National Maritime Museum

National Maritime Museum
National Maritime Museum
Location within Greater London
Established 1937 (1937)
Location Greenwich
London, SE10
United Kingdom
Coordinates 51°28′52″N 0°00′20″W / 51.481111°N 0.005556°W / 51.481111; -0.005556Coordinates: 51°28′52″N 0°00′20″W / 51.481111°N 0.005556°W / 51.481111; -0.005556
Collection size 2 million+ objects
Visitors

2,367,904 (2009)[1]

Director Kevin Fewster, AM, FRSA
Public transit access Docklands Light Railway Cutty Sark
National Rail Docklands Light Railway Greenwich
Website rmg.co.uk
Area 200 acres (0.81 km2)

The National Maritime Museum (NMM) in Greenwich, London, is the leading maritime museum of the United Kingdom and may be the largest museum of its kind in the world. The historic buildings form part of the Maritime Greenwich World Heritage Site, and it also incorporates the Royal Observatory and 17th-century Queen's House. In 2012, Her Majesty the Queen formally approved Royal Museums Greenwich as the new overall title for the National Maritime Museum, Queen’s House, the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, and the Cutty Sark. The museum is a non-departmental public body sponsored by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport. Like other publicly funded national museums in the United Kingdom, the National Maritime Museum does not levy an admission charge, although most temporary exhibitions do incur admission charges.

Creation and official opening

The Museum was created by the National Maritime Act of 1934 Chapter 43,[2] under a Board of Trustees, appointed by H.M. Treasury. It is based on the generous donations of Sir James Caird (1864–1954). King George VI formally opened the Museum on 27 April 1937 when his daughter Elizabeth accompanied him for the journey along the Thames from London. The first Director was Sir Geoffrey Callender.[3]

Collection

Portrait of Captain James Cook by Nathaniel Dance at the National Maritime Museum.

Since earliest times Greenwich has had associations with the sea and navigation. It was a landing place for the Romans; Henry VIII lived here; the navy has roots on the waterfront; and Charles II founded the Royal Observatory in 1675 for "finding the longitude of places". The home of Greenwich Mean Time and the Prime Meridian since 1884, Greenwich has long been a centre for astronomical study, while navigators across the world have set their clocks according to its time of day. The Museum has the most important holdings in the world on the history of Britain at sea comprising more than two million items, including maritime art (both British and 17th-century Dutch), cartography, manuscripts including official public records, ship models and plans, scientific and navigational instruments, instruments for time-keeping and astronomy (based at the Observatory). Its British portraits collection is exceeded in size only by that of the National Portrait Gallery and its holdings relating to Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson and Captain James Cook, among many other individuals, are unrivalled.

The Bretagne, painting by Jules Achille Noël, 1859, at the National Maritime Museum
Admiral George Keith Elphinstone, 1st Viscount Keith by George Sanders.

An active loans programme ensures that items from the collection are seen in the UK and abroad. Through its displays, exhibitions and outreach programmes the Museum also explores our current relationship with the sea and the future of the sea as an environmental force and resource.

The Museum aims to achieve a greater understanding of British economic, cultural, social, political and maritime history and its consequences in the world today. The museum plays host to various exhibitions, including Ships Clocks & Stars in 2014, Samuel Pepys: Plague, Fire, Revolution in 2015 and Emma Hamilton: Seduction and Celebrity in 2016.[4][5][6]

The collection of the National Maritime Museum also includes items taken from the German Naval Academy Mürwik after World War II, including several ship models, paintings and flags. The museum has been criticized for possessing what has been described as "Looted art".[7][8] The Museum regards these cultural objects as "war trophies", removed under the provisions of the Potsdam Conference.

The Museum awards the Caird Medal annually in honour of its major donor, Sir James Caird.

In late August 2018, several groups were vying for the right to purchase the 5,500 RMS Titanic relics that were an asset of the bankrupt Premier Exhibitions.[9] Eventually, the National Maritime Museum, Titanic Belfast and Titanic Foundation Limited, as well as the National Museums Northern Ireland, joined together as a consortium that was raising money to purchase the 5,500 artifacts. The group intended to keep all of the items together as a single exhibit. Oceanographer Robert Ballard said he favored this bid since it would ensure that the memorabilia would be permanently displayed in Belfast (where the Titanic was built) and in Greenwich. [10] The museums were critical of the bid process set by the Bankruptcy Court in Jacksonville, Florida. The minimum bid for the 11 October 2018 auction was set at US$21.5 million (£16.5m) and the consortium did not have enough funding to meet that amount.[11][12]

The site

The museum lit at night

The museum was officially established in 1934 within the 200 acres (0.81 km2) of Greenwich Royal Park in the buildings formerly occupied by the Royal Hospital School, before it moved to Holbrook in Suffolk. These buildings had previously been occupied by the Royal Naval Asylum before it was incorporated into the Greenwich Royal Hospital School. It includes the Queen's House (part of the historic park-and-palace landscape of "Maritime Greenwich", which was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997) and the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, which was an active scientific institution until the 1950s, when it was removed to Herstmonceux Castle and became known as the Royal Greenwich Observatory.

Entry portico of the museum.

The gardens immediately to the north of the museum were reinstated in the late 1870s following construction of the cut-and-cover tunnel between Greenwich and Maze Hill stations. The tunnel comprised part of the final section of the London and Greenwich Railway and opened in 1878.

Flamsteed House (1675–76), the original part of the Royal Observatory, was designed by Sir Christopher Wren and Robert Hooke and was the first purpose-built scientific institution in Britain.

In 1953, the Old Royal Observatory became part of the Museum. Flamsteed House, was first opened for visitors by Queen Elizabeth II in 1960.

The 17th-century Queen’s House, an early classical building designed by Inigo Jones, is the keystone of the historic "park and palace" landscape of maritime Greenwich.

All the Museum buildings have been subsequently upgraded. A full redevelopment of the main galleries, centring on what is now the Neptune Court, and funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund, was completed in 1999.

The Queen's House was refurbished in 2001 to become the heart of displays of art from the Museum's collection.

In May 2007 a major capital project, "Time and Space", opened up the entire Royal Observatory site for the benefit of visitors. The £16 million transformation features three new modern astronomy galleries, four new time galleries, facilities for collections conservation and research, a learning centre and the 120-seat Peter Harrison Planetarium (named after the major donor, Peter Harrison) designed to introduce the world beyond the night sky.

In 2008, the museum announced that Israeli shipping magnate Sammy Ofer, had donated £20m for a new gallery.

Directors of the National Maritime Museum

A Type 23 frigate propeller at the National Maritime Museum.

Caird Medal

The Caird Medal was instituted in 1984 to mark the fiftieth anniversary of the National Maritime Museum Act of 1934 that established the museum. The medal is awarded annually to "an individual who, in the opinion of the Trustees of the National Maritime Museum, has done conspicuously important work in the field of the Museum's interests and is of a nature which involves communicating with the public." The medal is named for Sir James Caird (1864–1954), the principal donor at the founding of the National Maritime Museum.

The award of the medal is associated with the Caird Lecture, a public lecture presented by the recipient, which is usually published after the lecture.

The Caird Medalists

Museum interior

Other British maritime museums

NMM Cornwall, Falmouth

The National Maritime Museum Cornwall is a fully independent museum, a development of the original FIMI (Falmouth International Maritime Initiative) partnership created in 1992 and the result of collaboration between the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich and the former Cornwall Maritime Museum in Falmouth.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Visits made in 2009 to visitor attractions in membership with ALVA". Association of Leading Visitor Attractions. Archived from the original on 29 April 2010. Retrieved 21 May 2010.
  2. ↑ National Maritime Museum, Governing Acts of Parliament.
  3. ↑ ODNB article by Michael Lewis, ‘Callender, Sir Geoffrey Arthur Romaine (1875–1946)’, rev. H. C. G. Matthew, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 23 September 2007.
  4. ↑ Falk, Seb. "Review of Ships, Clocks & Stars: The Quest for Longitude". journal.sciencemuseum.ac.uk. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
  5. ↑ Smart, Alastair. "Samuel Pepys, National Maritime Museum, review: 'history rivetingly brought to life'". telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
  6. ↑ Jones, Jonathan. "Emma Hamilton: Seduction and Celebrity review – the betrayal of Nelson's mistress". theguardian.com. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
  7. ↑ Martin Bailey three articles: (1) "Revealed: Nazi painting in London’s Maritime Museum looted by British." The Art Newspaper. 3 January 2007, (2) {{cite web |url=http://www.theartnewspaper.com/article01.asp?id=562 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-05-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526132548/http://www.theartnewspaper.com/article01.asp?id=562 |archivedate=26 May 2008 |df=dmy-all }} How the London Maritime Museum rebuffed a German claim in 1965.] The Art Newspaper. 1 February 2007, (3) {{cite web |url=http://www.theartnewspaper.com/article01.asp?id=563 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-05-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526132553/http://www.theartnewspaper.com/article01.asp?id=563 |archivedate=26 May 2008 |df=dmy-all }} "Revealed: six paintings in Maritime Museum were seized by British troops from Nazi Germany."] The Art Newspaper. 1 February 2007
  8. ↑ Schleswig-Holsteinischer Zeitungsverlag: Gezeiten. Die letzten Tage der Dönitz-Regierung in Mürwik. 21. Dezember 2009; access: 27. August 2016
  9. ↑ Dawn McCarty, Jef Feeley, Chris Dixon (2018-07-24). National Geographic https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2018/07/news-titanic-uk-belfast-bankruptcy-cameron/. Retrieved 2018-09-02. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  10. ↑ Dawn McCarty, Jef Feeley, Chris Dixon (2018-07-24). National Geographic https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2018/07/news-titanic-uk-belfast-bankruptcy-cameron/. Retrieved 2018-09-02. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  11. ↑ Titanic: Salvaged treasure may not return to Belfast BBC 5 October 2018
  12. ↑ Bankrupt Premier Exhibitions Inc. owns 5,500 items from the ill-fated ocean liner The Basch Report 3 October 2018
  13. ↑ Biography Frank Carr: Ship saver by Peter Elphick, states "Meanwhile, in 1966, the Trustees of the National Maritime Museum dismissed Frank Carr from his post as Director, two years before he was due to retire. No one seems to know the full circumstances behind this highly controversial decision, but it seems that the Trustees wanted a change of course."
  14. ↑ Who's who entry for Richard Ormond
  15. ↑ Who's who entry for Roy Clare
  16. ↑ Biography of Director Kevin Fewster on NMM Website.
  17. ↑ van der Merwe, Pieter (15 January 2000), "Obituary – Michael Robinson 1910 – 1999", The Independent, archived from the original on 4 December 2010 .
  18. ↑ Penguin Books author biography: Richard Ollard Archived 20 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine., accessed 20 October 2007.
  19. ↑ The Caird Lecture, 1999, by Elisabeth Mann-Borgese: "The economics and governance of the oceans" in Journal for Maritime Research, January 2000. Archived 29 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine. accessed 20 October 2007.
  20. ↑ The Caird Lecture, 2000, by John Hattendorf: "The Anglo-French Naval Wars (1689–1815) in twentieth-century naval thought" Archived 21 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
  21. ↑ Reference to David Attenborough's Caird Medal Address in Cook's Log: the quarterly newsletter of the Captain Cook Society, Volume 27 No.4 (Oct–Dec 2004) accessed 20 October 2007.
  22. ↑ Institute of Historical Research Newsletter 2005: Peter Kennedy's Caird Medal Address noted Archived 10 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine. accessed 20 October 2007.
  23. ↑ Caird Lecture, 2006, by David Armitage: "The Elephant and the Whale: Empires of Land and Sea" Archived 26 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
  24. ↑ Announcement and text of Caird Lecture
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