Nilotinib

Nilotinib
Clinical data
Trade names Tasigna
AHFS/Drugs.com Monograph
MedlinePlus a608002
License data
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: D
  • US: D (Evidence of risk)
    Routes of
    administration
    Oral
    ATC code
    Legal status
    Legal status
    Pharmacokinetic data
    Bioavailability 30%[1]
    Protein binding 98%[1]
    Metabolism Hepatic (mostly CYP3A4-mediated)[1]
    Elimination half-life 15-17 hours[1]
    Excretion Faeces (93%)[1]
    Identifiers
    CAS Number
    PubChem CID
    IUPHAR/BPS
    DrugBank
    ChemSpider
    UNII
    KEGG
    ChEBI
    ChEMBL
    PDB ligand
    ECHA InfoCard 100.166.395 Edit this at Wikidata
    Chemical and physical data
    Formula C28H22F3N7O
    Molar mass 529.5245 g/mol
    3D model (JSmol)
     ☒N☑Y (what is this?)  (verify)

    Nilotinib (AMN107, trade name Tasigna[2]), in the form of the hydrochloride monohydrate salt, is a small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor approved for the treatment of imatinib-resistant chronic myelogenous leukemia.[3] Structurally related to imatinib,[4] it was developed based on the structure of the Abl-imatinib complex to address imatinib intolerance and resistance.[5][6][7] Nilotinib is a selective Bcr-Abl kinase inhibitor[5][6] that is 10–30 fold more potent than imatinib in inhibiting Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase activity and proliferation of Bcr-Abl expressing cells.[4][6][7][8] Nilotinib was developed by Novartis and is sold under the trade name Tasigna.[9]

    Medical uses

    Crystal structure of Abl kinase domain (blue) in complex with nilotinib (red)

    It is FDA- (29 October 2007),[10] EMA- (29 September 2009),[11] MHRA- (19 November 2007)[12] and TGA- (17 January 2008)[13] approved for use as a treatment for Philadelphia chromosome (Ph+)-positive chronic myelogenous leukaemia.[1]

    The drug carries a black box warning for possible heart complications.[14][15]

    Clinical trials

    CML

    In June 2006, a phase I clinical trial found nilotinib has a relatively favorable safety profile and shows activity in cases of CML resistant to treatment with imatinib, another tyrosine kinase inhibitor currently used as a first-line treatment.[16] In that study 92% of patients (already resistant or unresponsive to imatinib) achieved normal white blood cell counts after five months of treatment.[17]

    Other

    Novartis announced on April 11, 2011 that it was discontinuing a phase III trial of Tasigna (nilotinib) for investigational use in the first-line treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) based on the recommendation of an independent data monitoring committee. Interim results showed Tasigna is unlikely to demonstrate superiority compared to Novartis's Gleevec (imatinib)*, the current standard of care in this setting.[18]

    The use of low doses of nilotinib is being investigated for use for Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's disease, as well as for ALS, dementia and Huntington's disease.[19]

    Beginning in 2015, nilotinib was being trialed in people with Parkinson's disease as it appeared to be able to halt progression of the disease and even improve their symptoms. The researchers behind the trial hypothesized that the drug blocks a protein that interferes with the action of lysosomes which normally destroy harmful proteins in the brain.[20]

    Contraindications

    Contraindications include long QT syndrome, hypokalaemia, hypomagnesaemia, pregnancy, planned pregnancy, lactation and galactose/lactose intolerance.[1][13]

    Cautions include:[1]

    • Myelosuppression
    • Tumour lysis syndrome
    • Liver impairment
    • History of pancreatitis
    • Check serum lipase periodically in order to detect pancreatitis
    • Total gastrectomy
    • Avoid pregnancy or impregnating women

    Dose reduction of nilotinib has been recommended in hepatically impaired population which involves recommendation of lower starting dose and monitoring of any hepatic function abnormalities.[21]

    Adverse effects

    Nilotinib has a number of adverse effects typical of anti-cancer drugs. These include headache, fatigue, gastrointestinal problems such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and constipation, muscle and joint pain, rash and other skin conditions, flu-like symptoms, and reduced blood cell count. Less typical side effects are those of the cardiovascular system, such as hypertension (high blood pressure), various types of arrhythmia, and prolonged QT interval. Nilotinib can also affect the body's electrolyte and glucose balance.[10] Though pulmonary-related adverse effects are rare when compared with imatinib and dasatinib, there is a case report of acute respiratory failure from diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in a patient taking nilotinib.[22]

    Interactions

    Nilotinib has been reported as a substrate for OATP1B1 and OATP1B3. Interaction of nilotinib with OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 may alter its hepatic disposition and can lead to transporter mediated drug-drug interactions.[21] Nilotinib is an inhibitor of OATP-1B1 transporter but not for OATP-1B3.[23]

    It is a substrate for CYP3A4 and hence grapefruit juice and other CYP3A4 inhibitors[24] will increase its action and inducers like St. John's wort[25] will decrease it. Patients report that pomegranates and starfruit may also interfere.

    Food should not be eaten two hours before or one hour afterwards because it unpredictably increases its bioavailability, approximately doubling it.

    Pharmacology

    Nilotinib inhibits the kinases BCR-ABL,[26] KIT, LCK, EPHA3, EPHA8, DDR1, DDR2, PDGFRB, MAPK11 and ZAK.[27]

    See also

    References

    1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Tasigna (nilotinib) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more". Medscape Reference. WebMD. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
    2. Official Manufacturer Website http://www.tasigna.com
    3. "Cancer Drug Information: Nilotinib".
    4. 1 2 Manley, P.; Cowan-Jacob, S.; Mestan, J. (2005). "Advances in the structural biology, design and clinical development of Bcr-Abl kinase inhibitors for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukaemia". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1754 (1–2): 3–13. doi:10.1016/j.bbapap.2005.07.040. PMID 16172030.
    5. 1 2 Manley, P.; Stiefl, N.; Cowan-Jacob, S.; Kaufman, S.; Mestan, J.; Wartmann, M.; Wiesmann, M.; Woodman, R.; Gallagher, N. (2010). "Structural resemblances and comparisons of the relative pharmacological properties of imatinib and nilotinib". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 18 (19): 6977–6986. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2010.08.026. PMID 20817538.
    6. 1 2 3 Jabbour, E.; Cortes, J.; Kantarjian, H. (2009). "Nilotinib for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia: An evidence-based review". Core Evidence. 4: 207–213.
    7. 1 2 Olivieri, A.; Manzione, L. (2007). "Dasatinib: a new step in molecular target therapy". Annals of Oncology. 18 Suppl 6: vi42–vi46. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdm223. PMID 17591830.
    8. Breccia, M.; Alimena, G. (2010). "Nilotinib: a second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor for chronic myeloid leukemia". Leukemia Research. 34 (2): 129–134. doi:10.1016/j.leukres.2009.08.031. PMID 19783301.
    9. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/fda-nilotinib
    10. 1 2 "Complete Nilotinib information from Drugs.com". Drugs.com. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
    11. "Tasigna : EPAR - Product Information" (PDF). European Medicines Agency. Novartis Europharm Ltd. 18 October 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
    12. "Tasigna 150mg Hard Capsules - Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC)". electronic Medicines Compendium. Novartis Pharmaceuticals UK Ltd. 9 September 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
    13. 1 2 "TASIGNA® nilotinib" (PDF). TGA eBusiness Services. 21 October 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
    14. "FDA Approves Tasigna for Treatment of Philadelphia Chromosome Positive Chronic Myeloid Leukemia". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2007-10-30. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
    15. "Prescribing information for Tasigna (nilotinib) Capsules" (PDF). NDA 022068. U.S. FDA. 2007-10-29. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
    16. Kantarjian H; Giles, Francis; Wunderle, Lydia; Bhalla, Kapil; O'Brien, Susan; Wassmann, Barbara; Tanaka, Chiaki; Manley, Paul; Rae, Patricia; Mietlowski, William; Bochinski, Kathy; Hochhaus, Andreas; Griffin, James D.; Hoelzer, Dieter; Albitar, Maher; Dugan, Margaret; Cortes, Jorge; Alland, Leila; Ottmann, Oliver G.; et al. (2006). "Nilotinib in imatinib-resistant CML and Philadelphia chromosome-positive ALL". N Engl J Med. 354 (24): 2542&ndash, 51. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa055104. PMID 16775235.
    17. "Patients with treatment-resistant leukemia achieve high responses to Tasigna (nilotinib) in first published clinical trial results". MediaReleases. Novartis. 2006-06-14. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
    18. http://www.novartis.com/newsroom/media-releases/en/2011/1504991.shtml
    19. "Cancer drug prevents build-up of toxic brain protein". MedicalXpress.com. 10 May 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
    20. Hamzelou, Jessica (17 October 2015). "People with Parkinson's walk again after promising drug trial". New Scientist. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
    21. 1 2 Khurana V, Minocha M, Pal D, Mitra AK (March 2014). "Role of OATP-1B1 and/or OATP-1B3 in hepatic disposition of tyrosine kinase inhibitors". Drug Metabol Drug Interact. 29 (3): 1–11. doi:10.1515/dmdi-2013-0062. PMC 4407685. PMID 24643910.
    22. Donatelli, Christopher; Chongnarungsin, Daych; Ashton, Rendell (2014). "Acute respiratory failure from nilotinib-associated diffuse alveolar hemorrhage". Leukemia & Lymphoma. 55 (10): 1–6. doi:10.3109/10428194.2014.887714. PMID 24467220.
    23. Khurana V, Minocha M, Pal D, Mitra AK (May 2014). "Inhibition of OATP-1B1 and OATP-1B3 by tyrosine kinase inhibitors". Drug Metabol Drug Interact. 29 (4): 1–11. doi:10.1515/dmdi-2014-0014. PMC 4407688. PMID 24807167.
    24. Bailey, David G; Malcolm, J; Arnold, O; David Spence, J (1998-08-01). "Grapefruit juice–drug interactions". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 46 (2): 101–110. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2125.1998.00764.x. ISSN 0306-5251. PMC 1873672. PMID 9723817.
    25. Komoroski, Bernard J.; Zhang, Shimin; Cai, Hongbo; Hutzler, J. Matthew; Frye, Reginald; Tracy, Timothy S.; Strom, Stephen C.; Lehmann, Thomas; Ang, Catharina Y. W. (2004-05-01). "Induction and inhibition of cytochromes P450 by the St. John's wort constituent hyperforin in human hepatocyte cultures". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 32 (5): 512–518. doi:10.1124/dmd.32.5.512. ISSN 0090-9556. PMID 15100173.
    26. Weisberg E, Manley P, Mestan J, Cowan-Jacob S, Ray A, Griffin JD (June 2006). "AMN107 (nilotinib): a novel and selective inhibitor of BCR-ABL". Br. J. Cancer. 94 (12): 1765–9. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6603170. PMC 2361347. PMID 16721371.
    27. Manley, PW; Drueckes, P; Fendrich, G; Furet, P; Liebetanz, J; Martiny-Baron, G; Mestan, J; Trappe, J; et al. (2010). "Extended kinase profile and properties of the protein kinase inhibitor nilotinib". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1804 (3): 445–53. doi:10.1016/j.bbapap.2009.11.008. PMID 19922818.
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