Light tube

IR light pipes/IR light tubes

Manufacturing custom designed Infrared light pipes, hollow waveguides and homogenizers is non-trivial. This is because these are tubes lined with a highly polished infrared reflective coating of Laser Gold, which can be applied thick enough to permit these tubes to be used in highly corrosive atmospheres. Laser Black can be applied to certain parts of light pipes to absorb IR light (see photonics). This is done to limit IR light to only certain areas of the pipe.

While most light pipes are produced with a round cross-section, light pipes are not limited to this geometry. Square and hexagonal cross-sections are used in special applications. Hexagonal pipes tend to produce the most homogenized type of IR Light. The pipes do not need to be straight. Bends in the pipe have little effect on efficiency.

Light tube with reflective material

A light tube installed in the subterranean train station at Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, seen from above …

… and below ground.

Also known as a "tubular skylight" or "tubular daylighting device", this is the oldest and most widespread type of light tube used for daylighting. The concept was originally developed by the ancient Egyptians. The first commercial reflector systems were patented and marketed in the 1850s by Paul Emile Chappuis in London, utilising various forms of angled mirror designs. Chappuis Ltd's reflectors were in continuous production until the factory was destroyed in 1943.^[2] The concept was rediscovered and patented in 1986 by Solatube International of Australia.^[3] This system has been marketed for widespread residential and commercial use. Other daylighting products are on the market under various generic names, such as "SunScope", "solar pipe", "light pipe", "light tube" and "tubular skylight".

A tube lined with highly reflective material leads the light rays through a building, starting from an entrance-point located on its roof or one of its outer walls. A light tube is not intended for imaging (in contrast to a periscope, for example), thus image distortions pose no problem and are in many ways encouraged due to the reduction of "directional" light.

The entrance point usually comprises a dome (cupola), which has the function of collecting and reflecting as much sunlight as possible into the tube. Many units also have directional "collectors", "reflectors" or even Fresnel lens devices that assist in collecting additional directional light down the tube.

A set-up in which a laser cut acrylic panel is arranged to redirect sunlight into a horizontally or vertically orientated mirrored pipe, combined with a light spreading system with a triangular arrangement of laser cut panels that spread the light into the room, was developed at the Queensland University of Technology in Brisbane.^[4] In 2003, Veronica Garcia Hansen, Ken Yeang, and Ian Edmonds were awarded the Far East Economic Review Innovation Award in bronze for this development.^[5][6]

Light transmission efficiency is greatest if the tube is short and straight. In longer, angled, or flexible tubes, part of the light intensity is lost. To minimize losses, a high reflectivity of the tube lining is crucial; manufacturers claim reflectivities of their materials, in the visible range, of up to almost 99.5 percent.^[7][8]

At the end point (the point of use), a diffuser spreads the light into the room.

To further optimize the use of solar light, a heliostat can be installed which tracks the movement of the sun, thereby directing sunlight into the light tube at all times of the day as far as the surroundings´ limitations allow, possibly with additional mirrors or other reflective elements that influence the light path. The heliostat can be set to capture moonlight at night.

Optical fiber

Corning Fibrance Light-Diffusing Fiber

Corning Inc. makes Fibrance Light-Diffusing Fiber. Fibrance works by shining a laser through a light diffusing fiber optic cable. The cable gives off a lighted glow.^[9]

Optical fibers are used in fiberscopes for imaging applications.

Optical fibers can also be used for daylighting. A solar lighting system based on plastic optical fibers was in development at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in 2004.^[10][11] The system was installed at the American Museum of Science and Energy, Tennessee, USA, in 2005,^[12] and brought to market the same year by the company Sunlight Direct.^[13][14] However, this system was taken off the market in 2009.

Optical fibers are also used in the Bjork system sold by Parans Solar Lighting AB.^[15][16] The optic fibers in this system are made of PMMA (PolyMethylMethAcrylate) and sheathed with Megolon, a halogen-free thermoplastic resin. A system such as this, however, is quite expensive.^[17]

A similar system, but using optical fibers of glass, had earlier been under study in Japan.^[18]

In view of the usually small diameter of the fibers, an efficient daylighting set-up requires a parabolic collector to track the sun and concentrate its light. Optical fibers intended for light transport need to propagate as much light as possible within the core; in contrast, optical fibers intended for light distribution are designed to let part of the light leak through their cladding.^[19]

Transparent hollow light guides

A prism light guide was developed in 1981 by Lorne Whitehead, a physics professor at the University of British Columbia^[20][21] and has been used in solar lighting for both transport and distribution of light.^[22][23] A large solar pipe based on the same principle has been set up in a narrow courtyard of a 14-floor building of a Washington, D.C. law firm in 2001,^{[24][25][26][27][28]} and a similar proposal has been made for London.^[29] A further system has been installed in Berlin.^[30]

The 3M company developed a system based on optical lighting film^[31] and developed the 3M light pipe,^[32] which is a light guide designed to distribute light uniformly over its length, with a thin film incorporating microscopic prisms,^[21] which has been marketed in connection with artificial light sources, e.g. sulfur lamps.

In contrast to an optical fiber which has a solid core, a prism light guide leads the light through air and is therefore referred to as hollow light guide.

The project ARTHELIO,^[33][34] partially funded by the European Commission, was an investigation in years 1998 to 2000 into a system for adaptive mixing of solar and artificial light, and which includes a sulfur lamp, a heliostat, and hollow light guides for light transport and distribution.

Disney has experimented in using 3D printing to print internal light guides for illuminated toys.^[35]

Fluorescence based system

In a system developed by Fluorosolar and the University of Technology, Sydney, two fluorescent polymer layers in a flat panel capture short wave sunlight, particularly ultraviolet light, generating red and green light, respectively, which is guided into the interior of a building. There, the red and green light is mixed with artificial blue light to yield white light, without infrared or ultraviolet. This system, which collects light without requiring mobile parts such as a heliostat or a parabolic collector, is intended to transfer light to any place within a building. ^[36][37][38] By capturing ultraviolet the system can be especially effective on bright but overcast days; this since ultraviolet is diminished less by cloud cover than are the visible components of sunlight.

Solar and hybrid lighting systems

A simple light tube, showing collection, transmission, and distribution

Solar light pipes, compared to conventional skylights and other windows, offer better heat insulation properties and more flexibility for use in inner rooms, but less visual contact with the external environment.

In the context of seasonal affective disorder, it may be worth consideration that an additional installation of light tubes increases the amount of natural daily light exposure. It could thus possibly contribute to residents´ or employees´ well-being while avoiding over-illumination effects.

Compared to artificial lights, light tubes have the advantage of providing natural light and of saving energy. The transmitted light varies over the day; should this not be desired, light tubes can be combined with artificial light in a hybrid set-up.^{[22][39][40][41]}

Some artificial light sources are marketed which have a spectrum similar to that of sunlight, at least in the human visible spectrum range,^[42][43][44] as well as low flicker.^[44] Their spectrum can be made to vary dynamically such as to mimick the changes of natural light over the day. Manufacturers and vendors of such light sources claim that their products can provide the same or similar health effects as natural light.^[44][45][46] When considered as alternatives to solar light pipes, such products may have lower installation costs but do consume energy during use; therefore they may well be more wasteful in terms of overall energy resources and costs.

On a more practical note, light tubes do not require electric installations or insulation, and are thus especially useful for indoor wet areas such as bathrooms and pools. From a more artistic point of view, recent developments, especially those pertaining to transparent light tubes, open new and interesting possibilities for architectural design.

Settings

Light tubes have been used in schools,^[47] warehouses, retail environments,^[48][49] homes,^[50] government buildings, museums, hotels^[51] and restaurants.

Security applications

Due to the relatively small size and high light output of sun pipes, they have an ideal application to security oriented situations, such as prisons, police cells and other locations where restricted access is required. Being of a narrow diameter, and not largely affected by internal security grilles, this provides daylight to areas without providing electrical connections or escape access, and without allowing objects to be passed into a secure area.

Overview

• Corning Fibrance Light-Diffusing Fiber
• Light Tubes on "Potsdamer Platz" are made by Heliobus AG Switzerland
• HTML
• Solar lighting and Illumination of Buildings using Light Pipes, Florida Solar Energy Center (at the University of Central Florida)
• Daylighting Using Tubular Light Guide Systems (thesis)
• (in German) an overview over light guidance – PDF, HTML
• "A Study of Performance of Light Pipes Under Cloudy and Sunny Conditions in the UK"
• "Sunlight in a tube", World Science, 2005
• A series of technical reference information pages from the UK, referring to installation and mounting information
• "Use of prismatic films to control light distribution", K. G. Kneipp, International Lighting in Controlled Environments Workshop, T.W.Tibbitts (editor), 1994, NASA-CP-95-3309 (with an overview on the piping of light)
• (in German) Alexander Rosemann: Hohllichtleiter für Tageslichtnutzung. Pflaum Verlag, München 2002. ISBN 3-7905-0862-4
• Jenkins, David; Muneer, Tariq; Kubie, Jorge (2005), "A design tool for predicting the performances of light pipes", Energy and Buildings, 37 (5): 485, doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2004.09.014
• UK based Monodraught SunPipe (and www.sunpipe.info) with extensive technical and reference information
• UK based <http://www.glidevale.com/downloads/Sunscoop%20Tubular%20Rooflights.pdf> and www.glidevail.com with extensive technical and reference information
• Monodraught SunPipe – the UK's largest and most successful vendor of Light Tube products and solutions.
• Case study installing light tubes in an older residential bungalow

Other approaches to sunlight capture and transmission

• the Japanese approach of "depthscraper" : a rotating mirror planned to throw sunlight deep down into a courtyard.
• Courtyard facade with heliostats in Karl-Scharnagl-Ring Street in Munich, Germany – PDF, HTML
• Heliostats in New York City, USA
• Description, among other topics, of the 3M Solar Optical Products Daylighting Panel
• Listing of patent publications within the CPC class F21S11/00 ("Lighting devices or systems using daylight"), some of which relate to light tubes, for example:
  • US patent 4761716
  • US patent 6502950
  • US patent 6840645