Dhimalish languages

Dhimalish
Geographic
distribution		 India, Nepal
Linguistic classification Sino-Tibetan
Subdivisions
Glottolog dhim1245[1]

The Dhimalish languages, Dhimal and Toto, are a small group of Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in eastern India and Nepal.

Classification

Hammarström, et al.[2] note in Glottolog that Dhimalish is best considered to be a separate Sino-Tibetan branch rather than as a subgroup of Brahmaputran (Sal), and consider Dhimalish as failing to show sufficient Brahmaputran diagnostic vocabulary. Sotrug (2015)[3] considers Dhimalish to be particularly closely related to the Kiranti languages rather than to the Sal languages.

Grollmann & Gerber (2017)[4] consider Lhokpu to have a particularly close relationship with Dhimal and Toto.

Comparative vocabulary

Sanyal (1973:77-81) provides a comparative word list of Toto from Sunder (1895)[5] and George Abraham Grierson's Linguistic Survey of India,[6] and Dhimal from Brian Houghton Hodgson.[7][8]

English glossToto (Sunder)Toto (Grierson)Dhimal (Hodgson)Page no.
airbingah--77
ass-pangbu-77
brotherehapu; eyolla77
belly-pa-mahemang77
back-ju-magandi77
brinjalbengini--77
bird-bakhijiha77
behind-no-77
bloodviti--77
beat-sapu-77
before-dongangta-77
bullockpekah-dambe--77
catminkiminkidankha-menko77
cockodangpakekadhangai-kai77
come quicklyto-to-wa-wangle-ledhi-dhi77
cow-pikamahani-pia77
daughtermemi-chengchai-mechamdi77
devil-jishang-77
duckhangsahangsahangs77
die-sipunasili77
dogkiakiakhia77
down-lijuing-77
doorlafoong-duar77
eat-charchabi77
eyemichu-mi77
eyebrowmimu--77
elephanthati--77
elder sisteranna--77
eveningjilong--78
earnanoong-naha-thong78
far-hinda-mina-78
firemehmeguemau78
foreheadting-ang--78
foottang-ba-kokoi78
fatherappaapaaba78
of father-apak-78
two fathers-apa-nisa-78
fishngya--78
feverhaina--78
good-entana-78
give-picha-78
girlchame--78
god-iswal-78
go northenta-vatu--78
go eastnuta-vatu--78
go southleta-vatu--78
go westdita-vatu--78
govatu; hatuchhapurhadeli78
hairpuringpuringposhom78
he--wa78
he-goatedang--78
horseonyahaia-78
high-hinda-nina-78
handkooekuikhur78
hisuko-oko, wang78
headpudungpudangpurin78
house-sasa78
Ikug-vekateka78
iron-chakachir78
jackfruitdangse--79
jungle bamboo---79
lipsmegoe--79
legkok-koi-khokoi79
limechurai--79
man-deyawaved79
motheraeuaioamma79
mouthnoohgung--79
monkeynokka--79
milkyoti--79
moontaritaritali79
morninghabkong--79
nosenabboh--79
nailskushing--79
near-abeto-79
nightlishong--79
no-ma-koe-79
orangesantra--79
ourkongo-king79
pigpakka--79
pan leafparai--79
plantaineungpi--79
plantain treeeungpi--79
paddymabe--79
rivertihana--79
rainvathi--79
riceunku--79
rice-beereu--79
run-tui-79
rupeetanka--79
sister-ingrima79
sunsanichhanibela79
sonchungchao, chaoachau79
stand-lo-lo-79
starpuima--79
saltngi--80
sit-iyungyongli80
tigerkoogah--80
thighvybe--80
thou-na-ga-80
treesinge--80
toothshitang-sitong80
tonguelebek-detong80
up-jujuntaye-80
watertitichi80
we-na-tekyel80
woman-mem-bibeval80
wife-mebe80
who-hajeti-siti80
why-ha-rangahaipali80
younger sistering--80
yes-kehe80
younaga-nye80
1eoochee-long80
2nih-hunegne-long80
3soongusungsum-long80
4diujidia-long80
5ngyungana-long80
6tuututu-long80
7niudunnhu-long80
8yauge, neye-long80
9kuugukuha-long80
10thauchu-tambate-long80
20chunisonisae-long-bisha81
100nakainga-kaina-long-bisha81

See also

References

  1. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Dhimalish". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  2. ↑ http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kena1236
  3. ↑ Sotrug, Yeshy T. (2015). Linguistic evidence for madeskā kirãntī. The phylogenetic position of Dhimalish. Bern: University of Bern Master’s Thesis, 22 June 2015.
  4. ↑ Grollmann, Selin and Pascal Gerber. 2017. Linguistic evidence for a closer relationship between Lhokpu and Dhimal: Including some remarks on the Dhimalish subgroup. Bern: University of Bern.
  5. ↑ Sunder, D. H. E. 1895. Survey and Settlement of Western Duars in the District of Jalpaiguri, 1889-1895.
  6. ↑ Grierson, George A. 1909. Linguistic Survey of India (Vol. III, Part I, Tibeto-Burman Family: Tibetan Dialects, the Himalayan Dialects and the North Assam Group). Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing, India.
  7. ↑ Hodgson, Brian. 1874. Essays on the Languages, Literatures, and Religion of Nepal and Tibet. London: Truebner and Co.
  8. ↑ Hodgson, Brian Houghton. 1880. Miscellaneous Essays relating to Indian Subjects (2 vols.). London: Trübner & Co.

  • George van Driem (2001) Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region. Brill, Boston (Available at https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=114099398 Accessed 1 March 2011).
  • Sanyal, Charu Chandra. 1973. "The Totos: A sub-Himalayan tribe." In The Meches and the Totos, 1-81. Darjeeling: University of North Bengal.
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