39]
 BulgariaBulgaria Air[40]Minority State-owned (0.01%)[41]
 Burkina FasoAir Burkina
 BurundiAir BurundiState-owned
 CambodiaCambodia Angkor Air[42]Majority (51%)[43]
 CameroonCamair-Co[44]
 CanadaAir Canada[45]NoneState-owned until 1989.[46]
 Cape VerdeTACV[47]
 Cayman IslandsCayman AirwaysState-owned (100%)[48]
 ChadChadian Airlines[49][nb 1]Majority (51%)[50]
 ChileLATAM Chile[51][52]NoneState-owned until September 1989.[53]
 ChinaAir China[54]Majority (51.7%), in which:[55]
  • 40.98% through CNAHC (100% state-owned)
  • 10.72% through CNACG (100% owned by CNAHC)
 State-owned until 2004, and indirectly control through parent company until now.[56]
 ColombiaAvianca[57]None
 CroatiaCroatia Airlines[58]Majority (98%)[59]
 CubaCubana de Aviación[60]
 Czech RepublicCzech Airlines[61]None[61]
 DR CongoCongo Airways[62]State-owned[62]
 DenmarkScandinavian Airlines[63]Joint venture[nb 2] 
 Norway
 Sweden
 DjiboutiAir Djibouti[66]Joint venture
 EcuadorTAME[67]State-owned[68]
 EgyptEgyptAir[69]State-owned[70]
 Equatorial GuineaEcuato Guineana
 EritreaEritrean AirlinesState-owned
 EstoniaNordica[71]State-owned[72]
 EthiopiaEthiopian Airlines[50]State-owned[73]
 Faroe IslandsAtlantic Airways[74]
 FijiFiji Airways[75]Majority (51%)[76]
 FinlandFinnair[77]Majority (55.8%)[78]
 FranceAir France[79]18% share[80]
 French PolynesiaAir Tahiti Nui[81]Majority[82]
 GeorgiaGeorgian AirwaysNone
 GermanyLufthansa[83]NoneState-owned until 1994;[84] remaining government shares were sold in 1997.[85]
 GreeceAegean Airlines[86]
 GreenlandAir Greenland[87]
 GuernseyAurigny Air Services[88]State-owned[89]
 GuyanaCaribbean Airlines[90]None
 Hong KongCathay Pacific[91]None
 IcelandIcelandair[92]
 IndiaAir India[93]State-owned[93]
 IndonesiaGaruda Indonesia[94]Majority
 IrelandAer Lingus[95]None – owned by IAGState-owned until September 2006.[96][97]
 IranIran Air[98]State-owned[99]
 IraqIraqi Airways[100]
 IsraelEl Al[101]Minority (~1.1%)[102]State-owned until June 2004.
 ItalyAlitalia[103]Minority (19.48%)[104]State-owned until 2008, and indirectly control through a state-owned company since 2013.[105][106]
 Ivory CoastAir Côte d'Ivoire[107]Minority (49%)
 JamaicaCaribbean Airlines[108]Minority (16%)
 JapanJapan Airlines[109]NoneState-owned until 1987.
 JordanRoyal Jordanian[110]
 KazakhstanAir Astana[111]Majority (51%)[112]
 KenyaKenya Airways[113]Minority (29.8%)[114]
 KiribatiAir Kiribati
 KuwaitKuwait Airways[115]State-owned[116]
 LaosLao Airlines[117]State-owned[118]
 LatviaAir Baltic[119]Majority (99.8%)[120]
 LebanonMiddle East Airlines[121]
 LibyaAfriqiyah Airways[122]State-owned[123]
Libyan Airlines[124]State-owned[124]
 LuxembourgLuxair[125]Majority (73.86%) [126]
 MacauAir Macau[127]Minority (5%)
 MadagascarAir Madagascar[128]Majority
 MalawiMalawian Airlines[129]Majority (51%)[129]
 MalaysiaMalaysia Airlines[130]State-owned (100 %) through Khazanah Nasional[131]
 MaldivesMaldivian
 MaltaAir Malta[132]Majority[133]
 MauritaniaMauritania Airlines[134]
 MauritiusAir Mauritius[135] 
 MexicoAeroméxico[136]NoneState-owned until 2007.
 MoldovaAir Moldova[137]
 MongoliaMIAT Mongolian Airlines[138]State-owned[139]
 MontenegroMontenegro Airlines[140]
 MoroccoRoyal Air Maroc[141]State-owned
 MozambiqueLAM Mozambique Airlines[142]State-owned
 MyanmarMyanmar National Airlines[143]State-owned[144]
 NamibiaAir Namibia[145]State-owned (100%)[146]
 NauruNauru Airlines[147]State-owned[147]
   NepalNepal Airlines[148]State-owned
 NetherlandsKLM[149]Minority (6%)[150]
 New ZealandAir New Zealand[151]Majority (53%)[152]State-owned until 1989, partially re-nationalized in 2001.
 North KoreaAir Koryo[153]State-owned[154]
 OmanOman Air[155]Majority[156]
 PakistanPakistan International Airlines[157]State-owned[158]
 PanamaCopa Airlines[159]None
 Papua New GuineaAir Niugini[160]
 PhilippinesPhilippine Airlines[161]
 PolandLOT Polish Airlines[162]Majority (93%)[163]
 PortugalTAP Air Portugal[164]Majority (50%) [165]
 QatarQatar AirwaysState-owned
 Republic of the CongoEquatorial Congo Airlines[166]Majority (70%)
 RéunionAir Austral[167]
 RomaniaTAROM[168]Majority (95%)[169]
 RussiaAeroflot[170]Majority (51%)[171]
 RwandaRwandAir[172]State-owned[172]
 Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesSVG Air
 SamoaSamoa Airways[173]State-owned[174]
 São Tomé and PríncipeSTP AirwaysNone
 Saudi ArabiaSaudia[175]Majority
 SenegalAir Senegal[176]
 SerbiaAir Serbia[177]Majority (51%)[178]
 SeychellesAir Seychelles[179]None
 Solomon IslandsSolomon Airlines[180]State-owned (100%)[181]
 Sierra LeoneArik AirNone
 SingaporeSingapore Airlines[182]54.5% through Temasek Holdings[183]
 SloveniaAdria Airways[184]None[184] 
 South AfricaSouth African Airways[185]State-owned[186]
 South KoreaKorean Air[187]None[188]
 SpainIberia[189]Minority (5%)[190]
 Sri LankaSriLankan Airlines[191]State-owned[192]
 SudanSudan AirwaysState-owned[193]
 SurinameSurinam Airways[194]State-owned[195]
 SwazilandSwaziland AirlinkJoint venture
  SwitzerlandSwiss International Air Lines[196]None – owned by Lufthansa[197]
 SyriaSyrian Air[198]State-owned
 TaiwanChina Airlines[199]NoneState-owned until 1991. 51.28% held by non-profit Civic Aviation Development Foundation.[200]
 TajikistanTajik Air[201]State-owned
 TanzaniaAir TanzaniaState-owned
 ThailandThai Airways International[202]Majority (51%)
 Trinidad and TobagoCaribbean Airlines[203]Majority (84%)[204]
 TunisiaTunisair[205]Majority[205]
 TurkeyTurkish Airlines[206]Minority (49%)
 TurkmenistanTurkmenistan Airlines[207]State-owned
 UgandaUganda Airlines[208]
 UkraineUkraine International Airlines[209] 
 United Arab EmiratesEtihad Airways[210]State-owned[211]
Emirates[212]State-owned
 United KingdomBritish Airways[213]NoneState-owned until 1987.[214]
 UzbekistanUzbekistan Airways[215]Majority
 VietnamVietnam Airlines[216]Majority (86.2%)[216]
 VanuatuAir Vanuatu[217]
 YemenYemenia[218]Majority
 ZimbabweAir Zimbabwe[219]State-owned[219]

Notes

  1. ↑ The airline is scheduled to be launched on 1 October 2018.[50]
  2. ↑ SAS is partly owned by the governments of Denmark and Sweden, and was partly owned by the government of Norway until June 2018. SAS is the flag carrier for all three nations.[63][64][65]

References

  1. ↑ Don Sull (1999). "Case Study easyJet's $500 Million Gamble". European Management Journal Vol. 17, No. 1. pp. 21–22.
  2. ↑ "flag carrier definition". Businessdictionary.com. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2009.
  3. ↑ Paul Stephen Dempsey (1991). "Airline Management; Strategies for the 21st Century". Coast Aire Publication. p. 299.
  4. ↑ "flag airline definition". [MacMillan Dictionary]. Archived from the original on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
  5. ↑ Henry Ladd Smith (1991). "Airways Abroad; The Story of American World Air Routes". Smithsonian History of Aviation Series,.
  6. ↑ Anthony Sampson (1984). "Empires of the Sky; The Politics, Contests and Cartels of World Airlines". Hodder and Stoughton,.
  7. ↑ Arnold Sherman (1972). "To the Skies: The El Al Story". Bantam Books,.
  8. ↑ Anthony Sampson (1984). "Empires of the Sky; The Politics, Contests and Cartels of World Airlines". Hodder and Stoughton,. p. 82.
  9. ↑ Tim Pat Coogan (2002). "Wherever Green Is Worn: The Story of the Irish Diaspora". Palgrave Macmillan,. p. 265.
  10. ↑ David Warnock-Smith and Peter Morrel (2008). "Air transport liberalisation and traffic growth in tourism-dependent economies: A case-history of some US-Caribbean markets". Journal of Air Transport Management 14. p. 230.
  11. ↑ R.E.G. Davies (1987). "Rebels and Reformers of the Airways". Airlife England,. pp. 250–254.
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  13. ↑ Tai Hoon Oum and A.J. Taylor (1995). "Emerging Patterns in Intercontinental Air Linkages and Implications for International Route Allocation Policy". Transportation Journal, Vol. 34, No. 4 (SUMMER 1995),. pp. 5–27.
  14. ↑ "Open Skies Partners". [U.S. State Department]. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
  15. ↑ Joanna Mastalerek (2006). "The Future of the Open Skies Agreements after the ECJ judgements - Legal and Economic Aspects". GRIN Verlag. p. 12.
  16. ↑ "EU To Impose Ban On Afghan Planes". Airwise News. 22 November 2010. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Kabul-based Safi is the country's No. 2 airline after national carrier Ariana Afghan Airlines.
  17. ↑ Archived 28 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
  18. ↑ Dron, Alan (18 September 2018). "New national carrier for Albania launched". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 19 September 2018.
  19. ↑ "Air Algerie Eyeing African Tie-Ups - CEO". Airwise News. 29 April 2008. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Algeria's national airline Air Algerie is considering tie-ups...
  20. ↑ "Air Algerie to spend $762 million upgrading its fleet". Middle East Online. 14 December 2013. Archived from the original on 25 June 2014.
  21. ↑ "TAAG Angola Airways boosts capacity, justifying Angola's investment in airport infrastructure". CAPA Centre for Aviation. 22 July 2013. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. The investment is beginning to pay dividends with flag carrier TAAG Angola Airlines increasing capacity by nearly 40% in the past year.  
  22. ↑ Hofmann, Kurt (6 May 2016). "TAAG Angola Airlines' new 777-300ER to fly on Portugal route". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 6 May 2016. The Angolan government is the majority shareholder in TAAG.  
  23. 1 2 "Argentina: Aerolineas Argentinas faces a tough turnaround with government's new liberal mindset". CAPA Centre for Aviation. 19 September 2016. Archived from the original on 22 September 2016. At the same time, Argentina’s state-owned flag carrier Aerolineas Argentinas is attempting to transition to a more commercially minded airline after years of bleeding cash and being propped by the former Argentinian government.
  24. ↑ Dron, Alan (1 September 2017). "Brisbane named second Qantas 787-9 base". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 2 September 2017.
  25. ↑ "Accelerating Change in the 1990s". Qantas. 31 March 2002. Archived from the original on 22 January 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
  26. ↑ Hofmann, Kurt (8 August 2017). "Austrian Airlines completes Embraer E195 deliveries". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 8 August 2017.
  27. ↑ "AUA-Verkauf besiegelt: Kranich soll Flügel verleihen «". Diepresse.com. 31 March 2010. Archived from the original on 16 December 2008. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
  28. ↑ Blachly, Linda (17 June 2015). "Bahamasair orders five ATR -600 aircraft". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 17 June 2015. Bahamasair, the national flag carrier of Bahamas, has placed a firm order for two 70- seat ATR 72-600s and three 50-seat ATR 42-600s.  
  29. ↑ Dron, Alan (6 April 2018). "Gulf Air reveals new branding, prepares for first 787". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 13 April 2018.
  30. ↑ Dron, Alan (23 February 2018). "UK restores Bangladesh cargo link, with caveats". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 2 March 2018.
  31. ↑ Borodina, Polina (26 June 2014). "Belavia orders three Boeing 737-800s". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 27 June 2014. This is the first direct purchase of Boeing aircraft for the Belarus flag carrier.
  32. ↑ "Belarus aims to privatise Belavia in 2013, with Russian carriers the most likely suitors". Centre for Aviation. 10 May 2012. Archived from the original on 10 May 2012.
  33. ↑ Moores, Victoria (22 May 2017). "Brussels Airlines to buy seven Airbus A330ceos". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 22 May 2017. Belgian flag carrier Brussels Airlines has decided to replace seven of its 10 Airbus A330s, but is sticking with A330ceos for its fleet renewal and long-haul expansion.
  34. ↑ Moores, Victoria (15 May 2018). "Pilot strike forces Brussels Airlines to cancel 75% of flights". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 16 May 2018. Lufthansa took full control of Brussels Airlines through its parent SN Airholding in late 2016 and replaced top management Feb. 5, as the group revamps the airline to be more closely integrated with Lufthansa Group’s Eurowings low-fare division.
  35. ↑ Blachly, Linda (20 April 2018). "Aircraft Briefs-April 20, 2018". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 24 April 2018.
  36. ↑ Clark, Oliver (24 April 2016). "ROUTES: Air Nostrum still keen on Latin American growth post-Sol". Kraków: Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 21 August 2016. BoA Regional, a new joint venture in Paraguay with Bolivia's national carrier Boliviana de Aviacion, is "going well" and the airline is busy "developing new routes and working on new traffic rights to Brazil", says Oliver.
  37. ↑ "Boliviana de Aviacion set to expand as re-launch of Aerosur is unlikely due to government roadblocks". Centre for Aviation. 30 June 2012. Archived from the original on 29 June 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2012. Even though BoA now has a monopoly on domestic trunk routes, it is unlikely the government owned carrier will abuse its new dominant position.
  38. 1 2 "Royal Brunei Airlines takes another step forward as it becomes first 787 operator in Southeast Asia". Centre for Aviation. 19 June 2013. Archived from the original on 21 June 2013.
  39. ↑ "Bulgaria Air strengthens its European network with new E-Jets, but cost reduction is also essential". 4 June 2012. Archived from the original on 18 June 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2012. As the national carrier of Bulgaria, Bulgaria Air is based at Sofia Airport and operates scheduled services, ad hoc charter services and business jet transportation.
  40. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 23 December 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
  41. ↑ "Cambodia poised for more double-digit growth as Cambodia Angkor Air expands and Qatar Airways enters". Centre for Aviation. 18 January 2013. Archived from the original on 27 February 2013.
  42. ↑ "Cambodia launches national carrier with Vietnam's help". Manila Bulletin. Reuters. 28 July 2009. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
  43. ↑ "New Cameroon national carrier Camair-Co fails to reach first year targets, but continues to grow". Centre for Aviation. 30 April 2012. Archived from the original on 4 May 2012.
  44. ↑ Blachly, Linda (31 July 2015). "Aircraft News-July 31, 2015". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 1 August 2015. The Canadian flag carrier took delivery of its first Dreamliner in May 2014 and will receive a total of 29 new 787-9s by 2019, in addition to eight 787-8 aircraft already in operation.  
  45. ↑ "Air Canada Timeline". CBC News. 20 June 2005. Archived from the original on 19 May 2013.
  46. ↑ Dron, Alan (11 August 2017). "Loftleidir Icelandic to manage TACV Cabo Verde". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 12 August 2017.
  47. ↑ "Cayman Airways - Our History". Archived from the original on 27 March 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
  48. ↑ Dron, Alan (8 August 2018). "New Chadian national carrier set to launch operations". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 10 August 2018.
  49. 1 2 3 Moores, Victoria (29 August 2018). "Ethiopian Airlines finalizes deal for new Chad JV carrier". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 13 September 2018.
  50. ↑ "BOC Aviation to lease one new A320-200 to LAN". Air Transport World. 3 December 2010. Retrieved 14 February 2012. This deal marks the second time that BOC has worked with Chile’s flag carrier.
  51. ↑ "LATAM Kicks Off Regular Flights, Announces Johannesburg". Airways News. 5 May 2016. Archived from the original on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
  52. ↑ LAN Cargo. "History". Retrieved 1 June 2014.
  53. ↑ Kaminski-Morrow, David (7 January 2016). "Air China to take six more 777-300ERs". Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Chinese flag-carrier Air China has reached an agreement to acquire six Boeing 777-300ERs.  
  54. ↑ "Air China Interim Report 2017" (PDF). Air China. 15 September 2017. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
  55. ↑ Air China Transfers Ownership from State-owned to Shareholding. Beijing:Sino-Cast, 7 October 2004, reprinted in Highbeam Business. Retrieved on 1 July 2011. Archived 31 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
  56. ↑ Blachly, Linda (4 January 2017). "Aircraft Briefs-Jan. 4, 2017". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 7 January 2017. Boeing delivered the 500th 787 Dreamliner, a 787-8 to Colombia flag carrier Avianca, during the week of Dec. 22, 2016.
  57. ↑ Dron, Alan (30 April 2018). "Croatia again seeks airline partner". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 30 April 2018. This is the third time in the past five years that the small central European state has tried to find a way of divesting itself of a controlling interest in the national carrier.
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  59. ↑ "First direct Brazil flight to take off in July". Cuba Standard. 29 June 2013. Archived from the original on 7 July 2013. Flag carrier Cubana de Aviación is resuming direct flights to Brazil with a Havana-São Paulo route on July 10, the tourism ministry said in a press release.
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  61. 1 2 "Congo Airways to make international debut in mid-4Q". ch-aviation GmbH. 5 August 2016. Archived from the original on 3 September 2016. Effective November 1, the state-owned national carrier of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) plans to operate a multiple-weekly service between Kinshasa N'Djili and Johannesburg O.R. Tambo, South Africa using A320-200 equipment.
  62. 1 2 "SAS aims to capture a larger share of the thriving Scandinavian leisure market". Centre for Aviation. 27 August 2012. Archived from the original on 22 October 2016.
  63. ↑ Moores, Victoria (18 October 2016). "Sweden, Norway sell 7% of SAS Scandinavian Airlines". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 22 October 2016. This reduces Sweden’s stake to 57 million shares, or around 17% of SAS, down from 21%.
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  65. ↑ "Africa's Air Djibouti continues re-fleeting". Air Transport World. 11 August 2016. Archived from the original on 13 August 2016. African flag carrier Air Djibouti has taken delivery of its first Boeing 737 as it prepares to launch commercial operations.
  66. ↑ Cathy Buyck (31 October 2011). "Ecuador may partially privatize TAME". Air Transport World. Ecuador’s national flag carrier operates on a mostly domestic network and some international routes to Colombia, Cuba, the Dominican Republic and Panama...  (subscription required)
  67. ↑ Uphoff, Rainer (9 May 2013). "Ecuador's LAC announces launch of commercial flights". Madrid: Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 21 June 2013. LAC will compete with state-owned Tame, LAN Ecuador and Avianca subsidiary Aerogal.
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  72. ↑ "Ethiopian Airlines Fact Sheet" (PDF). Ethiopian Airlines. March 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2017.
  73. ↑ Dron, Alan (30 March 2017). "Island carrier Atlantic Airways seeks new revenue stream". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 31 March 2017. Faroese national carrier Atlantic Airways anticipates a move into the ACMI market as it attempts to offset the effect of new competition on its primary route.
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  75. ↑ "Fiji Airways' new MD Stefan Pichler sets his sights on the next five years for the rebranded airline". Centre for Aviation. 19 September 2013. Archived from the original on 1 November 2013.
  76. ↑ Dron, Alan (29 March 2018). "Finnair brings in capacity support". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 7 April 2018.
  77. ↑ "Finnair". Finnairgroup.com. Archived from the original on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
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  81. ↑ "Air Tahiti Nui - Corporal Profile". Archived from the original on 31 October 2013.
  82. ↑ Kaminski-Morrow, David (4 October 2013). "Lufthansa cuts back A380 order". Flightglobal. London. Archived from the original on 29 June 2014. German flag-carrier Lufthansa appears to have cancelled orders for three Airbus A380s.
  83. ↑ Blüthmann, Heinz (13 May 1994). "Neue Freiheit". Die Zeit (in German). Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
  84. ↑ "German Cabinet Backs Selling Lufthansa". The New York Times. 15 January 1997. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013.
  85. ↑ Dron, Alan (27 May 2016). "Aegean 1Q losses widen as it invests in capacity". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 28 May 2016. Greek flag carrier Aegean Airlines recorded a net loss of €21.5 million ($24 million) for 1Q 2016, widened from a €8.3 million net loss for the year-ago quarter.  
  86. ↑ Blachly, Linda (1 May 2015). "Airline News-1 May 2015". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 1 May 2015. Air Greenland has joined the European Regions Airline Association (ERA), bringing the number of airlines in membership to 53. The flag carrier of Greenland is the third airline to join ERA this year.  
  87. ↑ "Hahn Air's new partner Aurigny now available in 190 markets" (Press release). Hahn Air. 8 October 2014. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014.  
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