Newaric languages
| Newaric | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | Nepal |
| Linguistic classification |
Sino-Tibetan
|
| Subdivisions |
|
| Glottolog | newa1245[1] |
The Newaric languages are a proposed group of Sino-Tibetan languages. George van Driem (2003) and Mark Turin (2004) argue that Newar and Baram–Thangmi (consisting of the two closely related languages Baram and Thangmi) share many features with each other, and thus group with each other.
Newaric was part of van Driem's (2001) Mahakiranti branch. However, this proposed grouping was retracted in van Driem (2003), who maintained that the Newaric is likely a group, but is not closely related to the Kiranti languages. van Driem (2003) notes that similarities between Kiranti and Newaric due to shared retentions from Proto-Sino-Tibetan rather than from a more recent common ancestor.
Comparative vocabulary
The following comparative 100-word Swadesh list of the Newaric languages Baram, Thami (Thangmi), and Newar, along with Chepang is from Kansakar, et al. (2011: 220-223).[2]
| English gloss | Baram | Thami | Newar | Chepang |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | ŋa | gai | ji | ŋa |
| you | naŋ | naŋ | cʰə, cʰi | naŋ |
| we | ni | ni | jʰi:, jipĩ | ni, ŋi |
| this | yo | ka | tʰwə | ʔiʔ |
| that | u, to | to | wə | ʔowʔ, ʔuwʔ |
| who | su | su | su | su |
| what | hai | hara | cʰu | doh |
| not | ma- | ma- | mə-, -mə- | -la, -ma |
| all | səpəi (< Nep.) | sakale | pʰukkə, dakkwə | juda, ʔanə |
| many | dʰerəi (< Nep.) | ahe | ye-kwə | ʔa.nə |
| one | de | di | cʰə-gu | yat |
| two | nis | nis | nyi-gu | nis |
| large | alam | jekʰa | tə:dʰə̃: | taŋh-ʔo |
| long | alam | ələmga | tahakə: | gyaŋ-ʔo |
| small | ikine | ucya | cidʰi:, cidʰə:̃ | mi-ʔo |
| woman | mama | camaica | misa | nom-coʔ |
| man | papa | mi | mijə̃ | goy-coʔ |
| person | bal | mi | mənu | manta, coʔ |
| fish | nəŋa | naŋa | nya | ŋaʔ |
| bird | jyali, wa (hen) | ḍaŋaṇeŋ, wa (hen) | jʰə̃gə: | waʔ |
| dog | akya | kucu | kʰyica | kuyʔ |
| louse | kʰat | sirik | syi | kras, srəyk |
| tree | seŋma | seŋ | syi-ma | siŋʔ |
| seed | ayu | puya | pusa | sayʔ |
| leaf | su/hola | aja | ləpte, hə: | lo, mat |
| root | jəra (< Nep.) | nara | ha | rut, goyʔ |
| bark | bokra (< Nep.) | sebu (skin) | kʰwəla | pun |
| skin | cʰala (< Nep.) | sebi | cʰẽgu | pun |
| meat | kusya | cici | la | mayʔ |
| blood | cihwui | cwoi, cəi | hi | wəyʔ |
| bone | hoṭ | kʰosa | kwəẽ | hrus |
| fat | ucʰo | cʰyəu, cyou | da: | cʰaw |
| egg | wohom, wom | ahum, wom | kʰẽ: | ʔum |
| horn | uyuŋ | naru | nyeku | roŋʔ |
| tail | pitik | limek | nʰipyə̃: | meʔ |
| feather | pwãkʰ (< Nep.) | - | pəpu | meʔ, pʰeh |
| hair | syam | sam | sə̃: | myaŋ |
| head | kəpu | kapu | cʰyə̃: | ta.laŋ |
| ear | kuna | kunla | nʰaepə̃ | no |
| eye | mik | mesek | mikʰa | mik |
| nose | cina | ciŋa | nʰae | neh |
| mouth | anam | ugo | mʰutu | hmo.toŋ |
| teeth | swa | suwa | wa | syək, səyk |
| tongue | cele | cile | mye | le |
| nail | luŋjiŋ, ləgjuŋ | pin | lusyi | sən |
| leg | unjik | konṭe, ulaŋ | tuti | dom |
| knee | gʰũḍa (< Nep.) | pokolek | puli | kryoŋ |
| hand | hit | lak | lʰa: | krut |
| abdomen | uyaŋ | baŋkal, guŋguŋ | pwa: | tuk |
| throat | gʰãṭi (< Nep.) | kaṇṭu | gəpə: | kəyk |
| breast | nənu | nunu | duru-pwə | ʔoh |
| heart | muṭu | loŋsek | nugə | hluŋ |
| liver | kəlejo (< Nep.) | - | syẽ | sinh |
| drink | syaŋ-go | tun-sa | twəne, twənə | tuŋʔ-na |
| eat | ca-go | cya-sa | nələ, nəye | jeʔ-na |
| bite | aŋak-ko | cek-sa | nyatə, wã nyaye | ŋawh-na |
| look | ayo-go, ni-go | yo-sa | kʰənə, kʰəne | yo-na, cewʔ-na |
| hear | səi-go | na-sai-sa | talə, taye | sayʔ-na |
| know | ra-go, cigo | sai-sa | silə, syiye | ci-na |
| sleep | nu-go | ammi-sa | denə, dene | ʔenʔ-sa |
| die | si-go | si-sa | sitə, syie | si-sa |
| kill | sat-ko | sat-sa | syatə, syae | sat-sa |
| swim | pəuri bəne-go (< Nep.) | lampasa | lalkalə/kaye | laʔ-na, kwelh-na |
| fly | uble-go | per-sa | bwələ, bwəye | syuŋ-na |
| walk | jyo-go, ya-go (go) | cawa-sa, ajyaca | nya:se, wənə, wəye | wah-na |
| arrive | hyuŋcelgo | kelet-sa | wələ, jʰalə | waŋ-na |
| lie | na-go | ami-sa | mu:pulə, | ʔenʔ-na |
| sit | huk-ko | hok-sa | dilə, pʰetuye | cuŋʔ-na |
| stand | ṭʰiŋ-go | tʰeŋ-sa | dənə, dane | ciŋ-na |
| give | pi-go | pi-sa | bila, biye | bəyʔ-na, hla-na |
| say | da-go | ŋa-sa, isdu | dʰalə, dʰaye | dayh-na |
| sun | uni | uni | surdyə: | nyam |
| moon | cəlauni | cəlauni | timla | lah |
| star | tara (< Nep.) | ucʰi | nəu, nəgu | kar |
| water | awa | paŋku | lə: | tiʔ |
| rain | aŋmət | yudu | wa | tiʔ, waʔ-ʔo |
| stone | kumba | lyuŋ, liŋ | lwəhã | baŋ |
| sand | - | - | pʰi | - |
| earth | nəsa | nasa | ca | saʔ |
| cloud | amu | kʰasu | supãe | mus |
| smoke | isku | asku | kũ | hmeʔ-ku |
| fire | mui | me | mi | hmeʔ |
| ash | mau | tarba | nəu | hmeʔ-mut |
| burn | jo-go | jyou-sa | cyatə, cyaye | jʰəm-na |
| way/path | uŋma | ulam | lã | lyam |
| mountain | pahaḍ | cyuri (top) | pahar | pa.har |
| red | pʰəya | keret | hyãũ | du-ʔo |
| green | həriyo (< Nep.) | - | wãũ | pli-ʔo |
| yellow | keuwo | melu | mʰasu | yar-ʔo |
| white | gyabo | ubo | tuyu: | bʰam-ʔo |
| black | ciliŋ | kiji | haku | gal-ʔo |
| night | rat (< Nep.) | ṭa | canʰəe, ca | ya. ʔdiŋ |
| hot | gyodum | adum | kwa: | dʰah-ʔo |
| cool | ciso (< Nep.) | ajik | kʰwaũ | nik-ʔo |
| full | kipoŋ | ir-ir | ja: | bliŋ-ʔo |
| new | kaui | naka | nʰu: | rəw-ʔo |
| good | kisen | apraca | bʰĩ: | pe-ʔo |
| round | golo (< Nep.) | kurliŋ | gwəlla: | luŋ-o, gore |
| dried | kyoksi | areŋ, gaŋdu | gə̃gu | sot-ʔo |
| name | umin | name | nã | məyŋ |
References
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Newaric". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ Kansakar, Tej Ratna; Yogendra Prasad Yadava; Krishna Prasad Chalise; Balaram Prasain; Dubi Nanda Dhakal; Krishna Paudel. 2011. A sociolinguistic study of the Baram language. Himalayan Linguistics 10: 187-225.
- van Driem, George (2001). Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-12062-4.
- van Driem, George (2003). "Mahakiranti revisited: Mahakiranti or Newaric?" (PDF). In Kansakar, Tej Ratna; Turin, Mark. Themes in Himalayan Languages and Linguistics. Heidelberg and Kathmandu: South Asia Institute and Tribhuvan University. pp. 21–26. ISBN 978-99933-54-16-1.
- Turin, Mark (2004). "Newar-Thangmi lexical correspondences and the linguistic classification of Thangmi". Journal of Asian and African Studies. 68: 97–120. hdl:10108/20207.
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