List of ''Nepenthes'' species

Sympatric upper pitchers of N. jamban (left) and N. lingulata (right) in Sumatran upper montane forest

This list of Nepenthes species is a comprehensive listing of all known species of the carnivorous plant genus Nepenthes. It includes 172 recognised extant species, 2 incompletely diagnosed taxa, and 3 nothospecies. Three possible extinct species are also covered.

The official IUCN conservation status of each species is taken from the latest edition of the IUCN Red List.[1] Unofficial assessments based on the IUCN criteria are also included, but are presented in italics. Unless otherwise noted, taxonomic determinations and all other information are sourced from Stewart McPherson's two-volume Pitcher Plants of the Old World, published in 2009.[2] Where recent literature provides an altitudinal distribution that falls outside the range given in Pitcher Plants of the Old World, the discrepancy is noted.

All major islands within a species's geographic range are included. Smaller surrounding islands are listed separately under "Minor islands", though these lists are not exhaustive. In the case of archipelagos such as the Philippines, the individual islands to which the species is native are shown in brackets.

Authorities are presented in the form of a standard author citation, using abbreviations specified by the International Plant Names Index.[3] Years given denote the year of the species's formal publication under the current name, thus excluding the earlier basionym date of publication if one exists.

Extant species

SpeciesAuthorityYearImageDistributionAltitudinal distributionIUCN conservation status
Nepenthes abalata[4]Jebb & Cheek[4]2013[4]Philippines (Culion, Cuyo, Malalison)[4]0–20 m[4]Critically Endangered[4]
Nepenthes abgracilis[5]Jebb & Cheek[5]2013[5]Philippines (Mindanao)[5]670 m[5]Critically Endangered[5]
Nepenthes adnataTamin & M.Hotta ex Schlauer1994         Sumatra600–1200 mEndangered
Nepenthes aenigma[6]Nuytemans, W.Suarez & Calaramo[6]2016[6]Philippines (Luzon)[6]c. 1200 m[6]Data Deficient[6]
Nepenthes alataBlanco1837Philippines (Luzon)[7][nb 1]550–? m[nb 1]Least Concern
Nepenthes albaRidl.1924Peninsular Malaysia1600–2187 m
Nepenthes albomarginataT.Lobb ex Lindl.1849Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra

Minor islands: Nias, Penang		0–1100 m[nb 2]Conservation Dependent
Nepenthes alzapan[9]Jebb & Cheek[9]2013[9]Philippines (Luzon)[9]1800 m[9]Data Deficient
Nepenthes ampullariaJack1835Borneo, Maluku Islands, New Guinea, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Thailand

Minor islands: Bangka, Bengkalis, Ko Lanta, Ko Tarutao, Langkawi, Mendol, Mentawai Islands (Siberut), Meranti Islands (Padang, Rangsang, Tebing Tinggi), Nias, Penang, Riau Islands (Lingga Islands, Natuna Islands,[10] Riau Archipelago), Rupat[11]		0–2100 mLeast Concern
Nepenthes andamana[12]M.Catal.[12]2010[12]Thailand[12]0–50 m[13]
Nepenthes angasanensisMaulder, D.Schub., B.R.Salmon & B.Quinn1999Sumatra2200–2800 mConservation Dependent
Nepenthes appendiculata[14]Chi.C.Lee, Bourke, Rembold, W.Taylor & S.T.Yeo[14]2011[14]Borneo[14]1450–1700 m[14]Data Deficient[14]
Nepenthes argentiiJebb & Cheek1997Philippines (Sibuyan)1400–1900 mVulnerable
Nepenthes aristolochioidesJebb & Cheek1997Sumatra1800–2500 mCritically Endangered
Nepenthes armin[15]Jebb & Cheek[15]2014[15]Philippines (Sibuyan)[15]750 m[15]Critically Endangered[15]
Nepenthes attenboroughiiA.S.Rob., S.McPherson & V.B.Heinrich2009Philippines (Palawan)1450[16]–1726 mCritically Endangered
Nepenthes barcelonae[17]Tandang & Cheek[17]2015[17]Philippines (Luzon)[17]1500-1700 m[17] Critically Endangered[17]
Nepenthes beccarianaMacfarl.1908Nias, Sumatra?[18]unknown
(0–<800 m)[19]		Data Deficient[20]
Nepenthes belliiK.Kondo1969Philippines (Dinagat, Mindanao)0–800 mEndangered
Nepenthes benstoneiC.Clarke1999Peninsular Malaysia150[21]–1350 m[22]Data Deficient[18][20]
Nepenthes biak[23]Jebb & Cheek[23]2018[23]Schouten Islands (Biak)[23]sea level[23]Critically Endangered[23]
Nepenthes bicalcarataHook.f.1873Borneo0–?950 m[nb 3]Vulnerable
Nepenthes bokorensisMey2009Cambodia800–1080 mEndangered[24]
Nepenthes bongsoKorth.1839Sumatra1000–2700 mVulnerable
Nepenthes boschianaKorth.1839Borneo1200–1800 m[nb 4]Endangered
Nepenthes burbidgeaeHook.f. ex Burb.1882Borneo1200–1800 m[nb 5]Endangered
Nepenthes burkeiHort.Veitch ex Mast.1889Philippines (Mindoro, Panay?)1100–2000 mConservation Dependent[20]
Nepenthes campanulataSh.Kurata1973Borneo, Philippines (Palawan?[27])100–300 m[27]Vulnerable
Nepenthes ceciliae[28]Gronem., Coritico, Micheler, Marwinski, Acil & V.B.Amoroso[28]2011[28]Philippines (Mindanao)[28]1500–1880 m[28]
Nepenthes chang[29]M.Catal.[29]2010[29]Thailand[29]300–600 m[29]
Nepenthes chanianaC.Clarke, Chi.C.Lee & S.McPherson2006Borneo1100–1800 mEndangered
Nepenthes cid[5]Jebb & Cheek[5]2013[5]Philippines (Mindanao)[5]770 m[5]Critically Endangered[5]
Nepenthes clipeataDanser1928Borneo600–800 mCritically Endangered
Nepenthes copelandiiMerr. ex Macfarl.1908Philippines (Mindanao)1100–2400 m[16]Data Deficient[20]
Nepenthes cornuta[30]Marwinski, Coritico, Wistuba, Micheler, Gronem., Gieray & V.B.Amoroso[30]2014[30]Philippines (Mindanao)[30]~1000 m[30]Vulnerable[30]
Nepenthes danseriJebb & Cheek1997Raja Ampat Islands (Waigeo)[31]0–320 mVulnerable
Nepenthes deanianaMacfarl.1908Philippines (Palawan)1180–1296 mNear Threatened
Nepenthes densifloraDanser1940Sumatra1700–3200 mConservation Dependent
Nepenthes diatasJebb & Cheek1997Sumatra2400–2900 mConservation Dependent
Nepenthes distillatoriaL.1753Sri Lanka0–700 mVulnerable
Nepenthes dubiaDanser1928Sumatra1600–2700 mCritically Endangered
Nepenthes edwardsianaH.Low ex Hook.f.1859Borneo1600–2700 m[nb 6]Vulnerable
Nepenthes ephippiataDanser1928Borneo1300–2000 m[nb 7]Vulnerable
Nepenthes epiphytica[33]A.S.Rob., Nerz & Wistuba[33]2011[33]Borneo[33]~1000 m[33]
Nepenthes eustachyaMiq.1858Sumatra0–1600Least Concern
Nepenthes extincta[34]Jebb & Cheek[34]2013[34]Philippines (Mindanao)[34]c. 400 m[34]Critically Endangered[34]
Nepenthes eymaeSh.Kurata1984Sulawesi1000–2000 mVulnerable
Nepenthes faizalianaJ.H.Adam & Wilcock1991Borneo400–1600 mVulnerable
Nepenthes flavaWistuba, Nerz & A.Fleischm.2007Sumatra1800–2200 m
Nepenthes fuscaDanser1928Borneo300[35]–2500 mVulnerable
Nepenthes gantungensis[36]S.McPherson, Cervancia, Chi.C.Lee, Jaunzems, Mey & A.S.Rob.[36]2010[36]Philippines (Palawan)[36]1600–1784 m[36]Vulnerable
Nepenthes glabrataJ.R.Turnbull & A.T.Middleton1984Sulawesi1600–2100 mVulnerable
Nepenthes glanduliferaChi.C.Lee2004Borneo1100–1700 m
Nepenthes graciliflora[7]Elmer[7]1912[7]Philippines (Bohol, Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Panay, Samar, Sibuyan)[7]300–1280 m[7]
Nepenthes gracilisKorth.1839Borneo, Cambodia,[37] Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand

Minor islands: Bangka, Batu Islands, Belitung,[38] Bengkalis, Ko Lanta, Ko Tarutao, Labuan,[39] Langkawi, Mendol, Mentawai Islands (Siberut), Meranti Islands (Padang, Rangsang, Tebing Tinggi), Musala, Nias, Penang, Phuket, Riau Islands (Lingga Islands, Natuna Islands,[10] Riau Archipelago), Rupat[11]		0–1100 m[nb 8]Least Concern
Nepenthes gracillimaRidl.1908Peninsular Malaysia1400–2000 m[21]Endangered
Nepenthes gymnamphoraReinw. ex Nees1824Java, Sumatra600–2800 mLeast Concern
Nepenthes halmahera[31]Cheek[31]2015[31]Maluku Islands (Halmahera)[31]10–760 m[31]Critically Endangered[31]
Nepenthes hamataJ.R.Turnbull & A.T.Middleton1984Sulawesi1400–2500 mVulnerable
Nepenthes hamiguitanensis[40]Gronem., Wistuba, V.B.Heinrich, S.McPherson, Mey & V.B.Amoroso[40]2010[40]Philippines (Mindanao)[40]1200–1600 m[40]Vulnerable[40]
Nepenthes hemsleyana[41]Macfarl.[41]1908[41]Borneo[41]0–200 m[42]Conservation Dependent[43]
Nepenthes hirsutaHook.f.1873Borneo200–1100 m[nb 9]Conservation Dependent
Nepenthes hispidaBeck1895Borneo100–800 mConservation Dependent
Nepenthes holdenii[45]Mey[45]2010[45]Cambodia[45]600–800 m[45]Near Threatened[45]
Nepenthes hurrellianaCheek & A.L.Lamb2003Borneo1300[35]–2400 m
Nepenthes inermisDanser1928Sumatra1500–2600 mVulnerable
Nepenthes insignisDanser1928New Guinea[23]0–850 mVulnerable
Nepenthes izumiaeTroy Davis, C.Clarke & Tamin2003Sumatra1700–1900 mData Deficient[46]
Nepenthes jacquelineaeC.Clarke, Troy Davis & Tamin2001Sumatra1700–2200 mData Deficient[18][20] / Conservation Dependent[46]
Nepenthes jambanChi.C.Lee, Hernawati & Akhriadi2006Sumatra1800–2100 m
Nepenthes junghuhniisensu Macfarl. in sched. nom.nud.1917Sumatra1220 mData Deficient[20]
Nepenthes justinae[6]Gronem., Wistuba, Mey & V.B.Amoroso[6]2016[6]Philippines (Mindanao)[6]1000–1620 m[6]Vulnerable[6]
Nepenthes kampotianaLecomte1909Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam[47]0–600 m[21]
Nepenthes kerrii[48]M.Catal. & Kruetr.[48]2010[48]Thailand

Minor islands: Langkawi?[49]		400–500 m
Nepenthes khasianaHook.f.1873India500–1500 mEndangered
Nepenthes kitanglad[34]Jebb & Cheek[34]2013[34]Philippines (Mindanao)[34]1800–2100 m[34]Critically Endangered[34]
Nepenthes klossiiRidl.1916New Guinea930[50]–2000 mEndangered
Nepenthes kongkandanaM.Catal. & Kruetr.[51]2015[51]Thailand0–50 m
Nepenthes krabiensis[52]Nuanlaong, Onsanit, Chusangrach & Suraninpong[52]2016[52]Thailand[52]600–700 m[52]Critically Endangered[52]
Nepenthes lamiiJebb & Cheek1997New Guinea3200–3520 m[53]Least Concern
Nepenthes lavicolaWistuba & Rischer1996Sumatra2000–2600 mCritically Endangered
Nepenthes leonardoi[54]S.McPherson, Bourke, Cervancia, Jaunzems & A.S.Rob.[54]2011[54]Philippines (Palawan)[54]1300–1490 m[54]Least Concern
Nepenthes leyte[34]Jebb & Cheek[34]2013[34]Philippines (Leyte)[34]900 m[34]Critically Endangered[34]
Nepenthes lingulataChi.C.Lee, Hernawati & Akhriadi2006Sumatra1700–2100 m
Nepenthes longifoliaNerz & Wistuba1994Sumatra300–1100 mVulnerable[18][20] / Critically Endangered[46]
Nepenthes lowiiHook.f.1859Borneo1650–2600 m[nb 10]Vulnerable
Nepenthes macfarlaneiHemsl.1905Peninsular Malaysia900–2150 mVulnerable
Nepenthes macrophylla(Marabini) Jebb & Cheek1997Borneo2200–2642 m[nb 11]Critically Endangered
Nepenthes macrovulgarisJ.R.Turnbull & A.T.Middleton1988Borneo300–1200 m[nb 12]Vulnerable
Nepenthes madagascariensisPoir.1797Madagascar0–500 mVulnerable
Nepenthes mantalingajanensisNerz & Wistuba2007Philippines (Palawan)1700–2085 mLeast Concern
Nepenthes mapuluensisJ.H.Adam & Wilcock1990Borneo700–800 mNear Threatened
Nepenthes maryae[57]Jebb & Cheek[57]2016[57]Sulawesi[57]2100 m[57]Vulnerable[57]
Nepenthes masoalensisSchmid-Hollinger1977Madagascar0–400 mEndangered
Nepenthes maximaReinw. ex Nees1824D'Entrecasteaux Islands,[58] Maluku Islands, New Guinea, Sulawesi

Minor islands: Wowoni?[59]		40[60]–2600 mLeast Concern
Nepenthes merrillianaMacfarl.1911Philippines (Dinagat, Mindanao, Samar[61])0–1100 m[16]Vulnerable
Nepenthes micramphoraV.B.Heinrich, S.McPherson, Gronem. & V.B.Amoroso2009Philippines (Mindanao)1100–1635 m
Nepenthes mikeiB.R.Salmon & Maulder1995Sumatra1100–2800 mVulnerable
Nepenthes mindanaoensisSh.Kurata2001Philippines (Dinagat, Mindanao)0–1400 mEndangered[20]
Nepenthes minima[62]Jebb & Cheek[62]2016[62]Sulawesi[62]1000–1700 m[62]Vulnerable[62]
Nepenthes miraJebb & Cheek1998Philippines (Palawan)1550–1605 mVulnerable
Nepenthes mirabilis(Lour.) Rafarin[63]1869[63]Australia, Borneo, Cambodia, Caroline Islands (Palau, Yap), China (Guangdong Province, Hainan,[64] Hong Kong, Macau), D'Entrecasteaux Islands, Java, Laos, Louisiade Archipelago, Maluku Islands, Myanmar, New Guinea, Peninsular Malaysia, Philippines (Dinagat, Mindanao), Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam

Minor islands: Babi, Bangka, Banyak Islands, Batu Islands, Bengkalis, Enggano, Ko Lanta, Ko Tarutao, Langkawi, Mendol, Mentawai Islands (North Pagai, Siberut, Sipura, South Pagai), Meranti Islands (Padang, Rangsang, Tebing Tinggi), Nias, Penang, Phuket, Riau Islands (Lingga Islands, Riau Archipelago), Rupat,[11] Tawi-Tawi,[34] Wowoni?[59]		0–1500 mLeast Concern
Nepenthes mollisDanser1928Borneo~1800 mData Deficient
Nepenthes monticola[53]A.S.Rob., Wistuba, Nerz, M.Mansur & S.McPherson[53]2011[53]New Guinea[53]1400–2620 m[53]Least Concern
Nepenthes muluensisM.Hotta1966Borneo1700–2400 mVulnerable
Nepenthes murudensisCulham ex Jebb & Cheek1997Borneo2000–2423 mEndangered
Nepenthes nagaAkhriadi, Hernawati, Primaldhi & M.Hambali2009Sumatra1500–2000 mVulnerable
Nepenthes nebularum[65]G.Mansell & W.Suarez[65]2016[65]Philippines (Mindanao)[65]≤1800 m[65]Data Deficient[65]
Nepenthes negros[7]Jebb & Cheek[7]2013[7]Philippines (Biliran, Negros)[7]Critically Endangered[7]
Nepenthes neoguineensisMacfarl.1911D'Entrecasteaux Islands, New Guinea, Raja Ampat Islands (Misool?[50])0–1400 mLeast Concern
Nepenthes nigra[66]Nerz, Wistuba, Chi.C.Lee, Bourke, U.Zimm. & S.McPherson[66]2011[66]Sulawesi[66]1500–2700 m[66]Least Concern
Nepenthes northianaHook.f.1881Borneo0–500 mVulnerable
Nepenthes ovataNerz & Wistuba1994Sumatra1700–2100 mVulnerable
Nepenthes palawanensis[67]S.McPherson, Cervancia, Chi.C.Lee, Jaunzems, Mey & A.S.Rob.[67]2010[67]Philippines (Palawan)[67]1100–1236 m[67]Endangered
Nepenthes paniculataDanser1928New Guinea~1460 mEndangered
Nepenthes pantaronensis[30]Gieray, Gronem., Wistuba, Marwinski, Micheler, Coritico & V.B.Amoroso[30]2014[30]Philippines (Mindanao)[30]"intermediate altitudes"[30]Near Threatened[30]
Nepenthes papuanaDanser1928New Guinea0–1300 mLeast Concern
Nepenthes parvula[68]Gary W.Wilson & S.Venter[68]2016Australia[68]
Nepenthes peltataSh.Kurata2008Philippines (Mindanao)865–1635 m
Nepenthes pervilleiBlume1852Seychelles350–750 mVulnerable
Nepenthes petiolataDanser1928Philippines (Mindanao)1450–1900 mData Deficient[20]
Nepenthes philippinensisMacfarl.1908Philippines (Busuanga, Coron, Culion, Linapacan, Palawan)[16][69]0–600 mLeast Concern
Nepenthes pilosaDanser1928Borneo~1600 mData Deficient
Nepenthes pitopangiiChi.C.Lee, S.McPherson, Bourke & M.Mansur[70]2009[70]Sulawesi1400–1800 m[49]Vulnerable
Nepenthes platychilaChi.C.Lee2002Borneo900–1400 m
Nepenthes pulchra[71]Gronem., S.McPherson, Coritico, Micheler, Marwinski & V.B.Amoroso[71]2011[71]Philippines (Mindanao)[71]1300–1800 m[71]
Nepenthes rafflesianaJack1835Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra

Minor islands: Bangka, Labuan,[39] Riau Islands (Lingga Islands, Natuna Islands,[10] Riau Archipelago)[11]		0–1200 m[nb 13]Least Concern
Nepenthes rajahHook.f.1859Borneo1500–2650 mEndangered
Nepenthes ramispinaRidl.1909Peninsular Malaysia900–2000 mVulnerable
Nepenthes ramos[72]Jebb & Cheek[72]2013[72]Philippines (Mindanao)[72]

Minor islands: Camiguin, other neighbouring islands[6]		at least 670–1400 m[nb 14]Critically Endangered[72] / Near Threatened[6]
Nepenthes reinwardtianaMiq.1852Borneo, Sumatra

Minor islands: Bangka, Mentawai Islands (Siberut), Nias, Riau Islands (Natuna Islands[10])[11]		0–2200 mLeast Concern
Nepenthes rhombicaulisSh.Kurata1973Sumatra1600–2000 mVulnerable
Nepenthes rigidifoliaAkhriadi, Hernawati & Tamin2004Sumatra1000–1600 mCritically Endangered
Nepenthes robcantleyiCheek[73]2011[73]Philippines (Mindanao)[73]~1800 m[73]Critically Endangered[73]
Nepenthes rosea[74]M.Catal. & Kruetr.[74]2014[74]Thailand[74]450–520 m[74]
Nepenthes rowaniaeF.M.Bailey1897Australia0–80 mLeast Concern
Nepenthes samar[75]Jebb & Cheek[75]2013[75]Philippines (Samar)[75]"low elevation"[75]Critically Endangered[75]
Nepenthes sanguineaLindl.1849Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand300–1800 mConservation Dependent
Nepenthes saranganiensisSh.Kurata2003Philippines (Mindanao)1800–2100 m
Nepenthes sibuyanensisNerz1998Philippines (Sibuyan)1250–1500 m[nb 15]Vulnerable
Nepenthes singalanaBecc.1886Sumatra2000–2900 mVulnerable
Nepenthes smilesiiHemsl.1895Cambodia,[78] Laos, Thailand, Vietnam[79]0[78]–1500 m
Nepenthes spathulataDanser1935Sumatra1100–2900 mVulnerable
Nepenthes spectabilisDanser1928Sumatra1400–2200 mVulnerable
Nepenthes stenophyllaMast.1890Borneo800–2600 m[nb 16]Least Concern
Nepenthes sumagaya[80]Cheek[80]2014[80]Philippines (Mindanao)[30]1600–2247 m[30]Endangered[30]
Nepenthes sumatrana(Miq.) Beck1895Sumatra0–800 mCritically Endangered
Nepenthes suratensis[81]M.Catal.[81]2010[81]Thailand[81]0–200 m[49]Critically Endangered
Nepenthes surigaoensisElmer1915Philippines (Mindanao)800–1200 m[nb 17]
Nepenthes talaandig[30]Gronem., Coritico, Wistuba, Micheler, Marwinski, Gieray & V.B.Amoroso[30]2014[30]Philippines (Mindanao)[30]~1000 m[30]Vulnerable[30]
Nepenthes talangensisNerz & Wistuba1994Sumatra1800–2500 mEndangered
Nepenthes tboli[15]Jebb & Cheek[15]2014[15]Philippines (Mindanao)[15]1463 m[15]Critically Endangered[15]
Nepenthes tenaxC.Clarke & R.Kruger2006Australia0–80 mLeast Concern
Nepenthes tentaculataHook.f.1873Borneo, Sulawesi400–2550 mLeast Concern
Nepenthes tenuisNerz & Wistuba1994Sumatra1000–1200 mEndangered
Nepenthes thai[24]Cheek[24]2009[24]Thailand[24]500–600 m[24]Endangered[24]
Nepenthes thoreliiLecomte1909Vietnam10–20 m[83]Data Deficient
Nepenthes tobaicaDanser1928Sumatra380–1800 m[nb 18]Least Concern
Nepenthes tomorianaDanser1928Sulawesi0–500 mVulnerable
Nepenthes treubianaWarb.1891New Guinea, Raja Ampat Islands (Misool?)0–80 m[nb 19]Least Concern
Nepenthes truncataMacfarl.1911Philippines (Dinagat, Leyte, Mindanao)[16]0–1500 mEndangered
Nepenthes ultra[84]Jebb & Cheek[84]2013[84]Philippines (Luzon)[84]1.5–40(–400?) m[84][nb 20]Endangered[84]
Nepenthes undulatifolia[85]Nerz, Wistuba, U.Zimm., Chi.C.Lee, Pirade & Pitopang[85]2011[85]Sulawesi[85]~1800 m[85]Data Deficient[85]
Nepenthes veitchiiHook.f.1859Borneo0–1600 mNear Threatened
Nepenthes ventricosaBlanco1837Philippines (Luzon, Panay, Sibuyan)[16]1000–2000 mNear Threatened
Nepenthes vieillardiiHook.f.1873New Caledonia0–850 mLeast Concern
Nepenthes villosaHook.f.1852Borneo1600–3240 m[nb 21]Vulnerable
Nepenthes viridis[86]Micheler, Gronem., Wistuba, Marwinski, W.Suarez & V.B.Amoroso[86]2013[86]Philippines (Dinagat, Samar)[86]

Minor islands: numerous unspecified islets off Dinagat[86]
Nepenthes vogeliiSchuit. & de Vogel2002Borneo1000–1500 m
Nepenthes weda[31]Cheek[31]2015[31]Maluku Islands (Halmahera)[31]415–1014 m[31]Critically Endangered[31]
Nepenthes zygon[15]Jebb & Cheek[15]2014[15]Philippines (Mindanao)[15]1500–1875 m[15]Critically Endangered[15]

Incompletely diagnosed taxa

The following undescribed taxa are taken from Pitcher Plants of the Old World and its supplementary volume, New Nepenthes, published in 2011.[49]

TaxonImageDistributionAltitudinal distribution
Nepenthes sp. Anipahan[87]Philippines (Palawan)[87]1200–1400 m[87]
Nepenthes sp. MisoolRaja Ampat Islands (Misool)0–30 m

Nothospecies

Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek recognised the following three nothospecies in their monographs on the genus ("A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae)" (1997) and "Nepenthaceae" (2001)). In the recent literature, these taxa have generally been treated as natural hybrids rather than as species.[2][18][25][26] Of the three, N. × kinabaluensis has the strongest claim to species status, as it grows in two large, self-sustaining populations independent of its putative parent species.[25][88] These populations are reportedly true breeding.[25] Jumaat Haji Adam and C. C. Wilcock advocated the recognition of N. × kinabaluensis as a species in a 1998 article.[89]

NothospeciesParent speciesAuthorityYearImageDistributionAltitudinal distributionIUCN conservation status
Nepenthes × hookerianaN. ampullaria × N. rafflesianaHort.Veitch ex Mast.1881Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra[35]0–450 m[8]Least Concern[20]
Nepenthes × kinabaluensisN. rajah × N. villosaSh.Kurata ex Sh.Kurata1984Borneo[35]2420–3030 m[35]Endangered[20]
Nepenthes × trichocarpaN. ampullaria × N. gracilisMiq.1858Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra,[35] Thailand[79]0–800 m[25]Least Concern[20]

Extinct species

Fossil pollen of various provenance, much of it originally described under the form taxon Droseridites, has been tentatively assigned to Nepenthes by several authors.[90][91][92] The following three species were transferred to the genus Nepenthes by Wilfried Krutzsch in 1985.[90]

SpeciesAuthorityYearLocationAge
Nepenthes echinatus(Hunger) Krutzsch1985EuropePalaeocene
Nepenthes echinosporus(R.Potonié) Krutzsch1985EuropePalaeocene
Nepenthes major(Krutzsch) Krutzsch1985EuropePalaeocene

Some authors consider Droseridites major and D. parvus as synonyms of Nepenthidites laitryngewensis.[93][94]

Pollen from the Kerguelen Islands originally described as D. spinosus has also been interpreted as belonging to Nepenthes.[95]

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 Under the narrow circumscription of Cheek & Jebb (2013), N. alata is restricted to northern Luzon, with the more southerly plants previously referred to this species actually representing N. graciliflora, N. negros, and N. ramos.[7] This N. alata sensu stricto has an altitudinal distribution of 550 m and above.[7]
  2. ↑ Adam, Wilcock & Swaine (1992) give an upper altitudinal limit of 1200 m for N. albomarginata.[8]
  3. ↑ Adam, Wilcock & Swaine (1992) cite a record of N. bicalcarata from Mount Periok in Brunei at c. 1600 m.[8]
  4. ↑ Cheek & Jebb (2001) give a range of 780–1880 m for N. boschiana,[25] while Clarke (1997) gives a range of 900–1880 m.[26]
  5. ↑ Cheek & Jebb (2001) give an upper altitudinal limit of 2250 m for N. burbidgeae,[25] while Adam, Wilcock & Swaine (1992) give a range of 1100–2300 m.[8]
  6. ↑ Cheek & Jebb (2001), Clarke (1997) and Adam, Wilcock & Swaine (1992) give a lower altitudinal limit of 1500 m for N. edwardsiana.[8][25][26]
  7. ↑ Cheek & Jebb (2001) give a lower altitudinal limit of 1000 m for N. ephippiata.[25] The species has reportedly been collected from Bukit Raya at 2000–2270 m.[8][32]
  8. ↑ Adam, Wilcock & Swaine (1992) give an upper altitudinal limit of 1700 m for N. gracilis.[8]
  9. ↑ Adam, Wilcock & Swaine (1992) give a range of 150–1500 m for N. hirsuta,[8] while Mansur & Brearley (2008) report finding it at elevations as low as 160 m.[44]
  10. ↑ Cheek & Jebb (2001) give a lower altitudinal limit of 1600 m for N. lowii,[25] while Adam, Wilcock & Swaine (1992) give a range of 900–3400 m.[8]
  11. ↑ The lower altitudinal limit of 2000 m given for N. macrophylla in some older sources[55] is apparently incorrect.[2][56]
  12. ↑ Adam, Wilcock & Swaine (1992) give a lower altitudinal limit of 250 m for N. macrovulgaris.[8]
  13. ↑ Adam, Wilcock & Swaine (1992) give an upper altitudinal limit of 1500 m for N. rafflesiana.[8]
  14. ↑ The paratype of N. ramos was collected at 670 m[72] and N. kurata (which has been synonymised with N. ramos[6]) has been recorded at c. 1400 m.[34]
  15. ↑ Rybka, Rybková & Cantley (2005) give a range of 1200–1800 m for N. sibuyanensis,[76] while the authors of the describing paper give a range of 1500–1800 m.[77]
  16. ↑ Mansur & Brearley (2008) report finding N. stenophylla at 400 m.[44]
  17. ↑ Nepenthes surigaoensis may grow as high as 1750 m ("5750 feet" in the original) according to the describing author, Adolph Daniel Edward Elmer.[82]
  18. ↑ Cheek & Jebb (2001) give an upper altitudinal limit of 2750 m for N. tobaica.[25]
  19. ↑ Cheek & Jebb (2001) give an upper altitudinal limit of 500 m for N. treubiana.[25]
  20. ↑ The upper altitudinal limit of 400 m is uncertain as it is based on the figure given on Google Earth for an "inexact grid-reference" associated with a herbarium specimen.[84]
  21. ↑ Nepenthes villosa generally grows at elevations of 2300–3240 m, but is more common at 1600–1900 m on Mount Tambuyukon.[2] Adam, Wilcock & Swaine (1992) give an upper altitudinal limit of 3400 m for this species.[8]

References

  1. ↑ IUCN 2009. Nepenthes. In: IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.1. IUCN.
  2. 1 2 3 4 McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
  3. ↑ Author Query. International Plant Names Index.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Identification and typification of Nepenthes blancoi, with N. abalata sp. nov. from the western Visayas, Philippines. Nordic Journal of Botany 31(2): 151–156. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.00012.x
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. The Nepenthes micramphora (Nepenthaceae) group, with two new species from Mindanao, Philippines. Phytotaxa 151(1): 25–34. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.151.1.2
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Gronemeyer, T., W. Suarez, H. Nuytemans, M. Calaramo, A. Wistuba, F.S. Mey & V.B. Amoroso 2016. Two new Nepenthes species from the Philippines and an emended description of Nepenthes ramos. Plants 5(2): 23. doi:10.3390/plants5020023
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Typification and redelimitation of Nepenthes alata with notes on the N. alata group, and N. negros sp. nov. from the Philippines. Nordic Journal of Botany 31(5): 616–622. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.00099.x
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Adam, J.H., C.C. Wilcock & M.D. Swaine 1992. The ecology and distribution of Bornean Nepenthes. Archived 2011-07-22 at the Wayback Machine. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 5(1): 13–25.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Nepenthes alzapan (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Luzon, Philippines. Phytotaxa 100(1): 57–60. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.100.1.6
  10. 1 2 3 4 (in Indonesian) Mansur, M. 2012. Keanekaragaman jenis tumbuhan pemakan serangga dan laju fotosintesisnya di Pulau Natuna. [Diversity on insectivorous plants and its photosynthetic rate in Natuna Island.] Berita Biologi 11(1): 33–42. Abstract Archived 2013-09-21 at the Wayback Machine.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 Clarke, C.M. 2001. Appendix C: Distribution Maps. In: Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp. 299–307.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Catalano, M. 2010. Nepenthes andamana M. Catal. sp. nov. In: Nepenthes della Thailandia: Diario di viaggio. Prague. p. 34.
  13. ↑ McPherson, S.R. 2010. Carnivorous Plants and their Habitats. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lee, C.C., G. Bourke, W. Taylor, S.T. Yeo & K. Rembold 2011. Nepenthes appendiculata, a new pitcher plant from Sarawak. In: McPherson, S.R. New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 24–35.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2014. Expansion of the Nepenthes alata group (Nepenthaceae), Philippines, and descriptions of three new species. Blumea 59: 144–154. doi:10.3767/000651914X685861
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 McPherson, S.R. & V.B. Amoroso 2011. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of the Philippines. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cheek, M., D.N. Tandang & P.B. Pelser 2015. Nepenthes barcelonae (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Luzon, Philippines. Phytotaxa 222(2): 145–150. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.222.2.7
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
  19. ↑ McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sumatra and Java. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 von Arx, B., J. Schlauer & M. Groves 2001. CITES Carnivorous Plant Checklist. Archived 2008-05-13 at the Wayback Machine. The Cromwell Press, United Kingdom.
  21. 1 2 3 McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Peninsular Malaysia and Indochina. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
  22. ↑ Clarke, C. & C.C. Lee 2012. A revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) from Gunung Tahan, Peninsular Malaysia. Archived 2013-10-07 at the Wayback Machine. Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 64(1): 33–49.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Cheek, M., M. Jebb, B. Murphy & F. Mambor (2018). Nepenthes section Insignes in Indonesia, with two new species. Blumea 62(3): 174–178. doi:10.3767/blumea.2018.62.03.03
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Cheek, M.R. & M.H.P. Jebb 2009. Nepenthes group Montanae (Nepenthaceae) in Indo-China, with N. thai and N. bokor described as new. Kew Bulletin 64(2): 319–325. doi:10.1007/s12225-009-9117-3
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Cheek, M.R. & M.H.P. Jebb 2001. Nepenthaceae. Flora Malesiana 15: 1–157.
  26. 1 2 3 Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
  27. 1 2 Clarke, C., C.C. Lee & V. Enar 2014. Observations of the natural history and ecology of Nepenthes campanulata. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 43(1): 7–13.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 Gronemeyer, T., F. Coritico, M. Micheler, D. Marwinski, R. Acil & V. Amoroso 2011. Nepenthes ceciliae, a new pitcher plant species from Mount Kiamo, Mindanao. In: McPherson, S.R. New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 412–423.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 Catalano, M. 2010. Nepenthes chang M. Catal. sp. nov. In: Nepenthes della Thailandia: Diario di viaggio. Prague. p. 38.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Gronemeyer, T., F. Coritico, A. Wistuba, D. Marwinski, T. Gieray, M. Micheler, F.S. Mey & V. Amoroso 2014. Four new species of Nepenthes L. (Nepenthaceae) from the central mountains of Mindanao, Philippines. Plants 3(2): 284–303. doi:10.3390/plants3020284
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Cheek, M. 2015. Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) of Halmahera, Indonesia. Blumea 59: 215–225. doi:10.3767/000651915X689091
  32. ↑ Nooteboom, H.P. (ed.) 1987. Report of the 1982–1983 Bukit Raya Expedition. Rijksherbarium, Leiden.
  33. 1 2 3 4 5 Robinson, A.S., J. Nerz & A. Wistuba 2011. Nepenthes epiphytica, a new pitcher plant from East Kalimantan. In: McPherson, S.R. New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 36–51.
  34. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Recircumscription of the Nepenthes alata group (Caryophyllales: Nepenthaceae), in the Philippines, with four new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 69: 1–23. doi:10.5852/ejt.2013.69
  35. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Phillipps, A., A. Lamb & C.C. Lee 2008. Pitcher Plants of Borneo. Second Edition. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
  36. 1 2 3 4 5 McPherson, S., J. Cervancia, C. Lee, M. Jaunzems, A. Fleischmann, F. Mey, E. Gironella & A. Robinson 2010. Nepenthes gantungensis (Nepenthaceae), a new pitcher plant species from Mount Gantung, Palawan, Philippines. In: S.R. McPherson Carnivorous Plants and their Habitats. Volume 2. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 1286–1295.
  37. ↑ Mey, F.S. 2016. The beautiful Nepenthes kampotiana x bokorensis. Strange Fruits: A Garden's Chronicle, 5 October 2016.
  38. ↑ (in Indonesian) Hidayat, S., J. Hidayat, Hamzah, E. Suhandi, Tatang & Ajidin 2003. Analisis vegetasi dua jenis tumbuhan pemakan serangga di Padang Pinang Anyang, Pulau Belitung. [Vegetation analysis of two insectivorous plants in Padang Pinang Anyang, Belitung Island.] Biodiversitas 4(2): 93–96.
  39. 1 2 Burbidge, F.W. 1882. Notes on the new Nepenthes. The Gardeners' Chronicle, new series, 17(420): 56.
  40. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Gronemeyer, T., A. Wistuba, V. Heinrich, S. McPherson, F. Mey & A. Amoroso 2010. Nepenthes hamiguitanensis (Nepenthaceae), a new pitcher plant species from Mindanao Island, Philippines. In: S.R. McPherson Carnivorous Plants and their Habitats. Volume 2. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 1296–1305.
  41. 1 2 3 4 Scharmann, M. & T.U. Grafe 2013. Reinstatement of Nepenthes hemsleyana (Nepenthaceae), an endemic pitcher plant from Borneo, with a discussion of associated Nepenthes taxa. Blumea 58(1): 8–12. doi:10.3767/000651913X668465
  42. ↑ McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Borneo. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
  43. ↑ Clarke, C., J.A. Moran & C.C. Lee 2011. Nepenthes baramensis (Nepenthaceae) – a new species from north-western Borneo . Blumea 56(3): 229–233. doi:10.3767/000651911X607121
  44. 1 2 Mansur, M. & F.Q. Brearley 2008. Ecological studies on Nepenthes at Barito Ulu, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia Archived 2012-07-08 at Archive.is. Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan 9(3): 271–276.
  45. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mey, F.S., M. Catalano, C. Clarke, A. Robinson, A. Fleischmann & S. McPherson 2010. Nepenthes holdenii (Nepenthaceae), a new species of pyrophytic pitcher plant from the Cardamom Mountains of Cambodia. In: S.R. McPherson Carnivorous Plants and their Habitats. Volume 2. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 1306–1331.
  46. 1 2 3 Hernawati & P. Akhriadi 2006. A Field Guide to the Nepenthes of Sumatra. PILI-NGO Movement, Bogor.
  47. ↑ Nunn, R. & C.N.A. Vu 2016. An account of the Nepenthes species of Vietnam. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 45(3): 93–101.
  48. 1 2 3 Catalano, M. 2010. Nepenthes kerrii M. Catal. et T. Kruetr. sp. nov. In: Nepenthes della Thailandia: Diario di viaggio. Prague. p. 32.
  49. 1 2 3 4 McPherson, S.R. 2011. New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
  50. 1 2 McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Australia and New Guinea. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
  51. 1 2 (in Italian) Catalano, M. 2015. Nepenthes kongkandana, da ufficiosa ad ufficiale. AIPC Magazine 37: 4–11.
  52. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Nuanlaong, S., S. Onsanit, V. Chusangrach & P. Suraninpong (2016). A new species of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) from Thailand. Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) 44(2): 128–133. doi:10.20531/tfb.2016.44.2.08
  53. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Robinson, A., J. Nerz, A. Wistuba, M. Mansur & S. McPherson 2011. Nepenthes lamii Jebb & Cheek, an emended description resulting from the separation of a two-species complex, and the introduction of Nepenthes monticola, a new species of highland pitcher plant from New Guinea. In: McPherson, S.R. New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 522–555.
  54. 1 2 3 4 5 McPherson, S., G. Bourke, J. Cervancia, M. Jaunzems, E. Gironella, A. Robinson & A. Fleischmann 2011. Nepenthes leonardoi (Nepenthaceae), a new pitcher plant species from Palawan, Philippines. Carniflora Australis 8(1): 4–19.
  55. ↑ Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42(1): 1–106.
  56. ↑ Bourke, G. 2007. Exploring the upper reaches of Gunung Trus Madi. Carniflora Australis (9): 9–16.
  57. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2016. A new section in Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) and a new species from Sulawesi. Blumea 61: 59–62. doi:10.3767/000651916X691510
  58. ↑ Jebb, M.H.P. 1991. An account of Nepenthes in New Guinea. Science in New Guinea 17(1): 7–54.
  59. 1 2 (in Indonesian) Sunarti, S., A. Hidayat & Rugayah 2008. Keanekaragaman tumbuhan di hutan Pegunungan Waworete, Kecamatan Wawonii Timur, Pulau Wawonii, Sulawesi Tenggara. [Plants diversity at the mountain forest of Waworete, East Wawonii District, Wawonii Island, Southeast Sulawesi.] Biodiversitas 9(3): 194–198.
  60. ↑ Clarke, C.M., R. Cantley, J. Nerz, H. Rischer & A. Witsuba 2000. Nepenthes maxima. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.1. IUCN.
  61. ↑ Robinson, A. 2012. Nepenthes merrilliana on Samar. Carnivorous Plants in the tropics, June 29, 2012.
  62. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cheek, M. & M.H.P. Jebb (2016). Nepenthes minima (Nepenthaceae), a new pyrophytic grassland species from Sulawesi, Indonesia. Blumea 61: 181–185. doi:10.3767/000651916X693509
  63. 1 2 Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes mirabilis. Carnivorous Plant Database.
  64. ↑ Nepenthes mirabilis. Flora of China.
  65. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mansell, G. & W. Suarez (2016). Nepenthes nebularum, a new species from Mindanao, Philippines. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 45(4): 132–139.
  66. 1 2 3 4 5 Nerz, J., A. Wistuba, C.C. Lee, G. Bourke, U. Zimmermann & S. McPherson 2011. Nepenthes nigra, a new pitcher plant from Central Sulawesi. In: McPherson, S.R. New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 468–491.
  67. 1 2 3 4 5 McPherson, S., J. Cervancia, C. Lee, M. Jaunzems, A. Fleischmann, F. Mey, E. Gironella & A. Robinson 2010. Nepenthes palawanensis (Nepenthaceae), a new pitcher plant species from Sultan Peak, Palawan Island, Philippines. In: S.R. McPherson Carnivorous Plants and their Habitats. Volume 2. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 1332–1339.
  68. 1 2 3 Wilson, G.W. & S. Venter (2016). Nepenthes parvula (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Cape York, Queensland, Australia. Phytotaxa 277(2): 199–204. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.277.2.7
  69. ↑ McPherson, S.R. 2011. Observations of Nepenthes philippinensis and related taxa. In: New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 382–395.
  70. 1 2 Lee, C.C., S. McPherson, G. Bourke & M. Mansur 2009. Nepenthes pitopangii (Nepenthaceae), a new species from central Sulawesi, Indonesia. The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 61(1): 95–100.
  71. 1 2 3 4 5 Gronemeyer, T., S. McPherson, F. Coritico, M. Micheler, D. Marwinski & V. Amoroso 2011. Nepenthes pulchra, a new pitcher plant species from Mount Kiamo, Mindanao. In: McPherson, S.R. New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 424–439.
  72. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Nepenthes ramos (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Mindanao, Philippines. Willdenowia 43(1): 107–111. doi:10.3372/wi.43.43112
  73. 1 2 3 4 5 Cheek, M. 2011. Nepenthes robcantleyi sp. nov. (Nepenthaceae) from Mindanao, Philippines. Nordic Journal of Botany 29(6): 677–681. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2011.01449.x
  74. 1 2 3 4 5 (in Italian) Catalano, M. 2014. Nepenthes rosea, una nuova specie dalla Thailandia peninsulare. AIPC Magazine 36: 24–31.
  75. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Nepenthes samar (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Samar, Philippines. Blumea 58(1): 82–84. doi:10.3767/000651913X673513
  76. ↑ Rybka, V., R. Rybková & R. Cantley 2005. Nepenthes argentii on Sibuyan Island. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 34(2): 47–50.
  77. ↑ Nerz, J., P. Mann, T. Alt & T. Smith 1998. Nepenthes sibuyanensis, a new Nepenthes from Sibuyan, a remote island of the Philippines. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 27(1): 18–23.
  78. 1 2 Mey, F.S. 2010. Introduction to the pitcher plants (Nepenthes) of Cambodia. Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2010(2): 106–117.
  79. 1 2 (in Italian) Catalano, M. 2010. Nepenthes della Thailandia: Diario di viaggio. Prague.
  80. 1 2 3 Cheek, M. 2014. Nomen novum Nepenthes. Planta Carnivora 36(2): 44–45.
  81. 1 2 3 4 Catalano, M. 2010. Nepenthes suratensis M. Catal. sp. nov. In: Nepenthes della Thailandia: Diario di viaggio. Prague. p. 36.
  82. ↑ Elmer, A.D.E. 1915. Nepenthaceae. [pp. 2785–2787] In: Two hundred twenty six new species—II. Leaflets of Philippine Botany 8: 2719–2883.
  83. ↑ Mey, F.S., L.H. Truong, D.V. Dai & A.S. Robinson 2011. Nepenthes thorelii, an emended description and novel ecological data resulting from its rediscovery in Tay Ninh, Vietnam. In: McPherson, S.R. New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 104–131.
  84. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Nepenthes ultra (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Luzon, Philippines. Blumea, published online on October 24, 2013. doi:10.3767/000651913X675124
  85. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lee, C.C., A. Wistuba, J. Nerz, U. Zimmermann, A.P. Paserang & R. Pitopang 2011. Nepenthes undulatifolia, a new pitcher plant from South East Sulawesi. In: McPherson, S.R. New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 492–505.
  86. 1 2 3 4 5 (in German) Micheler, M., T. Gronemeyer, A. Wistuba, D. Marwinski, W. Suarez & V. Amoroso 2013. Nepenthes viridis, eine neue Nepenthes-Art von der Insel Dinagat, Philippinen. Das Taublatt 76: 4–21.
  87. 1 2 3 McPherson, S.R. 2011. The discovery of Nepenthes sp. 'Anipahan'. In: New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 330–345.
  88. ↑ Jebb, M. 1994. NEPENTHES revision for Flora Malesiana. Carnivorous Plant Mailing List, September 9, 1994.
  89. ↑ Adam, J.H. & C.C. Wilcock 1998 ['1996']. Pitcher plants of Mt. Kinabalu in Sabah. The Sarawak Museum Journal 50(71): 145–171.
  90. 1 2 Krutzsch, W. 1985. Über Nepenthes-Pollen im europäischen Tertiär. Gleditschia 13: 89–93.
  91. ↑ Krutzsch, W. 1989. Paleogeography and historical phytogeography (paleochorology) in the Neophyticum. Plant Systematics and Evolution 162(1–4): 5–61. doi:10.1007/BF00936909
  92. ↑ Anderson, J.A.R. & J. Muller 1975. Palynological study of a Holocene peat and a Miocene coal deposit from NW Borneo. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 19(4): 291–351.
  93. ↑ Kumar, M. 1995. Pollen tetrads from Palaeocene sediments of Meghalaya, India: comments on their morphology, botanical affinity and geological records. Palaeobotanist 43(1): 68–81.
  94. ↑ Saxena, R.K. & G.K. Trivedi 2006. A Catalogue of Tertiary Spores and Pollen from India. Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow.
  95. ↑ Meimberg, H., A. Wistuba, P. Dittrich & G. Heubl 2001. Molecular phylogeny of Nepenthaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid trnK intron sequence data. Plant Biology (Stuttgart) 3(2): 164–175. doi:10.1055/s-2001-12897


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