Nondispersive infrared sensor

A nondispersive infrared sensor (or NDIR sensor) is a simple spectroscopic sensor often used as a gas detector. It is nondispersive in the sense of optical dispersion since the infrared energy is allowed to pass through the atmospheric sampling chamber without deformation.^[1]

NDIR-analyzer with one double tube for CO and another double tube for hydrocarbons

Principle

The main components of an NDIR sensor are an infrared source (lamp), a sample chamber or light tube, a light filter and an infrared detector. The IR light is directed through the sample chamber towards the detector. In parallel there is another chamber with an enclosed reference gas, typically nitrogen. The gas in the sample chamber causes absorption of specific wavelengths according to the Beer–Lambert law, and the attenuation of these wavelengths is measured by the detector to determine the gas concentration. The detector has an optical filter in front of it that eliminates all light except the wavelength that the selected gas molecules can absorb.

Ideally other gas molecules do not absorb light at this wavelength, and do not affect the amount of light reaching the detector however some cross-sensitivity is inevitable.^[2] For instance, many measurements in the IR area are cross sensitive to H₂O so gases like CO₂, SO₂ and NO₂ often initiate cross sensitivity in low concentrations. Part 1065.350(b) states that H₂O can interfere with an NDIR analyzer's response to CO₂. (http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?sid=b09e0b356089f50988feae6565ed426a&c=ecfr&tpl=/ecfrbrowse/Title40/40tab_02.tpl)

The IR signal from the source is usually chopped or modulated so that thermal background signals can be offset from the desired signal.^[3]

NDIR sensors for carbon dioxide are often encountered in HVAC units.

Configurations with multiple filters, either on individual sensors or on a rotating wheel, allow simultaneous measurement at several chosen wavelengths.

FTIR, a more complex technology, scans a wide part of the spectrum, measuring many absorbing species simultaneously.

Gases and their sensing wavelengths

• O₂ - 0.763 µm^[4]
• CO₂ - 4.26 µm,^[5] 2.7 µm, about 13 µm^[4]
• carbon monoxide - 4.67 µm,^[5] 1.55 µm, 2.33 µm, 4.6 µm, 4.8 µm, 5.9 µm^[4]
• NO - 5.3 µm, NO₂ has to be reduced to NO and then they are measured together as NOx; NO also absorbs in ultraviolet at 195-230 nm, NO₂ is measured at 350-450 nm;^[6] in situations where NO₂ content is known to be low, it is often ignored and only NO is measured; also, 1.8 µm^[4]
• NO₂ - 6.17-6.43 µm, 15.4-16.3 µm, 496 nm^[4]
• N₂O - 7.73 µm (NO₂ and SO₂ interfere),^[7][5] 1.52 µm, 4.3 µm, 4.4 µm, about 8 µm^[4]
• HNO₃ - 5.81 µm^[4]
• NH₃ - 2.25 µm, 3.03 µm, 5.7 µm^[4]
• H₂S - 1.57 µm, 3.72 µm, 3.83 µm^[4]
• SO₂ - 7.35 µm, 19.25 µm^[4]
• HF - 1.27 µm, 1.33 µm^[4]
• HCl - 3.4 µm^[4]
• HBr - 1.34 µm, 3.77 µm^[4]
• HI - 4.39 µm^[4]
• hydrocarbons - 3.3-3.5 µm, the C-H bond vibration^[5]
• CH₄ - 3.33 µm, 6994791000000000000♠7.91±0.16 μm can also be used,^[8] 1.3 µm, 1.65 µm, 2.3 µm, 3.2-3.5 µm, about 7.7 µm^[4]
• C₂H₂ - 3.07 µm^[4]
• C₃H₈ - 1.68 µm, 3.3 µm^[4]
• CH₃Cl - 3.29 µm^[4]
• H₂O - 1.94 µm, 2.9 µm (CO₂ interferes),^[5] 6994578000000000000♠5.78±0.18 μm can also be used to eliminate CO₂ interference,^[8] 1.3 µm, 1.4 µm, 1.8 µm^[4]
• O₃ - 9.0 µm,^[5] also 254 nm (UV)^[4]
• H₂O₂ - 7.79 µm^[4]
• alcohol mixtures - 6994949999999999999♠9.5±0.45 μm^[8]
• HCHO - 3.6 µm^[4]
• HCOOH - 8.98 µm^[4]
• COS - 4.87 µm^[4]

Applications

• Infrared gas analyzer
• Infrared point sensor

References

External links

• NDIR Gas Sensors Explained, The Gas Detector Encyclopedia, Edaphic Scientific Knowledge Base
• NDIR Gas Sensor Lamp Selection Application Notes
• NDIR Technology for gasoline exhaust
• NDIR detectors for CO&CO₂ in internal combustion engine exhaust