Nepenthes gracilis

Nepenthes gracilis
A pitcher of Nepenthes gracilis from Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia
Scientific classification
Kingdom:Plantae
Clade:Angiosperms
Clade:Eudicots
Order:Caryophyllales
Family:Nepenthaceae
Genus:Nepenthes
Species: N. gracilis
Binomial name
Nepenthes gracilis
Korth. (1839)[2]
Synonyms

Nepenthes gracilis (/nɪˈpɛnθiːz ˈɡræsɪlɪs/; from Latin: gracilis "slender"), or the slender pitcher-plant,[5] is a common lowland pitcher plant that is widespread in the Sunda region. It has been recorded from Borneo, Cambodia,[6] Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sulawesi, Sumatra, and Thailand.[7][8][9][10][11] The species has a wide altitudinal distribution of 0 to 1100 m[12] (and perhaps even 1700 m[13]) above sea level, although most populations are found below 100 m and plants are rare above 1000 m.[13] Despite being a widespread plant, natural hybrids between N. gracilis and other species are quite rare.

Nepenthes gracilis was formally described by Pieter Willem Korthals in his 1839 monograph, "Over het geslacht Nepenthes".[2]

Nepenthes abgracilis from the Philippines is named for its superficial similarity to this species.[14]

Carnivory

The small, elongated pitchers of N. gracilis appear relatively unremarkable and have a very thin peristome. Nevertheless, the species is unusual (and possibly unique) in that the underside of the pitcher lid bears an uneven layer of wax crystals. This layer is not as thick as, and structurally distinct from, that found in the waxy zone of the pitcher interior, and insects can easily adhere to it in dry conditions. During downpours, however, it functions as part of a trapping mechanism, whereby the impact of raindrops striking the lid causes insects to lose their footing and fall into the pitcher cup below.[15]

Left: Nepenthes gracilis upper pitcher with a Polyrhachis pruinosa ant (A and B), showing the waxy zones of the pitcher interior and lower lid surface.

Centre: Scanning electron micrographs revealing the ultrastructure of N. gracilis wax crystals on the inner surface of the pitcher (A and B) and underside of the lid (C and D).

Right: Prey capture efficiency of the two waxy layers and peristome of N. gracilis under 'dry', 'raining' and 'wet' conditions.

Distribution

Nepenthes gracilis habitat in Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia

One of the most widespread Nepenthes species, N. gracilis is native to Borneo, Cambodia,[6] Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, central Sulawesi, and southernmost Thailand.[7] It has also been recorded from many smaller islands, including Bangka, Batu Islands, Belitung,[16] Bengkalis, Ko Lanta, Ko Tarutao, Labuan,[17] Langkawi, Mendol, Mentawai Islands (Siberut), Meranti Islands (Padang, Rangsang, and Tebing Tinggi), Musala, Nias, Penang, Phuket, Riau Islands (Lingga Islands, Natuna Islands,[18] and Riau Archipelago), and Rupat.[19]

Taxonomy

In 2001, Charles Clarke performed a cladistic analysis of the Nepenthes species of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia using 70 morphological characteristics of each taxon. The following is a portion of the resultant cladogram, showing part of "Clade 6", which includes N. gracilis.[20]

 

unnamed

 

N. gracilis

 
 

N. reinwardtiana

 
 
unnamed

 

 

N. tobaica

 
79%

 

N. angasanensis

 
 

N. mikei

 
 
 
 
 

Infraspecific taxa

Despite varying little across its range,[20] N. gracilis has a number of infraspecific taxa. Most of these are no longer considered valid.

  • Nepenthes gracilis f. angustifolia (Mast.) Hort.Westphal (1993)
  • Nepenthes gracilis var. angustifolia (Mast.) Hort.Weiner in sched. (1985)
  • Nepenthes gracilis var. arenaria Ridl. ex Macfarl. (1908)[21]
  • Nepenthes gracilis var. elongata Blume (1852)[22]
  • Nepenthes gracilis var. longinodis Beck (1895)[4]
  • Nepenthes gracilis var. major Hort.Van Houtte ex Rafarin (1869)
  • Nepenthes gracilis var. teysmanniana (Miq.) Beck (1895)[4]

Natural hybrids

The following natural hybrids involving N. gracilis have been recorded.

References

  1. ↑ Clarke, C.M.; Cantley, R.; Nerz, J.; Rischer, H.; Witsuba, A. (2000). "Nepenthes gracilis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2000: e.T39663A10254967. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T39663A10254967.en. Retrieved 25 March 2017.
  2. 1 2 (in Dutch) Korthals, P.W. 1839. Over het geslacht Nepenthes. In: C.J. Temminck 1839–1842. Verhandelingen over de Natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche bezittingen; Kruidkunde. Leiden. pp. 1–44, t. 1–4, 13–15, 20–22.
  3. ↑ Masters, M.T. 1881. New garden plants. Nepenthes angustifolia (Mast.), sp. nov.. The Gardeners' Chronicle, new series, 16(408): 524.
  4. 1 2 3 (in German) Beck, G. 1895. Die Gattung Nepenthes. Wiener Illustrirte Garten-Zeitung 20(3–6): 96–107, 141–150, 182–192, 217–229.
  5. ↑ Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. Pitcher-Plants of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
  6. 1 2 Mey, F.S. 2016. The beautiful Nepenthes kampotiana x bokorensis. Strange Fruits: A Garden's Chronicle, 5 October 2016.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
  8. ↑ McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sulawesi. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
  9. ↑ McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Borneo. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
  10. ↑ (in Italian) Catalano, M. 2010. Nepenthes della Thailandia: Diario di viaggio. Prague.
  11. ↑ McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sumatra and Java. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
  12. ↑ McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Peninsular Malaysia and Indochina. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
  13. 1 2 Adam, J.H., C.C. Wilcock & M.D. Swaine 1992. "The ecology and distribution of Bornean Nepenthes" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-22. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 5(1): 13–25.
  14. ↑ Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. The Nepenthes micramphora (Nepenthaceae) group, with two new species from Mindanao, Philippines. Phytotaxa 151(1): 25–34. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.151.1.2
  15. 1 2 Bauer, U., B. Di Giusto, J. Skepper, T.U. Grafe & W. Federle 2012. With a flick of the lid: a novel trapping mechanism in Nepenthes gracilis pitcher plants. PLoS ONE 7(6): e38951. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038951
  16. ↑ (in Indonesian) Hidayat, S., J. Hidayat, Hamzah, E. Suhandi, Tatang & Ajidin 2003. Analisis vegetasi dua jenis tumbuhan pemakan serangga di Padang Pinang Anyang, Pulau Belitung. [Vegetation analysis of two insectivorous plants in Padang Pinang Anyang, Belitung Island.] Biodiversitas 4(2): 93–96.
  17. ↑ Burbidge, F.W. 1882. Notes on the new Nepenthes. The Gardeners' Chronicle, new series, 17(420): 56.
  18. ↑ (in Indonesian) Mansur, M. 2012. Keanekaragaman jenis tumbuhan pemakan serangga dan laju fotosintesisnya di Pulau Natuna. [Diversity on insectivorous plants and its photosynthetic rate in Natuna Island.] Berita Biologi 11(1): 33–42. Abstract Archived 2013-09-21 at the Wayback Machine.
  19. ↑ Clarke, C.M. 2001. Appendix C: Distribution Maps. In: Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp. 299–307.
  20. 1 2 3 Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
  21. ↑ Macfarlane, J.M. 1908. Nepenthaceae. In: A. Engler. Das Pflanzenreich IV, III, Heft 36: 1–91.
  22. ↑ (in Latin) Blume, C.L. 1852. Ord. Nepenthaceae. In: Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavum, sive stirpium exoticarum novarum vel minus cognitarum ex vivis aut siccis brevis expositio. Tom. II. Nr. 1. E.J. Brill, Lugduni-Batavorum. pp. 5–10.
  23. 1 2 3 4 Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
  24. ↑ Fretwell, S. 2013. Back in Borneo to see giant Nepenthes. Part 2: Mt Tambuyukon and Poring. Victorian Carnivorous Plant Society Journal 108: 6–15.
  25. ↑ Lee, C.C. 2004. Nepenthes. In: Sarawak Bau Limestone Biodiversity. H.S. Yong, F.S.P. Ng and E.E.L. Yen (eds). The Sarawak Museum Journal Vol. LIX, No. 80; Special Issue No. 6: 71–77.
  26. ↑ Tan, W.K., C.L. Wong & C.K. Frazier 1996. Nepenthes × (rafflesiana and gracilis)? Nature Malaysiana 21: 82–85.
  27. ↑ Bednar, B.L. 1985. "Nepenthes ✕ dominii and var. intermedia" (PDF). Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 14(4): 105–106.

Further reading

  • Adam, J.H. 1997. "Prey spectra of Bornean Nepenthes species (Nepenthaceae) in relation to their habitat" (PDF). Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 20(2–3): 121–134.
  • Adam, J.H. & C.C. Wilcock 1999. "Palynological study of Bornean Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae)" (PDF). Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 22(1): 1–7.
  • Adam, J. H., R. Omar & C. C. Wilcock 2002. "Phytochemical Screening of Flavonoids in Three Hybrids of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) and their Putative Parental Species from Sarawak and Sabah". OnLine Journal of Biological Sciences 2(9): 623–625. doi:10.3923/jbs.2002.623.625
  • Adam, J.H., E.M. Nurulhuda, H. Abdul-Halim, O. Abdul-Rahim, A.H. Hafiza, G.K. Gopir, L.M. Pilik, R. Omar, M.B. Qasim, J. Salimon, S. Abdul-Rahim & M.M. Hanafiah 2005. Pitcher plants recorded from BRIS forest in Jambu Bongkok, Kuala Trengganu, Malaysia. Wetland Science 3(3): 183–189.
  • (in Malay) Adam, J.H., J.N. Maisarah, A.T.S. Norhafizah, A.H. Hafiza, M.Y. Harun & O.A. Rahim et al. 2009. Ciri Tanih Pada Habitat Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) di Padang Tujuh, Taman Negeri Endau-Rompin Pahang. [Soil Properties in Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) Habitat at Padang Tujuh, Endau-Rompin State Park, Pahang.] In: J.H. Adam, G.M. Barzani & S. Zaini (eds.) Bio-Kejuruteraan and Kelestarian Ekosistem. [Bio-Engineering and Sustainable Ecosystem.] Kumpulan Penyelidikan Kesihatan Persekitaran, Pusat Penyelidikan Bukit Fraser and Universiti Kebangsaan, Malaysia. pp. 147–157.
  • Adam, J.H., H.A. Hamid, M.A.A. Juhari, S.N.A. Tarmizi & W.M.R. Idris 2011. Species composition and dispersion pattern of pitcher plants recorded from Rantau Abang in Marang District, Terengganu State of Malaysia. International Journal of Botany 7(2): 162–169. doi:10.3923/ijb.2011.162.169
  • (in Indonesian) Akhriadi, P. 2007. Kajian taksonomi hibrid alami Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) di Kerinci. Working paper, Andalas University, Padang. Abstract
  • Anuniwat, A., A. Chaveerach, T. Tanee & R. Sudmoon 2009. Development of SCAR markers for species identification of the genus Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 12(22): 1455–1461. doi:10.3923/pjbs.2009.1455.1461
  • Athauda, S.B.P., K. Matsumoto, S. Rajapakshe, M. Kuribayashi, M. Kojima, N. Kubomura-Yoshida, A. Iwamatsu, C. Shibata, H. Inoue & K. Takahashi 2004. "Enzymatic and structural characterization of nepenthesin, a unique member of a novel subfamily of aspartic proteinases" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2008-01-13.  (1.32 MiB) (manuscript BJ20031575) Biochemical Journal 381(1): 295–306. doi:10.1042/BJ20031575
  • Aung, H.H., L.S. Chia, N.K. Goh, T.F. Chia, A.A. Ahmed, P.W. Pare & T.J. Mabry 2002. Phenolic constituents from the leaves of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes gracilis. Fitoterapia 73(5): 445–447. PMID 12165348 doi:10.1016/S0367-326X(02)00113-2
  • (in Indonesian) Baloari, G., R. Linda & Mukarlina 2013. Keanekaragaman jenis dan pola distribusi Nepenthes spp di Gunung Semahung Kecamatan Sengah Temila Kabupaten Landak. Protobiont 2(1): 1–6. Abstract
  • Bauer, U., C.J. Clemente, T. Renner & W. Federle 2012. Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 25(1): 90–102. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02406.x
  • Beaman, J.H. & C. Anderson 2004. The Plants of Mount Kinabalu: 5. Dicotyledon Families Magnoliaceae to Winteraceae. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
  • Bonhomme, V., H. Pelloux-Prayer, E. Jousselin, Y. Forterre, J.-J. Labat & L. Gaume 2011. Slippery or sticky? Functional diversity in the trapping strategy of Nepenthes carnivorous plants. New Phytologist 191(2): 545–554. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03696.x
  • Bourke, G. 2010. "The climbing pitcher plants of the Kelabit highlands" (PDF). Captive Exotics Newsletter 1(1): 4–7.
  • Brearley, F.Q. & M. Mansur 2012. Nutrient stoichiometry of Nepenthes species from a Bornean peat swamp forest. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 41(3): 105–108.
  • Buch, F., M. Rott, S. Rottloff, C. Paetz, I. Hilke, M. Raessler & A. Mithöfer 2012. Secreted pitfall-trap fluid of carnivorous Nepenthes plants is unsuitable for microbial growth. Annals of Botany 111(3): 375–383. doi:10.1093/aob/mcs287
  • Chia, T.F., H.H. Aung, A. Osipov, N.K. Goh & L.S. Chia 2004. Carnivorous pitcher plant uses free radicals in the digestion of prey. Redox Report 9(5): 255–261. doi:10.1179/135100004225006029
  • Chou, L.Y., C.M. Clarke & G.A. Dykes 2014. Bacterial communities associated with the pitcher fluids of three Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) pitcher plant species growing in the wild. Archives of Microbiology 196(10): 709–717. doi:10.1007/s00203-014-1011-1
  • Chua, T.J.L. & M.L.M. Lim 2012. Cross-habitat predation in Nepenthes gracilis: the red crab spider Misumenops nepenthicola influences abundance of pitcher dipteran larvae. Journal of Tropical Ecology 28(1): 97–104. doi:10.1017/S0266467411000629
  • Chung, A.Y.C. 2006. Biodiversity and Conservation of The Meliau Range: A Rain Forest in Sabah's Ultramafic Belt. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. ISBN 9838121169.
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  • Dixon, W.E. 1889. Nepenthes. The Gardeners' Chronicle, series 3, 6(144): 354.
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