Oculocerebrorenal syndrome

Oculocerebrorenal syndrome
Synonyms Lowe syndrome
Oculocerebrorenal syndrome is X-linked recessive
Specialty Obstetrics and gynaecology, Urology, Neurology, Medical genetics, Endocrinology Edit this on Wikidata
Causes Mutations in OCRL1 gene[1]
Diagnostic method MRI, Urinalysis[2]
Treatment Physical therapy, Clomipramine[3]

Oculocerebrorenal syndrome (also called Lowe syndrome) is a rare X-linked recessive disorder characterized by congenital cataracts, hypotonia, intellectual disability, proximal tubular acidosis, aminoaciduria, and low-molecular-weight proteinuria. Lowe syndrome can be considered a cause of Fanconi syndrome (bicarbonaturia, renal tubular acidosis, potassium loss, and sodium loss[4]).[5][6]

Signs and symptoms

Because oculocerebrorenal syndrome is an X-linked recessive condition, the disease develops mostly in men with very rare occurrences in women, while women are carriers of the disease; it has an estimated prevalence of 1 in 500,000 people.[7] Boys with Lowe syndrome are born with cataracts in both eyes, glaucoma is present in about half of the individuals with Lowe syndrome, though usually not at birth. While not present at birth, many affected boys develop kidney problems at about one year of age.[1] Renal pathology is characterized by an abnormal loss of certain substances into the urine, including bicarbonate, sodium, potassium, amino acids, organic acids, albumin, calcium and L-carnitine, this problem, is known as Fanconi-type renal tubular dysfunction.

Genetics

Fibroblasts

This syndrome is caused by mutations in the OCRL1 gene which encodes a inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase. At least one mechanism by which these mutations cause this syndrome is by loss of its Rab binding domain.[8][9]

This protein is associated with the primary cilia of the retinal pigment epithelial cells, fibroblasts and kidney tubular cells. This suggests that this syndrome is due to dysfunction of the cilia in these cells.[9] About 120 mutations are associated with this condition and OCRL gene which is associated with oculocerebrorenal syndrome[10]

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of oculocerebrorenal syndrome can be done via genetic testing[11] Among the different investigations that can de done are:[2]

Treatment

Potassium citrate

In terms of treatment of oculocerebrorenal syndrome for those individuals who are affected by this condition includes the following:[3]

History

It was first described in 1952 by Charles Lowe and colleagues at the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston.[12] Because of the three major organ systems involved (eyes, brain, and kidney), it is also known as oculocerebrorenal syndrome.[1]

Eponym

The condition is named after Charles Upton Lowe (August 24, 1921 – February 9, 2012 ).[13][14]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Oculocerebrorenal Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology". 2016-06-01.
  2. 1 2 "Lowe's (Oculo-Cerebro-Renal) Syndrome | Doctor | Patient". Patient. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  3. 1 2 RESERVED, INSERM US14 -- ALL RIGHTS. "Orphanet: Oculocerebrorenal syndrome of Lowe". www.orpha.net. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  4. ↑ "Fanconi syndrome: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2016-12-21.
  5. ↑ Lewis, Richard Alan; Nussbaum, Robert L.; Brewer, Eileen D. (1993-01-01). Pagon, Roberta A.; Adam, Margaret P.; Ardinger, Holly H.; Wallace, Stephanie E.; Amemiya, Anne; Bean, Lora JH; Bird, Thomas D.; Fong, Chin-To; Mefford, Heather C., eds. GeneReviews(®). Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle. PMID 20301653. update 2012
  6. ↑ "OMIM Entry - # 309000 - LOWE OCULOCEREBRORENAL SYNDROME; OCRL". omim.org. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  7. ↑ Loi M (2006). "Lowe Syndrome". Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases. 1: 16. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-1-16.
  8. ↑ Hagemann, Nina; Hou, Xiaomin; Goody, Roger S.; Itzen, Aymelt; Erdmann, Kai S. (2017-06-01). "Crystal structure of the Rab binding domain of OCRL1 in complex with Rab8 and functional implications of the OCRL1/Rab8 module for Lowe syndrome". Small GTPases. 3 (2): 107–110. doi:10.4161/sgtp.19380. ISSN 2154-1256. PMID 22790198.
  9. 1 2 Reference, Genetics Home. "Lowe syndrome". Genetics Home Reference. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  10. ↑ Reference, Genetics Home. "OCRL gene". Genetics Home Reference. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  11. ↑ "Lowe syndrome - Conditions - GTR - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  12. ↑ Lowe CU, Terrey M, MacLachlan EA (1952). "Organic-aciduria, decreased renal ammonia production, hydrophthalmos, and mental retardation; a clinical entity". American Journal of Diseases of Children. 83 (2): 164–84. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1952.02040060030004. PMID 14884753.
  13. ↑ Kelly, Evelyn B. (2013). Encyclopedia of human genetics and disease. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood. ISBN 9780313387142. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  14. ↑ Loring, David W.; Bowden, Stephen (2015). INS Dictionary of Neuropsychology and Clinical Neurosciences. Oxford University Press, Incorporated. ISBN 9780195366457. Retrieved 21 December 2016.

Further reading

  • Bökenkamp, Arend; Ludwig, Michael (1 January 2016). "The oculocerebrorenal syndrome of Lowe: an update". Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 31 (12): 2201–2212. doi:10.1007/s00467-016-3343-3. ISSN 0931-041X. PMC 5118406. PMID 27011217.
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