Érick Valencia Salazar

Érick Valencia Salazar
Nationality Mexican
Other names El 85
Employer Jalisco New Generation Cartel (suspected)
Predecessor Ignacio Coronel Villarreal
Successor Nemesio Oseguera Cervantes
Criminal charge
  • Organized crime involvement
  • Possession of military-exclusive firearms
Criminal status Released (2017)

Érick Valencia Salazar, commonly referred to by his alias El 85, is a Mexican suspected drug lord and high-ranking leader of the Jalisco New Generation Cartel (CJNG), a criminal group based in Jalisco. The Mexican Army suspects he was responsible for supervising the CJNG's cocaine and ephedrine delivery shipments from Colombia and China to Mexico, and for coordinating attacks against rival groups like La Resistencia and Los Zetas in 2010s. Before leading the CJNG, El 85 reportedly held a leadership role within the Milenio Cartel, the predecessor group where the CJNG originated from. When several of his superiors were arrested and/or killed, El 85 and several others from the Milenio Cartel reportedly formed the CJNG.

On March 3, 2012, the Mexican Army arrested El 85 in Zapopan, Jalisco. The arrest triggered a series of coordinated attacks carried out by the CJNG to try to rescue El 85. Throughout the states of Jalisco and Michoacán, the CJNG hijacked 25 vehicles and set them on fire across multiple highways. Three people were killed and sixteen suspects were arrested. On December 27, 2017, El 85 was released from prison after a judge concluded there were violations in his due process and because of insufficient evidence. Investigators suspect El 85 may have resumed activities in the CJNG following his release.

Early life and career

According to military files, Érick Valencia Salazar, also known as El 85, Saúl Ulloa Cuevas, and/or Gerardo Sánchez Espinosa, is a suspected criminal who preferred to operate under a low-profile.[lower-alpha 1] He was described as being able to execute violent actions. Before his alleged involvement in organized crime, El 85 did not have a criminal record. In March 2007, Mexico's Office of the General Prosecutor (PGR) had an open investigation against him for alleged connection with Zhenli Ye Gon.[7] Zhenli was Chinese-Mexican businessman and suspected drug operator for the Sinaloa Cartel; his Mexico City home was raided in 2007 and authorities discovered and seized US$205 million in cash.[8] El 85 was mentioned in the investigation files of this case, but no other mentions of him exist in law enforcement databases prior to this.[7]

Police reports indicated that El 85 was part of the Milenio Cartel, a criminal group headed by Óscar Orlando Nava Valencia (alias "El Lobo"), a former lieutenant of Ignacio "Nacho" Coronel Villarreal, then-leader of a Sinaloa Cartel faction. Investigators made a connection between El 85 and Zhenli was because Zhenli reportedly worked with him to import drug precursors from China for El Lobo and an associate of his known as Salvador Revuelta Ureña (alias "El Chava Lentes"). In the investigation, the Deputy Attorney General's Office for Special Investigation into Organized Crime (SIEDO), Mexico's former organized crime investigation agency, accused El 85 of murdering a man known as Martín Zambrano in Uruapan, Michoacán.[9]

Leadership tenure

The Mexican Army stated that El 85 became one of the leading members of following the arrest of several of his superiors.[6] On October 28, 2009, El Lobo was arrested by the Army in Guadalajara, Jalisco.[10] Several months later on May 9, 2010, security forces arrested Juan Carlos Nava Valencia (alias "El Tigre") and his sister Jacqueline Patricia Nava Valencia in Guadalajara.[11] Later that year, Coronel Villarreal was killed in a clash with the Mexican Army. His death prompted an internal strife within the Milenio Cartel; on one front, El 85, Martín Arzola Ortega (alias "El 53"), and Nemesio Oseguera Cervantes (alias "El Mencho") wanted to command the Milenio Cartel. The other front was headed by Elpidio Mojarro Ramírez (alias "El Pilo") and Víctor Manuel Torres García (alias "El Papirrín").[12]

The Milenio Cartel split into two, with El 85's and El Pilo's side waging war against each other. El 85's front was known as Los Torcidos, while El Pilo's side was known as La Resistencia. To legitimize its existence, El 85's group launched a propaganda campaign against its enemies, denouncing extortions done by rival gangs against civilians, businessmen, and government authorities.[13] La Resistencia allied itself with Los Zetas, a rival group of the CJNG, to fight off the CJNG forces. They established their center of operations in the southern part of the state of Zacatecas to make incursions into El 85's home base, Jalisco.[14] Los Torcidos eventually won the war and consolidated their influence in western Mexico. The group then changed its name to the Jalisco New Generation Cartel (Spanish: Cártel de Jalisco Nueva Generación, or CJNG).[15][16]

In 2012, the Mexican Army suspected that El 85 held a leadership role within the CJNG, and was responsible for coordinating efforts against the joined forces of La Resistencia and Los Zetas. El 85 was suspected of coordinating a drug trafficking corridor along the Pacific Ocean through the port in Manzanillo, Colima. Investigators believed he oversaw the delivery of cocaine and ephedrine shipments that arrived from Colombia and China through this port. Under his supervision, the Army believed that El 85 expanded the CJNG's market share in the Mexican states of Michoacán, Morelos, Guerrero, and Veracruz; in some states, the CJNG called itself Los Matazetas (English: Zetas-Killers) to campaign against Los Zetas in rival turfs.[17] In Veracruz, the CJNG was responsible for the mass murder of 35 people in Boca del Río, reportedly under El 85's command.[18] After El 85 was arrested in 2012, the government claimed that El Mencho took over his role in the CJNG.[19]

Arrest and aftermath

Around 1:00 p.m. on March 9, 2012, the Army carried out an operation in the Lomas Altas neighborhood in Zapopan, Jalisco,[20] after receiving an anonymous tip about the presence of armed men in the vicinity. When the Army arrived at the scene, gunmen shot at the soldiers, who fired back at them. Multiple suspects escaped in two vehicles, while others sequestered themselves in the property. The assailants used hand grenades to attack the Army units;[21] El 85 injured his hand while attempting to throw a grenade shortly before his arrest.[22] He was given first-aid attention by the military personnel immediately after he was arrested.[23] Once El 85 was in custody, a large confrontation erupted between security forces and alleged members of the CJNG.[20] The initial shootout broke out in multiple streets across Zapopan: Piscis, Leo, Cáncer, and Paseo del Rocío. The attacks then spreaded throughout the Guadalajara metropolitan area.[21]

In total, the CJNG hijacked 25 civilian vehicles, transportation buses, and freight trucks.[24] The assailants set the vehicles on fire and erected roadblocks in 16 different locations.[25] Eleven of the roadblocks took place within the metropolitan area,[26] while the rest occurred in other municipalities of Jalisco and the neighboring state of Michoacán.[24] These coordinated attacks were done to halt the Army's movement and try to rescue El 85.[20] Investigators also suspected that these attacks created a distraction among authorities to allow other El 85 allies, like El Mencho and Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán, to escape Guadalajara undetected.[27] Mexican authorities issued a warning to civilians and asked them to stay at home or at work to allow security forces to move with greater flexibility throughout the city.[20] With the public transportation lines suspended, thousands of people throughout the Guadalajara metropolitan area were left stranded and had to walk home.[24]

Reactions

The attacks created traffic jams and sparked chaos across the city.[28][29] Multiple businesses and companies closed down for the day or cancelled work out of fear.[30] School activities were cancelled across the metropolitan area,[24] including the main campus and high schools affiliated with the University of Guadalajara.[30] The U.S. Consulate in Guadalajara issued a warning to American citizens living in the metropolitan area and asked them to stay alert.[31] At the Guadalajara International Airport, multiple flights were delayed and/or cancelled.[24]

By 6:00 p.m., the Army confirmed that peace had been restored.[31] Governor of Jalisco Emilio González Márquez asked civilians to stay calm and not listen to rumors on social media.[lower-alpha 2][32] He explained that the Mexican government was working at a municipal, state, and federal level to help restore order in Jalisco.[33] They officially confirmed the attack details in a press conference that afternoon,[34] and stated that they would be hosting a large meeting to coordinate their restoration efforts.[35] Despite being a weekend, nightlife activity in Guadalajara was low that night.[24]

On March 14, the CJNG put up over a dozen banners across the Guadalajara metropolitan area with a text apologizing for the attacks.[36] The text said that the group reacted that way because of the arrest of their "comrade" (an allusion to El 85), and said that he was a man who did not interfere with the civilian population and worked to maintain peace in Jalisco. The message also denounced the CJNG's rival group Los Zetas and asked civilians to report any extortion activity they were aware of.[37] The banners were put up around 6:00 p.m. in multiple neighborhoods; investigators confirmed that several coolers were left at some of the scenes where the banners were erected. They did not clarify what was inside the coolers.[lower-alpha 3][39] The Government of Jalisco refused to give a statement on the banners put up by the CJNG because they claimed it was against policy.[40]

Imprisonment

Once the clashes were over, El 85 was transferred to the PGR's installations in Mexico City for authorities to determine his legal status.[41] The government confirmed that three people were killed and sixteen suspects had been arrested for their alleged participation in the attacks.[42][43] At the scene, authorities seized six handguns, 37 assault rifles – among them 19 AR-15s equipped with grenade launchers – two machine guns, two Barrett rifles, three hand grenades, 119 gun magazines, 69,000 cartridges, three gun silencers, communication equipment, and two vehicles.[18] Along with El 85, the government confirmed that they also arrested a suspected high-ranking CJNG member known as Otoniel Mendoza and/or Otoniel Rubio Silva (alias "Tony Montana"). Tony Montana reportedly worked under El 85 and as the CJNG's second-in-command. In addition, the government confirmed the arrest of José Luis Salazar Gutiérrez (alias "El Chelis"), a suspected high-ranking member of the CJNG.[lower-alpha 4][18]

The Army's spokesperson Ricardo Trevilla Trejo presented El 85 in front of the media in a press conference on March 12.[45] He gave a background of El 85's suspected involvement in organized crime, starting with Coronel Villarreal and the split of the Milenio Cartel.[46] The head of the SIEDO, Guillermina Cabrera Figueroa, stated that El 85's charges involved organized crime involvement and illegal possession of military-exclusive firearms. She confirmed that the SIEDO requested a legal preventative arrest to a federal judge in order to allow investigators to recollect more evidences against the defense. Jalisco's former Attorney General Tomás Coronado Olmos said that following El 85's arrest, Mexican security forces carried out raids in four houses in Zapopan. At these properties they discovered multiple weapons and at least two corpses.[47] They also claimed to have discovered physical evidence of other deaths in the property.[48]

On March 14, a federal court approved the SIEDO's request to keep El 85 under preventative arrest for 40 days.[49] Once this concluded, El 85 was first imprisoned at the Federal Social Readaptation Center No. 1 (also known as "Altiplano"), a maximum-security prison in Almoloya de Juárez, State of Mexico.[50] He remained in this prison until June 12, 2014, when authorities confirmed his transfer to the Federal Social Readaptation Center No. 2 (also known as "Puente Grande"), a maximum-security prison in Jalisco. His transfer was carried out under strong surveillance from the Mexican Federal Police in early hours of that morning.[51] During his five year imprisonment, El 85's defense issued at least six writs of amparo against his arrest and charges, which included organized crime involvement and illegal possession of military-exclusive weapons.[52]

Release and investigation

After spending five years in prison, El 85 was released from Puente Grande on December 29, 2017,[lower-alpha 5] following Guadalajara-based federal judge Alejando Castro Peña's decision that there were violations in his due process and that there was insufficient evidence against him.[54][55] The due process violation was made because the Army arrested El 85 inside a property without having a raid warrant.[52] When testifying in court, four eye-witnesses testimonies from detainees contradicted the versions given by the Army.[55] According to the Army's account, El 85 and his henchmen were armed and visible from outside the property. Since in flagrante delicto existed, the Army proceeded to go inside the property, where a shootout broke out that and eventually resulted in El 85's arrest. Other eye-witness accounts, however, stated that the Army arrived at the property in multiple vehicles and entered the property to apprehend El 85 without a raid warrant.[52] They said there were not armed outside, as claimed by the Army. The court highlighted inconsistencies among the Army versions on what occurred after El 85 was detained.[55] In addition, the court stated that investigators mishandled weapons found at the crime scene by sending them to the SIEDO offices without following the appropriate procedures.[56]

During El 85's trial, the PGR presented a protected witness known by his code name Wicho, who testified against El 85. Wicho claimed that he met him in a meeting in 2004 in Gómez Palacios, Durango, and that El 85 was involved in organized crime. The court was not convinced that Wicho's accusations irrefutably proved that El 85 was guilty of the charges imposed by the PGR. In specific, Wicho's claim, according to the court, did not prove that El 85 was involved in organized crime and drug trafficking. Renato Salas Heredia, the head of Mexico's National Security Commission (CNS) (es), stated that Wicho's claim was not enough to sustain a case in Mexico's New Criminal Justice System (Spanish: Nuevo Sistema de Justicia Penal, NSJP). He stated that the government was training law enforcement on the new protocols and standards in order to prevent situations similar to El 85's case.[55] The court absolved El 85 from all the charges the PGR had against him.[57] He was not re-arrested immediately after his release because he was not wanted by any other Mexican law enforcement agency and because there was no pending arrest warrant against him.[58]

His release was not made public until mid-January 2018, when a government document containing the court's decision was leaked to the press.[59] Since the decision was made over the holidays, Mexico's Secretariat of the Interior and other intelligence agencies were not available to appeal the court's decision as they had done in the past with suspected drug lords who were released prematurely.[17] The release raised suspicions among the press because of the secrecy surrounding the case and because it involved a person like El 85,[59] who was in possession of illegal firearms at the time of his arrest.[60] The press speculated that intimidation towards the judge may have played a role in the verdict.[59]

On January 24, 2018, Jalisco's Attorney General Raúl Sánchez Jiménez was interviewed by journalists and avoided giving an official statement on the state government's stance on El 85's release. "It was a federal judge who absolved him", he said. He also said he could not confirm or deny if his release would bring more violence to Jalisco.[61] He also told journalists that the government prepared for any violent events that may derive from El 85's possible reinstatement in the CJNG.[62] Investigators suspected that violence would increase in Jalisco,[63] and that El 85's release was a value-added for the CJNG.[64][65] Security forces stated that upon his release from prison, El 85 contacted Carlos Enrique Sánchez Martínez (alias "El Cholo"), a high-ranking member of the CJNG, to start a campaign against El Mencho.[66]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ His first name Érick is sometimes spelled without an accent and/or without the "C".[1][2] Another source described Saúl Ulloa Cuevas as another person other than El 85.[3][4] In another source, Espinosa was spelled with a "Z", Espinoza.[5][6]
  2. ↑ Prior to an official statement, rumors circulated that El 85 and Nemesio Oseguera Cervantes (alias "El Mencho") had been arrested.[3]
  3. ↑ Coolers are often used by organized crime groups to drop off mutilated corpses at a crime scene.[38]
  4. ↑ Investigators suspected that both Tony Montana and El Chelis assisted El 85 by moving drugs through the Pacific Ocean corridor.[44]
  5. ↑ Another source stated he was released on December 30, 2017.[53]

Sources

  1. ↑ "Presumen detención de cabecilla del Cártel de Jalisco Nueva Generación". El Informador (in Spanish). March 9, 2012. Archived from the original on August 29, 2018.
  2. ↑ Baltazar, Elia (March 25, 2018). "Vida y misterio del "Mencho" Nemesio Oseguera, el niño que cuidaba aguacates y se convirtió en el narco más sanguinario de México". Infobae (in Spanish). Archived from the original on March 25, 2018. Retrieved August 29, 2018.
  3. 1 2 "Jalisco: tras captura de capo, narcobloqueos y dos muertos". La Crónica de Hoy (in Spanish). March 10, 2012. Archived from the original on February 14, 2013. Retrieved August 28, 2018.
  4. ↑ "Cae 'El 85', líder del cártel de Jalisco Nueva Generación" (in Spanish). La Razón. March 9, 2012. Archived from the original on August 29, 2018.
  5. ↑ Vicenteño, David (December 28, 2015). "El Mencho se queda sin sus operadores". Excélsior (in Spanish). Archived from the original on October 29, 2017. Retrieved August 29, 2018.
  6. 1 2 "El Ejército Mexicano detuvo a ERICK VALENCIA SALAZAR (a) 'El 85', líder del grupo criminal 'Cartel de Jalisco Nueva Generación'" (in Spanish). Mexico City: Government of Mexico. March 12, 2012. Archived from the original on July 4, 2018.
  7. 1 2 Zamarroni Martínez, Ulises (March 12, 2012). "'El 85', capo de bajo perfil y sanguinario". El Universal (in Spanish). Archived from the original on August 29, 2018.
  8. ↑ "Chinese-Mexican businessman found with $205M cash says he sold black market meth chemicals". New York Daily News. October 23, 2009. Archived from the original on August 29, 2018.
  9. ↑ "Ligan a El 85". Tabasco Hoy (in Spanish). March 10, 2012. Archived from the original on August 29, 2018.
  10. ↑ "Detención de Óscar Orlando Nava Valencia (a) 'EL LOBO', líder de la Organización delictiva 'Los Valencia'" (in Spanish). Government of Mexico. October 30, 2009. Archived from the original on July 4, 2018.
  11. ↑ "Caen dos hermanos del cártel de los Valencia". El Economista (in Spanish). May 11, 2010. Archived from the original on January 9, 2018.
  12. ↑ "Surge otro cártel en Jalisco". El Diario de Juárez (in Spanish). March 9, 2012. Archived from the original on August 29, 2018.
  13. ↑ "Diversifica 'Mencho' mercado del narco" (in Spanish). Mexico City: Zócalo Saltillo. January 31, 2014. Archived from the original on February 26, 2015.
  14. ↑ "Erick Valencia, aliado de 'El Chapo' y responsable de matanza en Veracruz: Sedena". Sin Embargo (in Spanish). March 12, 2012. Archived from the original on September 6, 2018.
  15. ↑ Woody, Christopher (October 11, 2016). "Crystal meth 'superpower': An upstart cartel is climbing to the top of Mexico's narco underworld". Business Insider. Archived from the original on January 20, 2017.
  16. ↑ Fregoso, Juliana (March 19, 2017). "El niño que cultivaba aguacates y llegó a arrebatarle parte del negocio a "El Chapo" Guzmán" (in Spanish). Mexico City: Infobae. Archived from the original on March 19, 2017.
  17. 1 2 Puig, Carlos (January 22, 2018). "La sospechosa liberación del líder 'matazeta'". Milenio (in Spanish). Archived from the original on September 6, 2018.
  18. 1 2 3 "Atribuye PGR a 'El 85' matanza en Veracruz". Animal Político (in Spanish). March 12, 2012. Archived from the original on April 15, 2012.
  19. ↑ "¿Quién es "El Mencho" y cómo llegó a donde está?". Radio Fórmula (in Spanish). March 26, 2018. Archived from the original on March 26, 2018.
  20. 1 2 3 4 Partida, Juan Carlos; Ferrer, Mauricio; Martínez, Ernesto; Castillo, Gustavo (March 10, 2012). "Violencia y pánico tras captura del capo El 85 en Guadalajara". La Jornada (in Spanish). Archived from the original on September 6, 2018.
  21. 1 2 de Mauleón, Héctor (February 1, 2018). "Impunidad en la estación violenta". El Universal (in Spanish). Archived from the original on February 4, 2018.
  22. ↑ de Mauleón, Héctor (June 1, 2015). "CJNG: La sombra que nadie vio" (in Spanish). Revista Nexos. Archived from the original on March 5, 2017.
  23. ↑ "Erick Valencia, aliado de 'El Chapo' y responsable de matanza en Veracruz: Sedena". Proceso (in Spanish). March 12, 2012. Archived from the original on August 29, 2018.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "La guerra pone a temblar a Guadalajara y a por lo menos 20 municipios de Jalisco". Sin Embargo (in Spanish). March 10, 2012. Archived from the original on March 14, 2012.
  25. ↑ "Detención de capo desata jornada de caos en Jalisco". Excélsior (in Spanish). March 10, 2012. Archived from the original on August 29, 2018.
  26. ↑ "Cae fundador del Cártel de Jalisco Nueva Generación". Zócalo Saltillo (in Spanish). March 10, 2012. Archived from the original on August 29, 2018.
  27. ↑ Finnegan, William (July 2, 2012). "The Kingpins: the fight for Guadalajara". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on May 5, 2018.
  28. ↑ Corcoran, Patrick (March 12, 2012). "How Arrest of Gang Leader Sparked Chaos in Guadalajara". InSight Crime. Archived from the original on September 13, 2018.
  29. ↑ "El infierno desatado". Proceso (in Spanish). March 10, 2012. Archived from the original on August 29, 2018.
  30. 1 2 "Bloqueos y balaceras azotan a Guadalajara". Diario de Juárez (in Spanish). March 9, 2012. Archived from the original on August 29, 2018.
  31. 1 2 Zamarroni, Ulises (March 10, 2012). "Guadalajara vive crisis violenta; capturan a capo". El Universal (in Spanish). Archived from the original on August 29, 2018.
  32. ↑ "Confirma Sedena detención del líder del Cártel de Jalisco Nueva Generación; presentan a 15". Excélsior (in Spanish). March 9, 2012. Archived from the original on August 29, 2018.
  33. ↑ "Cae líder del cártel de Jalisco Nueva Generación". Univision (in Spanish). March 9, 2012. Archived from the original on September 13, 2018.
  34. ↑ Zamarroni, Ulises (March 9, 2012). "Jalisco: suman 13 bloqueos y dos muertos". El Universal (in Spanish). Archived from the original on August 30, 2018.
  35. ↑ Reza M., Gloria (March 9, 2012). "Captura del máximo líder del cártel de Jalisco desencadena violencia en Guadalajara". Proceso (in Spanish). Archived from the original on August 29, 2018.
  36. ↑ "En narcomantas, Cártel Nueva Generación se disculpa por bloqueos". Proceso (in Spanish). March 14, 2012. Archived from the original on August 29, 2018.
  37. ↑ "Cártel mexicano pide disculpas a la población". Univision (in Spanish). March 14, 2012. Archived from the original on December 23, 2015.
  38. ↑ "Dejan hielera con 2 cabezas frente a Televisa Guadalajara". SDP Noticias (in Spanish). November 29, 2017. Archived from the original on October 29, 2017.
  39. ↑ "Ofrece cártel 'disculpas' por bloqueos". El Mañana de Reynosa (in Spanish). March 14, 2012. Archived from the original on September 13, 2018.
  40. ↑ "Procurador de Jalisco no quiso hablar sobre 'narcomantas'". Noticias PV (in Spanish). March 14, 2012. Archived from the original on September 16, 2014.
  41. ↑ "Confirman detención de líder del cartel Jalisco Nueva Generación, tras operativo". La Crónica de Hoy (in Spanish). March 9, 2012. Archived from the original on February 13, 2013.
  42. ↑ Zamorrani, Ulises (March 11, 2012). "Guadalajara, bajo cerco de seguridad; frustan ataque". El Universal (in Spanish). Archived from the original on September 26, 2017.
  43. ↑ "Consignan a 16 detenidos por bloqueos en la ZMG". El Informador (in Spanish). March 14, 2012. Archived from the original on August 29, 2018.
  44. ↑ Torres, Rubén (March 12, 2012). "Sedena vincula a El 85 con Veracruz". El Economista (in Spanish). Archived from the original on September 13, 2018.
  45. ↑ "Presentan a Erick Valencia Salazar, "El 85", líder del cártel Jalisco Nueva Generación". CNN en Español (in Spanish). March 12, 2012. Archived from the original on May 1, 2016.
  46. ↑ Alarcón, Juan Carlos (March 12, 2012). "Quedará arraigado Erick Valencia, líder del Cártel de Jalisco Nueva Generación". MVS Comunicaciones (in Spanish). Archived from the original on January 24, 2018.
  47. ↑ "La Sedena presenta al presunto líder del cártel Jalisco Nueva Generación". Expansión (in Spanish). March 12, 2012. Archived from the original on March 16, 2017.
  48. ↑ "Encuentran cadáver en finca ligada a 'El 85' en México". Univision (in Spanish). March 13, 2012. Archived from the original on September 13, 2018.
  49. ↑ "Arraigan 40 días a El 85 y a sus dos lugartenientes". Proceso (in Spanish). March 13, 2012. Archived from the original on September 13, 2018.
  50. ↑ Osorio, Alberto (June 12, 2014). "Ingresan a El 85 al penal de Puente Grande". Proceso (in Spanish). Archived from the original on September 13, 2018.
  51. ↑ Martínez, Jorge (June 12, 2014). "Trasladan del Altiplano a Puente Grande a Erick Valencia". Milenio (in Spanish). Archived from the original on September 13, 2018.
  52. 1 2 3 Mosso, Rubén (January 24, 2018). "Por violaciones al debido proceso, liberaron a 'El 85'". Milenio (in Spanish). Archived from the original on August 29, 2018.
  53. ↑ Neri, Antonio (July 18, 2018). "Juez federal libera sin cargo alguno a Erick Valencia, cabecilla del CJNG". W Radio (in Spanish). Archived from the original on January 28, 2018.
  54. ↑ "'El 85', libre por faltas en el proceso". Zócalo Saltillo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on January 25, 2018.
  55. 1 2 3 4 Mosso, Rubén (January 30, 2018). "Renato Sales: 'El 85', libre por errores y deficiencias oficiales". Milenio (in Spanish). Archived from the original on August 26, 2018.
  56. ↑ "En libertad el fundador de CJNG, Érick Valencia 'El 85'". El Debate de Sinaloa (in Spanish). January 23, 2018. Archived from the original on August 22, 2018.
  57. ↑ Alvarado, Noel (January 23, 2018). "Juez libera a El 85, líder del Cartel de Jalisco Nueva Generación". El Sol de México. Organización Editorial Mexicana. Archived from the original on January 23, 2018.
  58. ↑ "Liberan al '85', líder del CJNG". Ríodoce (in Spanish). January 23, 2018. Archived from the original on September 13, 2018.
  59. 1 2 3 Mendoza, Gardenia (January 24, 2018). "Nuevo capo de la droga en México fue liberado de manera sospechosa". La Opinión (in Spanish). Archived from the original on January 25, 2018.
  60. ↑ Puig, Carlos (January 23, 2018). "Más preguntas sobre la liberación del líder matazetas"". Milenio (in Spanish). Archived from the original on September 13, 2018.
  61. ↑ Osorio, Enrique. "Evade Fiscal dar postura por salida de 'El 85'". January 24, 2018 (in Spanish). Reforma. Archived from the original on September 13, 2018.
  62. ↑ Huerta, Juan Carlos (January 24, 2018). "Liberan a fundador de CJNG, Érick Valencia Salazar, 'El 85'". El Financiero (in Spanish). Archived from the original on September 13, 2018.
  63. ↑ "La extraña liberación de 'El 85', el sanguinario fundador del CJNG". La Silla Rota (in Spanish). January 25, 2018. Archived from the original on September 13, 2018.
  64. ↑ Stewart, Scott (February 1, 2018). "Tracking Mexico's Cartels in 2018". Stratfor. Archived from the original on August 5, 2018.
  65. ↑ Gutiérrez González, Rodrigo (August 19, 2018). "¿'El Mencho' se queda solo?". La Silla Rota (in Spanish). Archived from the original on August 20, 2018.
  66. ↑ Dennis, García (September 10, 2018). "Se reacomodan cárteles para controlar el tráfico de drogas en la zona occidente". La Jornada (in Spanish). Archived from the original on September 10, 2018.
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