Mecha anime and manga

Mecha anime and manga, known in Japan as robot anime (ロボットアニメ, robotto anime) and robot manga (ロボット漫画, robotto manga), are anime and manga that feature robots (mecha) in battle. The genre is broken down into two subcategories; "super robot", featuring super-sized, implausible robots, and "real robot", where robots are governed by realistic physics and technological limitations.

Mecha series cover a wide variety of genres, from comedy to drama, and the genre has expanded into other media, such as video game adaptations. Mecha has also contributed to the popularity of scale model robots.

History

The 1940 short manga Electric Octopus (デンキダコ, Denki Dako) featured a powered, piloted, mechanical octopus[1]. The first series in the mecha genre was Mitsuteru Yokoyama's 1956 manga Tetsujin 28-go (which was later animated in 1963 and also released abroad as Gigantor).[2] He was inspired to become a manga creator by Osamu Tezuka, and began serializing the manga in Shonen, an iconic boy's magazine, in 1956.[2] In this series, the robot, which was made as a last-ditch effort to win World War II by the Japanese military, was remote-controlled by the protagonist Shotaro Kaneda, a twelve-year-old detective and "whiz kid".[2] The story turned out to have immense mass appeal, and inspired generations of imitators.[2]

In 1972, Go Nagai, another of Japan's greatest manga creators, defined the super robot genre with Mazinger Z, which was directly inspired by the former series.[2] He had the revolutionary idea to create a mecha that people could control like a car, while waiting to cross a busy street.[2] The concept became "explosively popular", making the manga and anime into a success.[2] The series also was the genesis for different tropes of the genre, such as the idea of a robot as a "dynamic entity" that could join with other machines or humans to become unstoppable.[2] Anime critic Fred Patten wrote that almost all mecha anime plots, such as monster of the week shows, were actually metaphors for re-fighting World War II, and defending Japan and its culture from Western encroachment.[2]

By 1977, a large number of super robot anime had been created, including Brave Raideen and Danguard Ace.[2] The market for super robot toys also grew, spawning metal die-cast toys such as the Chogokin series in Japan and the Shogun Warriors in the U.S., that were (and still are) very popular with children and collectors.[2] The super robot genre became heavily commercialized and stagnant, creating an opening for innovation, which was seized upon by Yoshiyuki Tomino in 1979 with the creation of Mobile Suit Gundam, a complex "space saga" that was called the "Star Wars of Japan" and birthed the real robot genre, which featured more realistic, gritty technology.[2] Tomino did not like the formulaic storylines and overt advertising of the super robot shows he had worked on, and wanted to create a movie where robots were used as tools.[2] While the response to Gundam was lukewarm at first, efforts by dedicated fans led to it becoming a success.[2] It created a massive market for mecha model robots, and became an industry that earned Bandai ¥42.8 billion in 2004.[2] Many real robot series and other media were later created, such as Full Metal Panic! and the video game series Armored Core.[2]

1990 saw the release of Patlabor, a breakthrough animated movie directed by Mamoru Oshii that popularized the mecha genre and aesthetic in the West.[3] Neon Genesis Evangelion, created by Hideaki Anno in 1995, was a major influence on the super robot genre, arriving when the real robot genre was dominant on television.[2] A deconstruction of classic mecha anime tropes, it recast the "saintly" inventor/father as a sinister figure, and the enthusiastic teenage protagonist as a "vacillating" introvert.[4] Due to its unusual psychological themes, the show became a massive success,[2] and further caused Japanese anime culture to spread widely and rapidly around the world.[5]

The mecha anime genre (as well as Japanese kaiju films) received a Western homage with the 2013 film Pacific Rim directed by Guillermo del Toro.[6] Similarly the genre was inspirational for the 1998 first-person shooter Shogo: Mobile Armor Division developed by Monolith Productions.[7]

Subgenres

Super robot

Some of the first mecha featured in manga and anime were super robots (スーパーロボット sūpā robotto), ultimate, sometimes transforming weapons with superpowers.[2] They are often a one of a kind product of an ancient civilization, aliens or a mad genius, are usually piloted by Japanese teenagers and often are powered by mystical or exotic energy sources (Getter Rays, Photonic Energy, Ide, Spiral Power etc).[2] Sometimes they are formed from a combination of a few weaker robots. Their abilities are described as "quasi-magical".[8]

Real robot

The later real robot (リアルロボット riaru robotto) genre featured robots that did not have mythical superpowers, but rather used largely conventional, albeit futuristic weapons and power sources,[2] and often mass-produced on a large scale in wars.[2] It also featured complex characters with moral conflicts and personal problems.[9] It was therefore aimed primarily at young adults and not children.[10] The genre has been compared to hard science fictions by its fanbase, and is strongly associated with sales of popular toy models the such as Gunpla.

One of the "founding fathers" of real robot design was Kunio Okawara, who started out working on Gundam and continued on to other real robot series such as Armored Trooper Votoms.[8]

Types

Sentient

These are mecha that have the ability to be self-aware, think, and sometimes feel emotion. The source of sentience varies from aliens, such as the titular characters of American-produced and Japanese-animated series, The Transformers (1984), to artificial intelligence, such as the robots of Brave Police J-Decker (1994) to magic, such as Da-Garn of The Brave Fighter of Legend Da-Garn (1992). The first series that featured a sentient giant robot, also the first mecha anime in color, was Astroganger (1972).[11]

Remote controlled

These are mecha that are controlled externally. The first mecha anime, Tetsujin 28-go (1966), and Giant Robo (1967) are famous examples.

Wearable

This refers to mecha that are powered exoskeletons rather than piloted as vehicles, such as in Genesis Climber MOSPEADA (1983), Bubblegum Crisis (1987) and Active Raid (2016); merge with the mecha, such as in The King of Braves GaoGaiGar (1997); combine with the robots, such as in Transformers: Super-God Masterforce (1988); or become mechanical themselves, such as in Brave Command Dagwon (1996).

Piloted

This ubiquitous subgenre features mecha piloted internally as vehicles. The first series to feature such mecha was Go Nagai's Mazinger Z. In a 2009 interview, Go Nagai claimed the idea came to mind when he was stuck in a traffic jam and wished his car could sprout arms and legs to walk over the cars in front.[12] Other examples include Mobile Suit Gundam (1979), The Super Dimension Fortress Macross (1982), and Tengen Toppa Gurren Lagann (2007). There are series that have piloted mecha that are also in the sentient category, usually because of an AI system to assist and care for the pilot, as featured in Blue Comet SPT Layzner (1985) and Gargantia on the Verdurous Planet (2013),[13] or because the mecha is also an organic creature, as featured in Neon Genesis Evangelion (1995).

Model robot

Assembling and painting mecha scale model kits is a popular pastime among mecha enthusiasts. Like other models such as cars or airplanes, more advanced kits require much more intricate assembly. Lego mecha construction can present unique engineering challenges; the balancing act between a high range of motion, good structural stability, and aesthetic appeal can be difficult to manage. In 2006, the Lego Group released their own somewhat manga-inspired mecha line with the Lego Exo-Force series.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "日本ロボット戦争記 1939~1945". Retrieved 2018-04-01.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Hornyak, Timothy N. (2006). "Chapter 4". Loving the Machine: the Art and Science of Japanese Robots (1st ed.). Tokyo: Kodansha International. pp. 57–70. ISBN 4770030126. OCLC 63472559.
  3. ↑ Hanson, Matt (2005). Building sci-fi moviescapes : the science behind the fiction. East Sussex, England: Rotovision. p. 38. ISBN 0240807723. OCLC 60800154.
  4. ↑ Super/heroes : from Hercules to Superman. Haslem, Wendy., Ndalianis, Angela, 1960-, Mackie, C. J. (Christopher J.), 1954-. Washington, DC: New Academia Pub. 2007. p. 113. ISBN 0977790843. OCLC 123026083.
  5. ↑ "TV Tokyo's Iwata Discusses Anime's 'Road to Survival' (Updated)". Anime News Network. Retrieved 2017-09-21.
  6. ↑ Axinto, Jemarc (24 April 2014). "Pacific Rim: In-depth study of the influence of Anime". The Artifice. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  7. ↑ Sabbagh, Michel (December 17, 2015). "Effort Upon Effort: Japanese Influences in Western First-Person Shooters" (PDF). Worcester Polytechnic Institute. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
  8. 1 2 1971-, Clements, Jonathan,. The anime encyclopedia : a century of Japanese animation. McCarthy, Helen, 1951- (3rd revised ed.). Berkeley, California. ISBN 1611729092. OCLC 904144859.
  9. ↑ Tomino, Yoshiyuki (2012). Mobile Suit Gundam: Awakening, Escalation, Confrontation. Schodt, Frederik L., 1950- (2nd ed.). Berkeley, CA: Stone Bridge Press. p. 8. ISBN 1611720052. OCLC 772711844.
  10. ↑ Denison, Rayna (2015). "Chapter 5". Anime: a Critical Introduction. London. ISBN 1472576764. OCLC 879600213.
  11. ↑ Daigo Otaki - Encirobot.com. "Astroganga - Pagina Principale". Encirobot.com. Retrieved 2014-06-30.
  12. ↑ "永井 豪 | R25". 30オトコの本音に向き合う、ビジネスマン向けサイト | R25. Retrieved 2016-10-25.
  13. ↑ Barder, Ollie. "How A Blue Comet Influenced The Last 30 Years Of Japanese Pop-Culture And Beyond". Forbes. Retrieved 2016-10-25.
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