Hrusish languages

Hrusish
	Southeast Kamengic; Hruso-Miji
Geographic; distribution	Arunachal Pradesh
Linguistic classification	possibly Sino-Tibetan
Subdivisions	Hruso (Aka); Miji (Dhammai);
Glottolog	None

The Hrusish or Southeast Kamengic languages^[1] constitute a Sino-Tibetan branch in Arunachal Pradesh, northeast India. They are Hruso (Aka) and Miji (which includes Bangru).^[1] In Glottolog, Hammarström, et al.^[2] does not accept Hrusish, and considers similarities between Hruso and Miji to be due to loanwords.

Names

George van Driem (2014) and Bodt & Lieberherr (2015)^[3] use the name Hrusish, while Anderson (2014)^[1] prefers Southeast Kamengic.

Classification

Anderson (2014)^[1] considers Hrusish to be a branch of Tibeto-Burman. However, Blench and Post (2011) suggest that the Hruso languages likely constitute an independent language family.^[4]

Bodt's & Lieberherr's (2015:69)^[3] internal classification of the Hrusish languages is as follows.

Hrusish

Hruso (ʁuso, Aka)
Miji-Bangru
- Western Miji (Đəmmai, Sadʑalaŋ)
- Eastern Miji (Nəmrai, Wadu Baŋru)
- Bangru (Tadə Baŋru, Tadʑu Baŋru, Ləwjɛ)

Comparative vocabulary

The following comparative vocabulary table of Hrusish vocabulary items (Bangru, Miji, and Hruso) is from Anderson (2014), with additional Bangru data from Li (2003).^[5] Anderson's (2014) Hruso data is from Anderson's own field notes and from Simon (1970).^[6] Anderson's (2014) Miji data is from his own field notes as well as Simon (1979)^[7] and Weedall (2014).^[8] Bangru data is from Ramya (2011, 2012).^[9]^[10]

Gloss	Bangru (Li 2003)^[5]	Bangru (Anderson 2014)^[1]	Miji (Anderson 2014)^[1]	Hruso (Anderson 2014)^[1]
sun	dʑu⁵⁵wai⁵³	dʒu	dʒo ~ zuʔ; zo ~ ʒʲoʔ	dʒu ~ dʑu; dʲu
snow	də³¹ɣai⁵⁵	tene	dɨlen; təlɛn	tʰiɲɲo
ashes	laʔ⁵⁵bu⁵³	lag-bow	maj-bu	xukʰes-pu
mother's brother	-	kiː-ni	a-kʰiw; akju	a-kʰi
son	mə³¹dʑu⁵⁵	mu-dʒu-ɲiːib	zu	sou ~ sa ~ seu
I	ȵoŋ⁵⁵	ɲo(ʔ)	ɲaŋ	nɔ
we	ga³¹ni⁵⁵	k-aɲi	aɲi	ɲi
bear	si⁵⁵tsuaŋ⁵⁵	sutʃow	ʃutsaŋ	sitso ~ sutso
insect(s)	bə³¹loŋ⁵⁵	beloŋ-siɲi	biluʔŋ; bəɫuʔŋ; biluŋʰ	bəlu
nose	mə³¹ȵi³³guaŋ⁵³	mi-niː-ko	ɲi	un-su ~ nu-su
hand	mə³¹gai⁵⁵	me-gej	(mə)gi	əgzə
thumb ('hand' + 'mother')	-	me-gej-nea	gi-nuiʔ; gi-batʃo	əgzə-i-aɲ
saliva, spit	-	je	ʒeʔ	ze-mdʑiu; əʒʲəxu ~ əɣʲəxu
sleep	dʑe⁵⁵	zeu	dʒi	dʒum
dream	dai⁵⁵mu³¹mu⁵⁵	tjameiː	tajme	tʰimjeu
four	bu³¹rai⁵⁵	poraji	bli; b(ə)le	pʰiri; pʰiji
five	buŋ⁵⁵	puŋ	bungu, buŋu	pʰum ~ pʰóm
six	rai⁵³	reh	reʔ; reʔ ~ réʔ	rijɛ; ʑje
seven	muai⁵³	moji	myaʔ, mjaʔ	mrjo; mrɔ
eight	sə³¹cai⁵³	sagaik	sɨgiʔ, sɨgeʔ; səguj	səgzə ~ sɨgdʒɨ ~ sɨɣdʒɨ
nine	sə³¹təŋ⁵⁵	sataŋ	sɨtʰɨn; stʰɨn; stən	stʰə; stʰɨ ~ stʰə
ten	rəŋ⁵⁵	raŋ	lin; lən	ʁə; ʁɨ ~ ʁə
bow	-	karaik	gɨriʔ; gəri	kʰiri
dry	mə³¹ci⁵⁵	miː-kji	mɨ-kʰyang; məkjaŋ	kʰrou
mother	a³¹nai⁵³	aːneja	aɲʲi	aɲi; aɲ
red	ja³¹dʑu⁵³	ja-tʃuk	mu-tsu	tsu
stream	-	wu-dʒu	vu-zuʔ 'creek'	xu-sa
shoulder	mə³¹pu⁵⁵zi⁵⁵	m-podʒ	pas-t(ʰ)uŋ; pastoŋ	ə-pos-tu
finger	mə³¹gai⁵⁵tsuo⁵³	me-gej-tʃowa	gi-tsoʔ; məgitso	əgzi-tsə
pig	ʑəu⁵³	dʒu	ʒo; ʒoʔ	vo
bird ('bird' + 'son/child')	pu⁵⁵dʑu³¹	pu-dʒu	buzu(ʔ); bɨ-zɨ ~ b-zɨ ~ bə-zu ~ bə-zə; bə-zuʔ	mu-su
seed	-	mete	tʰei-zʰo; (me)tẽ	isi; dʒʲe; ʃe-die

Reconstruction

Proto-Hrusish has been reconstructed in by Bodt & Lieberherr (2015). Bodt & Lieberherr (2015:101) note that Proto-Hrusish displays a sound change from Proto-Tibeto-Burman *s- to t-, which they note had also occurred in Bodo-Garo, Kuki-Chin, Tangkhulic, Central Naga, and Karbi languages. The Proto-Tibeto-Burman *-l and -r have also been lost in Proto-Hrusish.

Reconstructed Proto-Hrusish forms from Bodt & Lieberherr (2015) are given below.

*nə-paŋ ‘aconite’
*si-ni ‘ant’
*pri ‘awake’
*bə-ru(d͡ziŋ) ‘axe’
*mə-niŋ ‘bad’
*bra ‘bamboo (big)’
*(g)o-prja ‘bark (tree)’
*sə-t͡saŋ ‘bear’
*majk ‘bee’
*mə-doʔ ‘big (thick, wide)’
*bə-dow ‘bird’
*taʔ ‘bite’
*kam ‘bitter’
*jaC ‘blood’
*mə-muC ‘body’
*lu ‘boil (water)’
*mə-ri-jaŋ ‘bone’
*gə-raj ‘bow’
*mə-nuŋ ‘breast; milk’
*(nam)sjaj ‘broom’
*su ‘cane; rope’
*dowC ‘chicken’
*mə-ga-daʔ ‘chin’
*gi-le ‘cloth’
*majməwŋ ‘cloud’
*ku ‘cook’
*su ‘cow’
*kraC ‘cry’
*taj ‘cut’
*ga ‘day’
*mə-ruk ‘deep’
*θəj ‘die’
*taC ‘dig’
*ni-t͡ɕi ‘dirty’
*ru ‘do’
*piŋ ‘door’
*tai-mə ‘dream’
*tuŋ ‘drink’
*t͡ɕa ‘eat’
*do-riŋ ‘egg’
*sə-giC ‘eight’
*(a/mə)ko ‘elder brother’
*mə-hi-laŋ ‘empty’
*t͡səj ‘excrete, defecate’
*mə-jaʔ ‘eye’
*mə-rəŋ ‘far’
*mə-baC ‘fat (n)’
*ri ‘fear’
*mejʔ ‘few’
*rəj ‘fight’
*mə-guC-t͡ɕoʔ ‘finger’
*maj ‘fire’
*laC ‘fireplace’
*trV ‘fish’
*bə-ŋu ‘five’
*mə-boC ‘flower’
*mə-d͡ʑoC ‘friend’
*d͡ʑuC ‘frog’
*θai ‘fruit’
*bə-ləj ‘four’
*liŋ ‘full’
*kikmuŋ ‘garlic, onion’
*bəj ‘give’
*se-preN ‘goat’
*rajC ‘grind, crush’
*mə-luŋ ‘guts’
*go-pu ‘hair’
*mə-gaŋ-lo ‘hard’
*mə-guC ‘hand, arm’
*du ‘have, exist’
*mə-go-kuŋ ‘head’
*mə-luŋ-wəwC ‘heart’
*mə-ləj ‘heavy’
*mə-su ‘horn’
*nam ‘house’
*kə-na ‘how many’
*niC ‘human’
*bə-luŋ ‘hundred’
*noC ‘ill’
*bəw-luŋ ‘insect’
*suN ‘iron’
*gə-d͡ʑuk ‘itch’
*dəgraŋ ‘kick’
*gajC ‘kill’
*vaj-t͡suŋ ‘knife’
*ni ‘know’
*toC ‘laugh’
*mə-rajC ‘leaf’
*lə-wajC ‘leech’
*laj ‘leg’
*laŋ ‘lift’
*mə-lə-taŋ ‘light’
*t͡ɕi ‘liquor’
*rej ‘listen, hear’
*siŋ ‘live, grow up’
*mə-θin ‘liver’
*mə-pjaŋ ‘long’
*gaŋ ‘look, see’
*saC ‘louse’
*daj ‘make; do’
*niC ‘man (male)’
*su ‘meat’
*lu ‘month’
*lu ‘moon’
*mə-nuŋ ‘mouth; language’
*lu-lV ‘mortar’
*me-naj ‘mother’
*mə-mjiŋ ‘name’
*mə-nej ‘near’
*ta- ‘negative imperative’
*mə-gə-nu ‘new’
*nə-gaC ‘night’
*sə-tiŋ ‘nine’
*mə-ɕoʔ ‘old’
*a-ken ‘one’
*an ‘paddy rice’
*bə-laC ‘pestle’
*jowʔ ‘pig’
*go-kuN ‘pillow’
*nə-dəj; *pro ‘rain’
*t͡ɕaʔ ‘red’
*gə-leC ‘ring’
*lam-baŋ ‘road’
*mə-kriŋ ‘root’
*mə-də-rəw ‘round’
*lu ‘salt’
*sə-gə-raj ‘sand’
*mə-θai ‘seed’
*laC ‘sell’
*mə-ljak ‘seven’
*k(r)iC ‘sew’
*mə-nuŋ ‘short’
*mə-ma ‘sister (elder)’
*d͡ʑuC ‘sit, stay’
*reC ‘six’
*mə-prja ‘skin’
*nə-də-laŋ ‘sky’
*d͡ʑV ‘sleep’
*maj-kən ‘smoke (n)’
*bəw ‘snake’
*dəren ‘snow’
*mə-lə-prjuC ‘soft, smooth’
*naʔ ‘soil’
*təwC ‘speak’
*d͡ʑuŋ ‘spear’
*məsu ‘spicy’
*jeʔ ‘spittle’
*gu ‘stand’
*lə-t͡ɕuŋ ‘star’
*kə ‘steal’
*t͡ɕuŋ ‘storehouse, granary’
*mə-gə-raŋ ‘straight’
*bə-nuŋ ‘suck’
*d͡ʑuʔ ‘sun’
*bə-ljaC ‘swallow’
*mə-jaŋ ‘sweet’
*liŋ ‘swell’
*wa ‘(swidden) field’
*d͡ʑaC ‘swim’
*mə-lə-mrjaj ‘tail’
*ləw ‘take’
*t͡ɕaC ‘tell’
*rəŋ ‘ten’
*paj-t͡ɕi ‘that’
*pu-t͡ɕi ‘that (lower)’
*mə-lu ‘thigh’
*huŋ ‘this’
*gə-θəm ‘three’
*gə-d͡ʑuC ‘thorn’
*bə-laj ‘tongue’
*mə-taC ‘tooth’
*(g)o-naj ‘tree’
*gə-niC ‘two’
*an-lə-giN ‘uncooked rice’
*pen ‘vegetable’
*mu ‘vomit’
*daj ‘walk’
*t͡ɕaC ‘hot, warm’
*wi ‘water’
*kua-suʔ ‘waterfall’
*traj ‘weave’
*tiŋ ‘what’
*kəʔ ‘where’
*mə-gə-raN ‘white’
*θu ‘who’
*low ‘wind’
*gə/mə-t͡ɕəwC ‘wing’
*d͡ʑVru ‘with’
*(g)o ‘wood’
*nəməraj ‘woman’
*də-niŋ ‘year’
*də-gaC ‘yesterday’
*mə-nuŋ ‘younger sibling’
*na(-jaŋ) ‘1SG’
*ni ‘2SG’
*ʔi ‘3SG’
*ka-ni ‘1PL’
*d͡ʑV ‘2PL’
*na ‘3PL’

References

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Anderson, Gregory D.S. 2014. On the classification of the Hruso (Aka) language. Paper presented at the 20th Himalayan Languages Symposium, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
↑ http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/hrus1242
1 2 Bodt, Timotheus Adrianus; Lieberherr, Ismael (2015). "First notes on the phonology and classification of the Bangru language of India". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 38 (1): 66–123. doi:10.1075/ltba.38.1.03bod.
↑ Blench, Roger; Post, Mark (2011), (De)classifying Arunachal languages: Reconstructing the evidence (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-26
1 2 Li Daqin [李大勤]. 2003. "A sketch of Bengru" [崩如语概况]. Minzu Yuwen 2003(5), 64-80.
↑ Simon, I. M. 1970. Aka language guide. Shillong: NEFA. 1993 Reprint Itanagar.
↑ Simon, I. M. 1979/1974. Miji Language Guide. Shillong. (Govt. Arunachal).
↑ Weedall, Christopher. 2014. Sajolang-English lexicon. m.s.
↑ Ramya, Tame. 2011. An Ethnographic Study Bangrus of in Kurung Kumey District, Arunachal Pradesh. M Phil. Thesis. Rajiv Gandhi University, Itanagar.
↑ Ramya, Tame. 2012. Sociolinguistic profile of the Bangru languages of Arunachal Pradesh. Presented at ICOLSI, Shillong. m.s.

Anderson, Gregory D.S. 2014. On the classification of the Hruso (Aka) language. Paper presented at the 20th Himalayan Languages Symposium, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
Bodt, Timotheus Adrianus; Lieberherr, Ismael (2015). "First notes on the phonology and classification of the Bangru language of India". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 38 (1): 66–123. doi:10.1075/ltba.38.1.03bod.
George van Driem (2001) Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region. Brill.

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[Anderson2014-1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Anderson, Gregory D.S. 2014. On the classification of the Hruso (Aka) language. Paper presented at the 20th Himalayan Languages Symposium, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.

[2] ttp://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/hrus1242

[Bodt-Lieberherr-3] 1 2 Bodt, Timotheus Adrianus; Lieberherr, Ismael (2015). "First notes on the phonology and classification of the Bangru language of India". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 38 (1): 66–123. doi:10.1075/ltba.38.1.03bod.

[4] Blench, Roger; Post, Mark (2011), (De)classifying Arunachal languages: Reconstructing the evidence (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-26

[li2003bangru-5] 1 2 Li Daqin [李大勤]. 2003. "A sketch of Bengru" [崩如语概况]. Minzu Yuwen 2003(5), 64-80.

[6] Simon, I. M. 1970. Aka language guide. Shillong: NEFA. 1993 Reprint Itanagar.

[7] Simon, I. M. 1979/1974. Miji Language Guide. Shillong. (Govt. Arunachal).

[8] Weedall, Christopher. 2014. Sajolang-English lexicon. m.s.

[9] Ramya, Tame. 2011. An Ethnographic Study Bangrus of in Kurung Kumey District, Arunachal Pradesh. M Phil. Thesis. Rajiv Gandhi University, Itanagar.

[10] Ramya, Tame. 2012. Sociolinguistic profile of the Bangru languages of Arunachal Pradesh. Presented at ICOLSI, Shillong. m.s.

Hrusish
Southeast Kamengic Hruso-Miji
Geographic distribution	Arunachal Pradesh
Linguistic classification	possibly Sino-Tibetan
Subdivisions	Hruso (Aka) Miji (Dhammai)
Glottolog	None