List of possible dwarf planets

It is estimated that there may be 200 dwarf planets in the Kuiper belt of the outer Solar System[1] and possibly more than 10,000 in the region beyond.[2] The International Astronomical Union (IAU) has accepted four: Pluto, Eris, Haumea, and Makemake, as well as Ceres in the inner Solar System.

IAU naming procedures

In 2008, the IAU modified its naming procedures such that objects considered most likely to be dwarf planets receive differing treatment than others. Objects that have an absolute magnitude (H) less than +1, and hence a minimum diameter of 838 kilometres (521 mi) if the albedo is below 100%,[3] are overseen by two naming committees, one for minor planets and one for planets. Once named, the objects are declared to be dwarf planets. Makemake and Haumea are the only objects to have proceeded through the naming process as presumed dwarf planets; currently there are no other bodies that meet this criterion. All other bodies are named by the minor-planet naming committee alone, and the IAU has not stated how or if they will be accepted as dwarf planets.

Limiting values

Calculation of the diameter of Ixion depends on the albedo (the fraction of light that it reflects), which is currently unknown.

The qualifying feature of a dwarf planet is that it "has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid-body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape".[4][5][6] Current observations are generally insufficient for a direct determination as to whether a body meets this definition. Also, a dwarf planet may not be the satellite of another body, even though several moons (such as Titan) are larger than the recognized dwarf planets.

Based on a comparison with the icy moons that have been visited by spacecraft, such as Mimas (round at 400 km in diameter) and Proteus (irregular at 410440 km in diameter), Michael Brown estimated that an icy body relaxes into hydrostatic equilibrium at a diameter somewhere between 200 and 400 km.[1]

Ceres is thought to be the only dwarf planet in the asteroid belt. 4 Vesta, the second-most-massive asteroid, appears to have a fully differentiated interior and was therefore in equilibrium at some point in its history, but it is not today.[7] The third-most massive object, 2 Pallas, has a somewhat irregular surface and is thought to have only a partially differentiated interior. Brown has estimated that, because rocky objects are more rigid than icy objects, rocky objects below 900 kilometres (560 mi) in diameter may not be in hydrostatic equilibrium and thus not dwarf planets.[1]

After Brown and Tancredi made their calculations, it was discovered that Iapetus (1,470 km in diameter) and the smaller moons of Saturn down to Mimas with well-determined shapes are not in hydrostatic equilibrium as had been thought. They have a hydrostatic shape that froze in some time ago and that does not match the shape an equilibrium body would have at their current rotation rates.[8] Ceres, at 950 km, is the smallest body for which detailed measurements are consistent with hydrostatic equilibrium.[9] It is not clear whether trans-Neptunian objects would behave more like Ceres or Iapetus; thus, some or all trans-Neptunian dwarf planets smaller than Pluto and Eris might not actually be in equilibrium. The IAU has not addressed the issue since these findings.

Tancredi's assessment

In 2010, Gonzalo Tancredi presented a report to the IAU evaluating a list of 46 candidates for dwarf-planet status based on light-curve-amplitude analysis and the assumption that the object was more than 450 kilometres (280 mi) in diameter. Some diameters are measured, some are best-fit estimates, and others use an assumed albedo of 0.10. Of these, he identified 15 as dwarf planets by his criteria (including the four accepted by the IAU), with another nine being considered possible. To be cautious, he advised the IAU to "officially" accept as dwarf planets the top three not yet accepted: Sedna, Orcus, and Quaoar.[10] Although the IAU had anticipated Tancredi's recommendations, as of 2013, they have not responded.

Brown's assessment

Brown's categories Min. Number of objects
nearly certainly >900 km 10
highly likely 600–900 km 16
likely 500–600 km 38
probably 400–500 km 63
possibly 200–400 km 534
Source: Mike Brown,[11] as of Jun 21, 2018. (Summary figures differ on M. Brown's website using a cumulative count).
EarthMoonCharonCharonNixNixKerberosStyxHydraHydraPlutoPlutoDysnomiaDysnomiaErisErisNamakaNamakaHi'iakaHi'iakaHaumeaHaumea2007 OR102007 OR10S/(225088) 1S/(225088) 1MakemakeMakemakeMK2MK2WeywotWeywotQuaoarQuaoarSednaSedna2002 MS42002 MS4VanthVanthOrcusOrcusActaeaActaeaSalaciaSalacia
Artistic comparison of Pluto, Eris, Haumea, 2007 OR10, Makemake, Quaoar, Sedna, 2002 MS4, Orcus, Salacia, and Earth along with the Moon.

Mike Brown considers a large number of trans-Neptunian bodies, ranked by estimated size, to be "probably" dwarf planets.[11] He did not consider asteroids, stating "In the asteroid belt Ceres, with a diameter of 900 km, is the only object large enough to be round".[11]

The terms for varying degrees of likelihood he split these into:

  • Near certainty: diameter estimated/measured to be over 900 kilometres (560 mi). Sufficient confidence to say these must be in hydrostatic equilibrium, even if predominantly rocky.
  • Highly likely: diameter estimated/measured to be over 600 kilometres (370 mi). The size would have to be "grossly in error" or they would have to be primarily rocky to not be dwarf planets.
  • Likely: diameter estimated/measured to be over 500 kilometres (310 mi). Uncertainties in measurement mean that some of these will be significantly smaller and thus doubtful.
  • Probably: diameter estimated/measured to be over 400 kilometres (250 mi). Expected to be dwarf planets, if they are icy, and that figure is correct.
  • Possibly: diameter estimated/measured to be over 200 kilometres (120 mi). Icy moons transition from a round to irregular shape in the 200–400 km range, suggesting that the same figure holds true for KBOs. Thus, some of these objects could be dwarf planets.
  • Probably not: diameter estimated/measured to be under 200 km. No icy moon under 200 km is round, suggesting that the same is true for KBOs. The estimated size of these objects would have to be in error for them to be dwarf planets.

Likeliest dwarf planets

The following trans-Neptunian objects have estimated diameters at least 300 kilometres (190 mi) and so may be dwarf planets. Not all bodies estimated to be this size are included. The list is complicated by bodies such as 47171 Lempo that were at first assumed to be large single objects but later discovered to be binary or triple systems of smaller bodies.[12] The dwarf planet Ceres is added for comparison.

The default sort is per Brown's size estimate. The IAU-recognised dwarf planets have bold names. Brown's diameter estimates are in red when they are based upon an assumed albedo. Explanations and sources for the measured masses and diameters can be found in the corresponding articles linked in column "Designation" of the table.

Designation Per Brown[11] Measured per
measured
Diameter
per assumed albedo
Result
per Tancredi[10]
Category Best[lower-alpha 1]
diameter
km
H
Diameter[lower-alpha 2]
(km)
Geometric
albedo

(%)
Mass
(1018 kg)
H

[13][14]

Diameter
(km)
Geometric
albedo[lower-alpha 3]
(%)
Small
albedo=100%
(km)
Large
albedo=4%
(km)
136199 Eris−1.123309916700−1.12326±1290220611028accepted (measured)SDO2326
134340 Pluto−0.723296413030−0.762376±3.26318869430accepted (measured)2:3 resonant2376
136472 Makemake0.1142681−0.21430±1410414577286acceptedcubewano1430
(225088) 2007 OR1021290191.81535+75
−225
145802901SDO1535
136108 Haumea0.412528040000.21632±515512126060acceptedcubewano1632
50000 Quaoar2.710921314002.821110±5113631813accepted (and recommended)cubewano1110
90377 Sedna1.81041321.83995±80335722861accepted (and recommended)detached995
90482 Orcus2.3983235802.31917±25254592293accepted (and recommended)2:3 resonant917
(307261) 2002 MS4496053.6934±4772531266cubewano934
1 Ceres9393.36946±292831414asteroid belt946
120347 Salacia4.292144504.25854±455188939possiblecubewano854
(208996) 2003 AZ843.7747113.74727+62
−67
112371187accepted2:3 resonant727
2013 FY273.5721143.15740+90
−85
183121558SDO740
(55637) 2002 UX253.9704111253.87665±291122411183:5 resonant665
(90568) 2004 GV94.270384.25680±348188939accepted3:5 resonant680
20000 Varuna4.169893.76668+154
−86
122351176acceptedcubewano668
(145452) 2005 RN433.9697113.89679+55
−73
112221108possiblecubewano679
(55565) 2002 AW1973.8693123.3768+39
−38
142911454acceptedcubewano768
174567 Varda3.7689132653.61705+81
−75
132521260possiblecubewano705
28978 Ixion3.8674123.83617+19
−20
142281139accepted2:3 resonant617
(202421) 2005 UQ5134643113.5498+63
−75
282651326cubewano498
2014 UZ2244643113.5635+65
−72
172651326SDO635
(523794) 2015 RR2454.2615103.82311155SDO615
(523692) 2014 EZ514.2615103.82311155detached615
2010 RF434.2615103.92211103SDO615
(229762) 2007 UK1263.7612173.69614+15
−15
162431215SDO614
19521 Chaos561254.8600+140
−130
6146729cubewano600
(84522) 2002 TC3024.2591123.9584+106
−88
1422111032:5 resonant584
2015 KH1624.4587104.12011006detached587
(78799) 2002 XW935.458445.5106528SDO584
2010 JO1794.5574942111053SDO574
2010 KZ394.5574942111053cubewano574
(523759) 2014 WK5094.557494.4175876detached574
2012 VP1134.5574942111053detached574
2017 OF694.61607992:3 resonant565
2002 XV935.456445.42549+22
−23
41105482:3 resonant549
(42301) 2001 UR1634.656194.12011006possibleSDO561
(523639) 2010 RE644.656194.4175876SDO561
2004 XR1904.656194.3183917detached561
(523671) 2013 FZ274.656194.41758761:2 resonant561
2014 AN554.656194.12011006SDO561
2008 ST2914.654994.2192960detached549
2010 FX864.654994.7153763cubewano549
(230965) 2004 XA1924.654994.2339+120
−95
321929601:2 resonant339
(84922) 2003 VS24.1537154.1523+35
−34
152011006not accepted2:3 resonant523
(455502) 2003 UZ4134.753684.31839172:3 resonant536
(120348) 2004 TY3644.753684.52512+37
−40
10166829not accepted2:3 resonant512
2006 QH1814.753684.3183917SDO536
2014 YA504.753684.6160799cubewano536
2015 BP5194.852484.4175876SDO524
(482824) 2013 XC264.852484.41758763:5 resonant524
(145451) 2005 RM434.852484.4175876possibleSDO524
(470443) 2007 XV504.852484.4175876cubewano524
(470308) 2007 JH434.951384.51678372:3 resonant513
(278361) 2007 JJ434.951384.5167837cubewano513
(82075) 2000 YW1344.951384.5167837detached513
(523681) 2014 BV644.951384.7153763cubewano513
2014 FC724.951384.7153763detached513
2014 HA2004.951384.7153763SDO513
2015 BZ5184.951384.7153763cubewano513
2014 WP5094.951384.5167837cubewano513
(523742) 2014 TZ85550174.81467294:7 resonant501
2014 FC69550174.6160799detached501
2013 AT183550174.6160799SDO501
(499514) 2010 OO127550174.61607993:5 resonant501
(523645) 2010 VK201550175133665cubewano501
(315530) 2008 AP1295.149074.7153763cubewano490
(470599) 2008 OG195.149074.7153763SDO490
(523635) 2010 DN935.149074.8146729detached490
(444030) 2004 NT335.149074.8423+87
−80
121467294:7 resonant423
2003 QX1135.149074.7153763SDO490
2003 UA4145.149075133665SDO490
(119979) 2002 WC195.149074.71537631:2 resonant490
(523693) 2014 FT715.1490751336654:7 resonant490
(472271) 2014 UM335.149074.7153763cubewano490
(175113) 2004 PF1154.5482124.54406+98
−75
161648212:3 resonant406
2011 FW625.2481751336652:3 resonant481
(307982) 2004 PG1155.247974.8146729SDO479
(48639) 1995 TL85.247974.8146729TNO479
(523752) 2014 VU375.247975.1127635cubewano479
(495603) 2015 AM2815.247974.8146729detached479
2014 HZ1995.247975133665cubewano479
2014 BZ575.247975133665cubewano479
471143 Dziewanna3.8475253.8470+35
−10
242311155SDO470
(26375) 1999 DE95.247474.9461±459139696possible2:5 resonant461
(35671) 1998 SN1655.747345.5393+39
−38
7106528cubewano393
(145480) 2005 TB1904.4469154.4464±6214175876detached464
2011 WJ1575.346875133665SDO468
2010 RF1885.346874.9139696SDO468
(26181) 1996 GQ215.346874.9139696SDO468
(119951) 2002 KX144.9468104.86445±27101427092:3 resonant445
2013 FS285.346874.9139696SDO468
2014 JP805.346875.11276352:3 resonant468
2014 JR805.346875.11276352:3 resonant468
2015 AJ2815.346875133665cubewano468
(523750) 2014 US2245.346875133665cubewano468
(523757) 2014 WH5095.346875.2121606cubewano468
(120132) 2003 FY1285.146784.6460±2112160799SDO460
38628 Huya546685.04406±1610130652accepted2:3 resonant406
(84719) 2002 VR1285.645955.58449+42
−43
51025092:3 resonant449
(307616) 2003 QW905.445765133665cubewano457
(469306) 1999 CD1585.4457651336654:7 resonant457
2010 RF645.445765.796481cubewano457
(523640) 2010 RO645.445765.2121606cubewano457
2010 TJ5.445765.892460SDO457
(523653) 2011 OA605.445765.1127635cubewano457
(445473) 2010 VZ985.445764.8146729SDO457
(308379) 2005 RS435.4457651336651:2 resonant457
2010 ER655.445765.2121606detached457
(523772) 2014 XR405.445765.2121606cubewano457
2014 OJ3945.445765.1127635detached457
2014 QW4415.445765.2121606cubewano457
2014 AM555.445765.2121606cubewano457
2003 QX1116.845326.6643182:3 resonant453
(471137) 2010 ET655.544765.1127635SDO447
2010 EL1395.544765.61015042:3 resonant447
(471288) 2011 GM275.544765.1127635cubewano447
(471165) 2010 HE795.544765.11276352:3 resonant447
2014 CO235.544765.31165794:7 resonant447
(523690) 2014 DN1435.544765.3116579cubewano447
2013 HV1565.544765.21216061:2 resonant447
2014 FY715.544765.41115534:7 resonant447
(523773) 2014 XS405.544765.41115533:5 resonant447
2014 XY405.544765.1127635cubewano447
2015 AH2815.544765.1127635cubewano447
(523738) 2014 SH3495.544765.4111553cubewano447
(469372) 2001 QF2985.442175.43408+40
−45
71095452:3 resonant408
(303775) 2005 QU1823.8415333.8416±73312311155SDO416
(144897) 2004 UX104.8409144.75361+124
−94
17149746possible2:3 resonant361
2015 TG3875.3116579detached409
(437915) 2002 GD326.139145.988439cubewano391
(469333) 2000 PE306.237545.988439SDO375
2002 CY2485.637385.2121606cubewano373
(523601) 2003 UY4135.637385.4111553cubewano373
2005 CA795.637385.21216061:2 resonant373
2008 UA3325.637385.2121606cubewano373
(471318) 2011 JF315.637385.2121606cubewano373
(495613) 2015 FG3455.637385.21216063:5 resonant373
(523780) 2015 AN2815.637385.21216063:5 resonant373
2017 FO1615.637385.2121606SDO373
2014 SV3495.637385.2121606SDO373
(523777) 2014 YF505.637385.4111553SDO373
(523769) 2014 WS5105.637385.61015042:5 resonant373
2014 WW5095.637385.21216063:5 resonant373
(523763) 2014 WZ5095.637385.5106528cubewano373
2014 GX535.637385.4111553cubewano373
2014 LO285.637385.4111553cubewano373
2013 JW635.637385.2121606SDO373
2013 AP1835.637385.2121606SDO373
(471921) 2013 FC285.637385.2121606cubewano373
2012 JH675.637385.21216061:2 resonant373
2010 TR195.636785.4111553SDO367
(168703) 2000 GP1836.33594684419cubewano359
1999 CL1196.33594684419cubewano359
2002 PJ1495.735885.3116579cubewano358
2010 JK1245.735885.3116579cubewano358
2010 MQ1165.735885.3116579cubewano358
(471196) 2010 PK665.735885.3116579cubewano358
(523659) 2012 HG845.735885.4111553cubewano358
(471210) 2010 VW115.735885.3116579SDO358
2010 VQ115.735885.6101504cubewano358
(312645) 2010 EP655.735885.31165791:2 resonant358
(523617) 2007 PS455.735885.61015041:2 resonant358
(444745) 2007 JF435.735885.31165792:3 resonant358
(523687) 2014 DF1435.735885.5106528cubewano358
(523688) 2014 DK1435.735885.51065283:5 resonant358
2013 HU1565.735885.51065282:3 resonant358
2014 OD3945.735885.3116579cubewano358
(523768) 2014 WQ5105.735885.61015042:3 resonant358
(493480) 2014 YZ495.735885.3116579cubewano358
2014 YE505.735885.3116579SDO358
(523736) 2014 QA4425.735885.5106528cubewano358
(523749) 2014 UR2245.735885.5106528TNO358
2015 BX5185.735885.6101504cubewano358
2015 VG1685.6101504SDO356
2015 DU2495.6101504SDO356
2000 CQ1056.434446.180400SDO344
(15874) 1996 TL665.4344115.3339±2012116579acceptedSDO339
2000 KK46.434446.180400cubewano344
2001 QX3226.434446.180400SDO344
2001 QS2975.734385.4111553cubewano343
2010 VW2245.734385.41115534:7 resonant343
(470596) 2008 NW45.734385.4111553cubewano343
2010 RN645.734385.5106528cubewano343
(523758) 2014 WJ5095.734385.6101504cubewano343
(483002) 2014 QS4415.734385.4111553cubewano343
2014 UN2255.734385.4111553SDO343
(523735) 2014 QX4415.734385.51065282:3 resonant343
2014 QY4415.734385.796481cubewano343
2014 EA525.734385.4111553cubewano343
2014 GT535.734385.4111553cubewano343
(523680) 2013 YJ1515.734385.6101504detached343
(471954) 2013 RM985.734385.4111553cubewano343
2014 DM1435.734385.4111553cubewano343
(523691) 2014 DO1435.734385.796481cubewano343
(523684) 2014 CQ235.734385.796481cubewano343
(523674) 2013 MA125.734385.6101504cubewano343
(523675) 2013 PV745.734385.6101504TNO343
(135182) 2001 QT3226.434246.276382cubewano342
(82158) 2001 FP1856.433656.38332+31
−24
470352SDO332
(82155) 2001 FZ1736.533046.180400SDO330
(523622) 2007 TG4226.533046.567333SDO330
(305543) 2008 QY405.832985.5106528SDO329
(523624) 2008 CT1905.832985.892460SDO329
(523643) 2010 TY535.832985.7964812:3 resonant329
2002 GH325.832986.7613043:5 resonant329
(126154) 2001 YH1405.832985.8345±457924603:5 resonant345
2002 XH915.832985.51065284:7 resonant329
2013 CD2235.832985.51065282:3 resonant329
2014 DR1435.832985.51065282:3 resonant329
(523712) 2014 JS805.832985.892460cubewano329
(501546) 2014 JJ805.832985.5106528SDO329
2014 JM805.832985.5106528detached329
(523722) 2014 LV285.832985.796481SDO329
2014 JW805.832985.5106528SDO329
(523723) 2014 MY695.832985.892460cubewano329
2014 WG5095.832985.51065283:5 resonant329
(523760) 2014 WQ5095.832985.7964812:3 resonant329
(487581) 2015 BE5195.832985.5106528cubewano329
2015 KF1725.832985.5106528SDO329
2015 VJ1685.892460SDO325
2015 GN555.8924602:5 resonant325
2001 KA775.6324105133665cubewano324
(307251) 2002 KW145.932285.6101504cubewano322
2001 QC2986.631646.373365cubewano316
(148209) 2000 CR1056.631646.373365detached316
2005 SD2786.631646.3733652:5 resonant316
(470316) 2007 OC105.4315135133665SDO315
2007 JF455.931585.9884392:3 resonant315
(523627) 2008 QB435.93158684419cubewano315
2010 VR115.931585.796481cubewano315
2012 BW1545.931585.6101504cubewano315
2011 HP835.931585.6101504SDO315
(469421) 2001 XD2555.931585.61015042:3 resonant315
2015 FL3455.931585.6101504cubewano315
2014 WY5095.931585.6101504cubewano315
(523778) 2014 YK505.931585.988439SDO315
2014 UO2245.931585.796481cubewano315
2014 MH705.931585.61015042:3 resonant315
(505624) 2014 GU535.931585.61015044:7 resonant315
(523696) 2014 GW535.931585.5106528cubewano315
2014 FJ725.931585.6101504SDO315
2014 BX645.931585.892460cubewano315
2012 XR1575.931586.3733651:2 resonant315
2013 FH285.931586.567333cubewano315
2015 VO1665.988439SDO310
2014 OE3945304204.8146729cubewano304
2004 OJ146.730346.4703492:5 resonant303
(143707) 2003 UY117630285.7964812:5 resonant302
2003 UB292630285.796481cubewano302
2001 RU143630285.7964812:3 resonant302
(79978) 1999 CC158630285.796481SDO302
2011 UT410630285.7964812:3 resonant302
(523646) 2010 VL201630285.988439cubewano302
(523642) 2010 SS43630285.988439cubewano302
2010 PT66630285.988439SDO302
2010 PU7563028684419SDO302
2010 RD188630285.796481cubewano302
(523629) 2008 SP266630285.988439cubewano302
2007 VK305630285.796481SDO302
(523634) 2010 AH2630285.892460cubewano302
(471150) 2010 FC49630285.7964812:3 resonant302
(523730) 2014 OH394630286.180400cubewano302
2014 OP394630285.796481SDO302
2014 QZ441630285.7964813:5 resonant302
2014 LT28630285.796481cubewano302
2014 JU80630285.796481SDO302
(523706) 2014 HF200630285.988439SDO302
(523702) 2014 HW19963028684419cubewano302
2013 PX74630285.7964812:3 resonant302
2012 UB178630285.7964813:5 resonant302
2013 EC138630285.796481cubewano302
2013 EJ154630285.796481cubewano302
2014 DE143630285.796481cubewano302
2015 BD519630285.7964812:5 resonant302
2015 BT518630285.796481cubewano302
(523793) 2015 OV7963028684419cubewano302
(523748) 2014 UP22463028684419cubewano302
2014 UV224630285.796481SDO302
2014 WF509630285.796481cubewano302
(505679) 2014 WT69630285.796481cubewano302
(523761) 2014 WU509630285.988439cubewano302
  1. The measured diameter, else Brown's estimated diameter, else the diameter calculated from H using an assumed albedo of 8%.
  2. Diameters with the text in red indicate that Brown's bot derived them from heuristically expected albedo.
  3. The geometric albedo is calculated from the measured absolute magnitude and measured diameter via the formula:

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Mike Brown. "The Dwarf Planets". Retrieved 2008-01-20.
  2. "Today we know of more than a dozen dwarf planets in the solar system [and] it is estimated that the ultimate number of dwarf planets we will discover in the Kuiper Belt and beyond may well exceed 10,000".The PI's Perspective
  3. Dan Bruton. "Conversion of Absolute Magnitude to Diameter for Minor Planets". Department of Physics & Astronomy (Stephen F. Austin State University). Archived from the original on 2010-03-23. Retrieved 2008-06-13.
  4. "IAU 2006 General Assembly: Result of the IAU Resolution votes". International Astronomical Union. 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-01-03. Retrieved 2008-01-26.
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