List of ethnic riots
This is a list of ethnic riots, sectarian riots, and race riots, by country.
Africa
Angola
- Anti-Han Chinese riot(s) (mentioned 2008)[1]
Congo
- Anti-Han Chinese riot(s) (mentioned 2008)[1]
Côte d'Ivoire
- Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire caused by the 2004 French–Ivorian clashes (2004) - Anti-white riots[2][3]
Egypt
Lesotho
Libya
Mauritania
- Mauritania (1989) - Mauritania–Senegal Border War. Race riots erupt in Mauritania between Arabs and black Mauritanians.[5]
Rhodesia
- Kananga (1925) - Kananga Riot of 1925
South Africa
Tanzania
- Zanzibar (1964) - The Zanzibar Revolution of January 12, 1964 put an end to the local Arab dynasty. Thousands of Arabs were massacred in riots, and thousands more were detained or fled the island[9][10]
Zambia
Americas
Brazil
- Rio de Janeiro (1823) - Anti-Portuguese riots[11]
- Salvador (1831) - Anti-Portuguese riots
Canada
- Toronto (August 2–5, 1918) - 1918 Toronto anti-Greek riot
- Toronto (August 16, 1933) - Christie Pits riot
- Vancouver (September 7, 1907) - anti-Asian riot
Mexico
- Torreón massacre (1911) - over 300 Chinese immigrants are killed by a mob including forces of the Mexican Revolution.
United States
Nativist Period: 1700s–1860
- 1824: Providence, Rhode Island Hard Scrabble Riots
- 1829: Cincinnati riots of 1829 - Rioting against African Americans results in over a thousand leaving for Canada.
- 1829: Charlestown Anti-Catholic Riots
- 1831: Providence, Rhode Island
- 1834: Massachusetts Convent Burning
- 1834: Philadelphia pro-slavery riots[12]
- 1834: New York City pro-slavery riots
- 1835: Boston pro-slavery riots
- 1835: Five Points Riot
- 1835: Snow Riot, Washington, D.C.[13][14]
- 1836: Cincinnati riots of 1836 - Several anti-abolitionist riots
- 1841: Cincinnati, Ohio White Irish-descendant and Irish immigrant dock workers rioted against Black dock workers. When the Black dock workers banded together to defend their community from the approaching Whites, the White rioters retreated, commandeered a 6-pound cannon, and shot it through the streets of Cincinnati.
- 1844: Philadelphia Nativist Riots (May 6–8, July 5–8)
- 1851: Hoboken Anti-German Riot
- 1855: Louisville Anti-German Riots
Civil War Period: 1861–1865
- 1863: New York City Draft Riot, ethnic Irish against African Americans
- 1863: Detroit Race Riot
Reconstruction Period: 1865–1877
- 1866: New Orleans Riot
- 1866: Memphis, Tennessee, mostly ethnic Irish against African Americans
- 1868: Pulaski Riot
- 1868: St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana
- 1868: Opelousas, Louisiana
- 1868: Camilla race riot
- 1870: Eutaw, Alabama
- 1870: Laurens, South Carolina
- 1870: New York City Orange Riot
- 1871: Second New York City Orange Riot
- 1871: Los Angeles, Chinese massacre. Mixed Mexican and white mob killed 17–20 Chinese in the largest mass lynching in U.S. history
- 1871: Meridian, Mississippi race riot, whites against African Americans
- 1891: New Orleans, lynchings of Italians and riot
- 1873: Colfax massacre, White Democrats against black Republicans
- 1874: Vicksburg, Mississippi
- 1874: New Orleans, Louisiana (Battle of Liberty Place)[15] After contested gubernatorial election, Democrats took over state buildings for three days
- 1874: Coushatta, Louisiana- white Democrats against black Republicans
- 1875: Yazoo City, Mississippi
- 1875: Clinton, Mississippi
- 1876: Hamburg Massacre
- 1876: Ellenton, South Carolina
Jim Crow Period: 1878–1914
- 1885: Anti-Chinese riot in Rock Springs, Wyoming Territory
- 1886: Seattle riot of 1886[16]
- 1898: Wilmington Insurrection of 1898, White Democrats overthrew elected government and attacked blacks[17]
- 1898: Lake City, South Carolina
- 1898: Greenwood County, South Carolina
- 1900: Robert Charles Riots
- 1900: New York City
- 1904: Springfield, Ohio Race Riot[18]
- 1906: Springfield, Ohio Race Riot[18]
- 1906: Atlanta Race Riot, whites against African Americans[19]
- 1906: Brownsville, Texas
- 1907: Onancock, Virginia
- 1907: Pacific Coast Race Riots of 1907
- 1908: Springfield Race Riot of 1908[20]
- 1909: Omaha, Nebraska anti-Greek riot
- 1910: Nationwide riots following the heavyweight championship fight between Jack Johnson and Jim Jeffries in Reno, Nevada on July 4
- 1910: Slocum, Texas
War and inter-war period: 1914–1945
- 1917: East St. Louis Riot[21]
- 1917: Chester, Pennsylvania
- 1917: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- 1917: Houston Riot
- Red Summer of 1919
- 1919: Washington, D.C.
- 1919: Chicago Race Riot of 1919[22]
- 1919: Omaha Race Riot of 1919
- 1919: Charleston, South Carolina
- 1919: Longview, Texas
- 1919: Knoxville Riot of 1919
- 1919: Elaine Race Riot
- 1920: Ocoee Massacre
- 1921: Tulsa race riot (Tulsa, Oklahoma)[23]
- 1921: Springfield, Ohio Race Riot[18]
- 1923: Rosewood massacre (Rosewood, Florida)[24]
- 1927: Yakima Valley Anti-Filipino Riot[25]
- 1928: Wenatchee Valley Anti-Filipino Riot[25]
- 1929: Exeter Anti-Filipino Riot[26]
- 1930: Watsonville Riots, Anti-Filipino riot which inspired race riots in San Francisco, Salinas and San Jose and attacks elsewhere.[26]
- 1935: Harlem Riot of 1935
- 1943: Detroit Race Riot[27]
- 1943: Beaumont Race Riot of 1943
- 1943: Harlem Riot of 1943
- 1943: Zoot Suit Riots
- 1944: Agana race riot
Postwar era: 1946–1954
- 1946: Columbia, Tennessee Riot
- 1949: Peekskill Riots
- 1951: Cicero Race Riot in Illinois
Civil Rights and Black Power Movement's Period: 1955–1977
- 1958: Battle of Hayes Pond (Maxton, North Carolina)
- 1962: Ole Miss riot, Oxford, Mississippi
- 1963: Birmingham Riot of 1963, Birmingham, Alabama
- 1963: Cambridge riot of 1963 (Cambridge, Maryland)
- 1963: Lexington Riot, Lexington, North Carolina [28]
- 1964: Harlem Riot of 1964 (Harlem neighborhood, Manhattan, New York City)
- 1964: Rochester riot (Rochester, New York)
- 1964: Philadelphia 1964 race riot (North Philadelphia section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)
- 1965: Watts Riots (Watts neighborhood, Los Angeles, California)
- 1966: Division Street Riots (Humboldt Park neighborhood, Chicago, Illinois)
- 1966: Hough Riots (Hough community, Cleveland, Ohio)
- 1966: North Omaha, Nebraska (North Omaha community, Omaha, Nebraska)
- Long Hot Summer of 1967
- 1967: Roxbury riots (Boston, Massachusetts)[29]
- 1967: Tampa riots (Tampa, Florida)
- 1967: Texas Southern University Riot (Houston, Texas)
- 1967: 1967 Detroit riot (Detroit, Michigan)
- 1967: Buffalo riot (Buffalo, New York)
- 1967: Milwaukee Riot (Milwaukee, Wisconsin)
- 1967: Minneapolis North Side Riots (Minneapolis, Minnesota)
- 1967: 1967 Newark riots (Newark, New Jersey)
- 1967: Plainfield riots (Plainfield, New Jersey)
- 1967: Cincinnati riots (Cincinnati, Ohio)
- Protests of 1968
- 1968: Orangeburg massacre (Orangeburg, South Carolina)
- 1968: King assassination riots following the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.
- 1968: Baltimore riot of 1968 (Baltimore, Maryland)
- 1968: Chicago West Side riots (Chicago, Illinois)
- 1968: Louisville riots of 1968 (Louisville, Kentucky)
- 1968: 1968 Washington, D.C. riots (Washington, D.C.)
- 1968: 1968 Wilmington riots (Wilmington, Delaware)
- 1968: Glenville shootout and riot (Cleveland, Ohio)
- 1969: 1969 York Race Riot (York, Pennsylvania)
- 1970: May 11 Race Riot (Augusta, Georgia)
- 1970: Jackson State killings (Jackson, Mississippi)
- 1971: Camden riots (Camden, New Jersey)
- 1972-1977: Escambia High School riots (Pensacola, Florida)
- 1972: USS Kitty Hawk Riot (Coast of North Vietnam); October 12-13
- 1975: Chaffey High School Race Riot enhanced by local sniper (Ontario, California)
1978 to today
- 1978: Houston's Moody Park on the first anniversary of Joe Campos Torres death.
- 1979: Great Brook Valley Projects Riots Worcester, Massachusetts, Puerto Ricans rioted
- 1980: Miami Riots (Miami, Florida): Reactions following the acquittal of four Miami-Dade Police officers in the death of Arthur McDuffie.
- 1980: Chattanooga Riot (Chattanooga, Tennessee)
- 1984: Lawrence, Massachusetts Race Riot: A small scale riot centered at the intersection of Haverhill and railroad streets between working class whites and Hispanics; several buildings were destroyed by Molotov cocktails; August 8, 1984.[30]
- 1989: Overtown Riot (Miami, FL) After a black motorcyclist was shot by a Hispanic police officer in the predominantly black community of Overtown, residents rioted for two nights. The officer was later convicted of manslaughter.
- 1990: Wynwood Riot (Miami, FL) Puerto Ricans rioted after a jury acquitted six officers accused of beating a Puerto Rican drug dealer to death
- 1991: Crown Heights riot (Crown Heights neighborhood, Brooklyn, New York City), black anti-Jewish mob killed 2, injured 190.
- 1992: Los Angeles Riots (Los Angeles, California): In reaction to the acquittal of all four LAPD officers involved in the videotaped beating of Rodney King, in addition to the Korean involved in the murder of Latasha Harlins; riots broke out mainly involving black and Latino youths in the black neighborhoods of South Central Los Angeles and Korean-American neighborhood of Koreatown before spreading to the rest of the city
- 1996: St. Petersburg Riots (St. Petersburg, Florida): After Officer Jim Knight stopped 18 yr. old Tyron Lewis for speeding, he claimed to accidentally fire his weapon, fatally wounding the black teenager. Riots broke out, lasting 2 days.
- 2001: Cincinnati riots (Cincinnati, Ohio): In a reaction to the fatal shooting of an unarmed young black male, Timothy Thomas by Cincinnati police officer Steven Roach, riots broke out over the span of a few days.
- 2003: Benton Harbor riots (Benton Harbor, Michigan)
- 2005: 2005 Toledo Riot (Toledo, Ohio): A race riot that broke out after a planned Neo-Nazi protest march through a black neighborhood.
- 2006: Fontana High School riot (Fontana, California): Riot involving about 500 Latino and black students[31]
- 2006: Prison Race Riots (California): A war between Latino and black prison gangs set off a series of riots across California[32][33]
- 2008: Locke High School riot[34] (Los Angeles, California)
- 2009: 2009 Oakland Riots (Oakland, California): Peaceful protests turned into rioting after the fatal shooting of an unarmed black man, Oscar Grant, by a BART transit policeman.
- 2014-2015: The Ferguson unrest, a series of riots break out in Ferguson, Missouri over the shooting of Michael Brown.
- August 2014: riots for two weeks after the initial shooting of Michael Brown.
- Late November and early December 2014: riots for one week after the police officer who shot Michael Brown was not indicted.
- August 2015: riots for two days during the anniversary of the shooting of Michael Brown.
- 2015: The Death of Freddie Gray was an incident in which a suspect died in police custody and later protests turned into riots in Baltimore.
- 2016: The Shooting of Abdullahi Omar Mohamed sparked riots on the night of the shooting.
Asia
Bangladesh
- Noakhali riot
- 1950 Barisal Riots
- 1964 East-Pakistan riots
- Bangladesh (1990) - 1990 Bangladesh anti-Hindu violence
- Hathazari (2012) - 2012 Hathazari violence
- Ramu (2012) - 2012 Ramu violence
- Bangladesh (2013) - 2013 Bangladesh anti-Hindu violence
- Bangladesh - 2014 Bangladesh anti-Hindu violence
Burma
- Burma (1930) - Anti-Indian riots
- Mandalay (1997) - Anti-Muslim Riots
- Taungoo (2001) - Anti-Muslim Riots
China
- Nanjing anti-African protests (1988) - Nanjing
- Ghulja Incident, Xinjiang, China (1997)[35]
- 2008 Tibetan unrest (2008) - Tibet, China
- 2008 Uyghur unrest
- June 2009 Shaoguan incident - Guangdong, China
- July 2009 Ürümqi riots - Xinjiang, China
Indonesia
- Indonesia (1965) - Anti-Chinese riots[36]
- Jakarta, Surakarta (1998) - Anti-Chinese riots[37]
Israel
- Acre, Israel (2008) - Sectarian violence erupted on 8 October 2008 turning into 5 days of violence after an Arab Israeli citizen drove through a predominantly Jewish neighbourhood during Yom Kippur.[38][39][40]
- Tel Aviv (2012) - Race riots by Jewish Israelis against black African immigrants took place in May 2012 after the rape of an elderly woman, and an under age Israeli girl by South Sudanese men in front of her boyfriend.[41][42][43][44]
- Tel Aviv (2015) - After an Ethiopian-born IDF officer was beaten by an Israeli police officer and police volunteer, protests in Tel Aviv against racism and police brutality turned violent, with injuries among protesters and police.[45]
Malaysia
- Kuala Lumpur (1969) - May 13 Incident
- 2001 Kampung Medan riots
Pakistan
Palestine (British Mandate)
- Nebi Musa riots (1920) - Anti-Jewish riots by Arabs in Jerusalem
- Jaffa riots (1921) - Anti-Jewish riots by Arabs in Jaffa
- 1929 Palestine riots - Anti-Jewish riots by Arabs in Hebron, Safed, Jerusalem and Jaffa
- 1933 Palestine riots - Anti-Jewish riots due to Jewish immigration
- 1947 Jerusalem riots - Anti-Jewish riots by Arabs in Jerusalem
Singapore
- Singapore (1950) - Maria Hertogh riots
- Singapore (1964) - 1964 race riots in Singapore
- Singapore (1969) - 1969 Race Riots of Singapore
- Singapore (2013) - 2013 Little India Riot
Sri Lanka
- 1915 Sinhalese Muslim riots - Nationwide
- Gal Oya riots - 1956, Ampara District
- 1958 riots in Ceylon - Nationwide
- 1977 riots in Sri Lanka - Nationwide
- Burning of Jaffna library - 1981, Jaffna
- Black July - 1983, nationwide
- 2000 Bundarawela riots - Mawanella
- 2006 riots - Trincomalee, Galle
Europe
Azerbaijan
- Sumgait pogrom (1988), anti-Armenian pogrom
- Kirovabad pogrom (1988), anti-Armenian pogrom
- Baku pogrom (1990), anti-Armenian pogrom
Belgium
- Brussels (2006) - 2006 Brussels riots
Bulgaria
Denmark
- St. Croix riot (1873) - St. Croix Agricultural labor rioted against landlords and labor laws.
- Jewish skirmishes (1820–22) - Various Danish and German cities and towns.
France
- 2005 civil unrest in France - mainly Paris far suburbs, but also in other high-immigrant areas.
- Perpignan (2005) - Perpignan Riots[47] between Maghrebi and Romani communities after a man of Maghrebi descent was shot dead.
- Avignon (September 2009) - between Turkish and Moroccan youths (one youth of African descent was dead)
- Ajaccio, Corsica (December 2015) - 2015 Corsican protests between locals and immigrants.
Germany
- The Neo-Nazi marches in Dresden have sparked many riots as recently as August 2015.[48]
Italy
- Milan (2007) - Milan Chinese riot[49][50]
- Rosarno (2010) - African immigrants riots [51]
- Bari (2011) - African immigrants [52][53]
- Lampedusa (2011) - African immigrants (mostly Tunisians) riots [54]
- Sassari (2015) - Refugees refuse to reside in provided buildings [55]
- Sesto Fiorentino (2016) - Chinese riots against Arab immigrants and refugees[56][57][58]
- Florence (2018) - Senegal community riot the city [59]
Netherlands
- Utrecht (2007) - Utrecht Riots in Ondiep[60]
- Amsterdam (2007) - Moroccan-Dutch youth sectarian violence[61]
- The Hague (2015) - Immigrants riot after Caribbean man dies resisting arrest[62]
Poland
- Przytyk pogrom (1936) - anti-Jewish riots in Przytyk, on March 9, 1936
- Kraków pogrom (1945) - anti-Jewish riots that occurred on August 11, 1945, in the city of Kraków
- Kielce pogrom (1946) - an outbreak of violence against the Jewish community of Kielce, Poland on July 4, 1946
- Mława pogrom (1991) - a series of violent incidents in June 1991, when a crowd attacked Roma residents of the Polish town of Mława
- During the New Year's Eve (31.12.2016) a Polish man was stabbed to death by a Tunisian man during the brawl with said Tunisian, two Algerians and a Moroccan who all have worked at the local Kebab restaurants in the city of Ełk. Following[63] this event violent anti-foreigner,[64][65] anti-immigrant, anti-Arab[66][67] and anti-Muslim[68][69] riots erupted in the city. Protesters clashed with the police, and also with the military police who has to intervene due to escalation of the conflict,[70][71] and the kebab restaurant near which the murder took place has been demolished. Following riots several foreigner-owned kebab shops in other cities were vandalized and the number of attacks on darkskinned foreigners in Poland increased.[72][73][74][75] There had been an attempt to set fire to the apartment of the Algerian suspect[76] and the property of the girlfriend of the Tunisian suspect had been devastated.[77] In aftermatch of the riots polish police began countrywide patrols, supervision and monitoring of restaurants, shops and catering services, especially kebab serving ones, run by foreigners for fear of revenge attacks and possible retaliatory lynching of foreigners.[78]
Russia
- Anti-Jewish pogroms
- Kondopoga (2006) - Anti-immigrant riots in Kondopoga, Karelia, Russia
- Moscow (2010) - Anti-immigrant riots on the Manezhnaya Square, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow (2013) - Anti-immigrant riots in Biryulyovo district of Moscow
Soviet Union
- Sumgait Massacre (1988) - anti-Armenian riots in Azerbaijan SSR during February 1988
- Uzbek SSR (1989) - After bloody riots against the Meskhetian Turks in Central Asia's Fergana Valley, nearly 90,000 Meskhetian Turks left Uzbekistan[79]
- Dushanbe riots (1990) - anti-Armenian unrest in Dushanbe, the capital of the Tajik SSR, from February 12–14, 1990.
- Osh riots (1990) - an ethnic conflict between ethnic Kyrgyz and Uzbeks that took place in June 1990 in the Kyrgyz SSR
Spain
- Almería (Poniente Almeriense) (2000) - Spain's race riots [80]
- Madrid (2007) - Madrid Riots[81]
- Roquetas de Mar, Almeria (2008) - Riot between Senegalese and Roma (Gypsy) families[82]
- Salou (2015) - African Riot[83]
Turkey
- Eastern Thrace - (1934 Thrace pogroms), anti-Jewish pogrom.
- Istanbul (1955) - Istanbul Riots, also known as Istanbul Pogrom.
United Kingdom
- South Shields (February 1919) - South Shields
- Cardiff (June 1919) - Cardiff riots 1919
- Liverpool (June 1919) - Liverpool riot 1919
- London (April 1919) - Stepney
- London (May 1919) - St Anne Street
- London (June 1919) - Cable Street
- London (June 1919) - Poplar
- Birkenhead (1947) - Anti-Jewish riots
- Liverpool (August 1948) - Liverpool riot 1948
- Nottingham (August 1958) - Nottingham riot 1958
- London (1958) - 1958 Notting Hill race riots
- Leeds (1975) - 1975 Chapeltown riot
- London (1976) - Notting Hill
- London (23 April 1979) - Southall race riot
- Bristol (1980) - 1980 St. Pauls riot
- London (April 1981) - 1981 Brixton riot
- Liverpool (July 1981) - 1981 Toxteth riots
- Birmingham (July 1981, 1985) - 1985 Handsworth riots
- Leeds (1981) - 1981 Chapeltown Caribbean riot
- Manchester (1981) - Moss Side
- London (1985) - Peckham riot
- London (September 1985) - 1985 Brixton riot
- London (October 1985) - Broadwater Farm riot
- Leeds (1987) - 1987 Chapeltown riot
- Dewsbury (1989) - 1989 Dewsbury riot
- North Shields (1991) - Benwell and The Meadow Well riots
- Oldham (May 2001) - 2001 Oldham riots
- Burnley (June 2001) - Burnley Riots
- Bradford (July 2001) - 2001 Bradford riots
- Stoke-on-Trent (July 2001)
- Birmingham (2005) - 2005 Birmingham riots
- Windsor (2006) - 2006 Windsor ethnic violence[84]
- London (2011) - 2011 London riots
Oceania
Australia
- Buckland Valley (1857) - Buckland Riot
- Burrangong (1860–1861) - Lambing Flat riots
- Broome (1905,1914,1920) - Broome riots
- Anti-Greek riots in Perth in 1915 and in Kalgoorlie in 1916
- Redfern (2004) - Redfern riots
- Palm Island (2004) - Palm Island death in custody riot
- Sydney (2005) - 2005 Cronulla riots
New Zealand
- Wellington (1943) - Battle of Manners Street was a conflict involving American servicemen versus New Zealand servicemen and civilians outside the Allied Services Club in Manners Street.
Solomon Islands
- Honiara (2006) - Anti-Chinese riots[85]
Tonga
- Nukuʻalofa (2006) - Anti-Chinese riots[86]
See also
References
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- ↑ "Rwanda Syndrome on the Ivory Coast - Worldpress.org". Worldpress.org. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
- ↑ France's 'Little Iraq' Archived 2013-10-08 at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ "Anti-Chinese resentment flares". IRIN. 24 January 2008. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
- ↑ "Mauritania profile". Bbc.co.uk. 7 August 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
- ↑ "The Durban Riot 1949". Sahistory.org.za. Archived from the original on 8 March 2010. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
- ↑ Current Africa race riots like 1949 anti-Indian riots: minister, TheIndianStar.com
- ↑ "News24 - South Africa's leading source of breaking news, opinion and insight". News24. Archived from the original on 3 February 2009. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
- ↑ "Country Histories - Empire's Children". Channel4.empireschildren.co.uk. Archived from the original on 18 March 2008. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
- ↑ Heartman, Adam (2006-09-26). "A Homemade Genocide". Who's Fault Is It?.
- ↑ Rebelions in Bahia Archived 2011-11-21 at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-01-12. Retrieved 2010-11-17.
- ↑ August 'Snow-Storm' Brought Devastation To D.C.. NPR. July 5, 2012.
- ↑ Snow-Storm in August: Washington City, Francis Scott Key, and the Forgotten Race Riot of 1835. 2012 book by Jefferson Morley.
- ↑ "New Orleans Police casualites 1874 "Liberty Place"". Afrigeneas.com. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
- ↑ No deaths were reported, but all Chinese and most other Asians were expelled from Seattle and Tacoma. Schwantes, Carlos A. "Protest in a Promised Land: Unemployment, Disinheritance, and the Origin of Labor Militancy in the Pacific Northwest, 1885-1886." Western Historical Quarterly. 13:4 (October 1982).
- ↑ Thirty African Americans died. Robert A. Gibson, The Negro Holocaust: Lynching and Race Riots in the United States, 1880-1950, Yale University, 1979.
- 1 2 3 Carter, Darnell (1993). "The 1904, 1906, and 1921 Race Riots in Springfield, Ohio and the Hoodlum Theory". Etd.ohiolink.edu. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
- ↑ Ten African Americans and two Caucasians died. Robert A. Gibson, The Negro Holocaust: Lynching and Race Riots in the United States, 1880-1950, Yale University, 1979.
- ↑ Two African Americans and four Caucasians died. Robert A. Gibson, The Negro Holocaust: Lynching and Race Riots in the United States, 1880-1950, Yale University, 1979; Roberta Senechal, "Springfield Race Riot of 1908," Illinois History Teacher, Summer/Fall 1996.
- ↑ According to federal, state and local government investigators, 39 African Americans died. But civilian investigations shortly after the riot indicate that between 100 and 200 African Americans died. The riot was notable for the brutality of white attackers, who used scalping, gouging out of eyes of victims. Some children were seen to kill others. Elliott M. Rudwick, Race Riot at East St. Louis, Southern Illinois University Press, 1964.
- ↑ Twenty-three African Americans and 15 Caucasians died. Robert A. Gibson, The Negro Holocaust: Lynching and Race Riots in the United States, 1880-1950, Yale University, 1979.
- ↑ Officially, 39 African Americans died. But more recent estimates are that between 150 and 200 African Americans and 50 Caucasians died, and some sources put the number of black dead at 300. James S. Hirsch, Riot and Remembrance: America's Worst Race Riot and Its Legacy, Mariner Books, 2003. ISBN 0-618-34076-9; Robert A. Gibson, The Negro Holocaust: Lynching and Race Riots in the United States, 1880-1950, Yale University, 1979.
- ↑ Officially, six African Americans and two Caucasians died. However, there is disagreement about the number of dead, and some estimates place the number of black dead between 40 and 150. Michael D'Orso, Like Judgment Day: The Ruin and Redemption of a Town Called Rosewood, Putnam Books, 1996. ISBN 1-57297-256-4.
- 1 2 "IV. Timeline: Asian Americans in Washington State History". Center for the Study of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington. Retrieved 5 January 2012.
- 1 2 "Racial Riots". Office of Multicultural Student Services. University of Hawaii. Archived from the original on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2012.
- ↑ Twenty-five African Americans and nine Caucasians died. Robert A. Gibson, The Negro Holocaust: Lynching and Race Riots in the United States, 1880-1950, Yale University, 1979.
- ↑ "The Dispatch - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
- ↑ Akilah Johnson (2 June 2017). "The forgotten riot that sparked Boston's racial unrest". The Boston Globe.
- ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-12-10. Retrieved 2009-12-31.
- ↑ "Search Results for "ci_4491714" – San Bernardino Sun". Sbsun.com. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
- ↑ Archibold, Randal C. (10 February 2006). "More Injuries as Race Riots Disrupt Jails in Los Angeles". Nytimes.com. Retrieved 17 September 2017 – via www.nytimes.com.
- ↑ Race riot put down at California state prison Archived 2010-03-07 at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ Locke High School locked down after huge brawl, Los Angeles Times
- ↑ "Xinjiang, China's Restive Northwest (Human Rights Watch Backgrounder, November 2000)". Hrw.org. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
- ↑ Indonesia Turns Its Chinese Into Scapegoats, New York Times
- ↑ Anti-Chinese riots continue in Indonesia, CNN
- ↑ Acre faces fourth night of riots, Al Jazeera English
- ↑ Israeli City Divided by Sectarian Violence, New York Times, October 12, 2008
- ↑ Police arrest Acre Yom Kippur driver Archived 2012-01-11 at the Wayback Machine., Jpost, October 12, 2008
- ↑ "Anti-African Riots Erupt Over Tel Aviv Rape". Forward.com. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
- ↑ "Tel Aviv race riots shock Israel". Theaustralian.com.au. 24 May 2012. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
- ↑ "South Tel Aviv simmers as racial tensions linger". Jpost.com. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
- ↑ "'Deport the Sudanese': Violent Israeli race riots draw condemnation, empathy". News.nationalpost.com. 24 May 2012. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
- ↑ Anti-Police Protest in Israel Turns Violent The New York Times, 3 May 2015
- ↑ "Roma riots stir unease in Bulgaria". Balkantimes.com. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
- ↑ "'Race killing' sparks French riot". News.bbc.co.uk. 30 May 2005. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
- ↑ "Protesters in Germany attack refugee buses shouting 'foreigners out'". Independent.co.uk. 22 August 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
- ↑ "Milan police in Chinatown clash". News.bbc.co.uk. 13 April 2007. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
- ↑ "Milan Chinese riot over traffic fine". Theaustralian.news.com.au. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
- ↑ "Immigrants Riot In Rosarno, Italy". Huffington Post. January 8, 2010.
- ↑ "Clashes between Italy police, immigrants injure 30". Reuters.com. 1 August 2011. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
- ↑ freedom1164 (1 August 2011). "asylum seekers riot in bari italy". YouTube. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
- ↑ "Police battle Tunisian migrants". Bbc.com. 21 September 2011. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
- ↑ "Immigrati asserragliati a Sassari: seconda notte sul bus - Sardegna". Ansa.it. 9 June 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
- ↑ Squires, Nick (1 July 2016). "Police raid Italy's largest Chinatown to investigate attacks against Arab immigrants". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 17 September 2017 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
- ↑ Reporter, Staff (1 July 2016). "Chinese 'White Stags' wage race war against Arab migrants in Tuscany town". Ibtimes.co.uk. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
- ↑ "Two held for Chinese riot near Florence - English". Ansa.it. 30 June 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
- ↑ "Migrants protest angrily in Florence after Italian kills street vendor". Reuters.com. 6 March 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2018.
- ↑ "Utrecht: Ethnic Riots after Dutchman is Killed by Police". The Brussels Journal. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
- ↑ "Moroccan-Dutch youth riot in Amsterdam following fatal incident". Digital Journal. 16 October 2007. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
- ↑ "Hundreds arrested in Dutch protests". Dailystar.com.lb. 4 July 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
- ↑ "Tłumacz Google". translate.google.pl. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
- ↑ "Poland: anti-foreigner protests turn violent after fatal stabbing". Euronews.com. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
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- ↑ "Xenophobic riots erupt in Polish town after local man killed at kebab diner (VIDEO)". Rt.com. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
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- ↑ "Polish racism in a Mazurian kebab shop". Politicalcritique.org. 3 January 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
- ↑ "Tłumacz Google". translate.google.pl. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
- ↑ "Wroclaw Kebab Shop Targeted In Possible Elk 'Revenge Attack'". wroclawuncut.com. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
- ↑ "Tłumacz Google". translate.google.pl. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
- ↑ "Tłumacz Google". translate.google.pl. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
- ↑ "Tłumacz Google". translate.google.pl. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
- ↑ "Tłumacz Google". translate.google.pl. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
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- ↑ "Tłumacz Google". translate.google.pl. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
- ↑ "Focus on Mesketian Turks". IRIN. 9 June 2005. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
- ↑ "BBC News - EUROPE - Spain struggles with race riots". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
- ↑ "Breaking News, World News & Multimedia". Nytimes.com. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
- ↑ African immigrants riot in Spain, BBC NEWS
- ↑ Valentin, Jose. "Riot police quell tension in Salou after street vendor dies in raid". Euroweeklynews.com. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
- ↑ "Race clashes hit Windsor". Dailymail.co.uk. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
- ↑ "The Pacific Proxy: China vs Taiwan" Archived 2007-11-04 at the Wayback Machine., Graeme Dobell, ABC Radio Australia, February 7, 2007
- ↑ "Chinese stores looted in Tonga riots", People's Daily, November 17, 2006
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