Local Bubble

Local Bubble
Superbubble
Artist's conception of the Local Bubble (containing the Sun and Beta Canis Majoris) and the Loop I Bubble (containing Antares)
Observation data
Distance 0 ly   (0 pc)
Physical characteristics
Radius 150 ly
Designations Local Hot Bubble, LHB,[1] Local Bubble, Local Interstellar Bubble[2]

The Local Bubble, or Local Cavity,[3] is a relative cavity in the interstellar medium (ISM) in the Orion Arm of the Milky Way. It contains, among others, the Local Interstellar Cloud, which contains the Solar System, and the G-Cloud. It is at least 300 light years across and is defined by its neutral-hydrogen density of about 0.05 atoms/cm3, or approximately one tenth of the average for the ISM in the Milky Way (0.5 atoms/cm3), and one sixth that of the Local Interstellar Cloud (0.3 atoms/cm3).[4]

The exceptionally sparse matter, namely gas, of the Local Bubble is the result of supernovae that exploded within the past ten to twenty million years and remains in an excited state, emitting in the X-ray band.[5][6] It was once thought that the most likely candidate for the remains of this supernova was Geminga, a pulsar in the constellation Gemini. Later, however, it has been suggested that multiple supernovae in subgroup B1 of the Pleiades moving group were more likely responsible,[7] becoming a remnant supershell.[8]

Description

Model of Local Bubble (white), molecular clouds (magenta) & Loop I Bubble (cyan).

The Solar System has been traveling through the region currently occupied by the Local Bubble for the last five to ten million years.[5] Its current location lies in the Local Interstellar Cloud (LIC), a minor region of denser material within the Bubble. The LIC formed where the Local Bubble and the Loop I Bubble met. The gas within the LIC has a density of approximately 0.3 atoms per cubic centimeter.

The Local Bubble is not spherical, but seems to be narrower in the galactic plane, becoming somewhat egg-shaped or elliptical, and may widen above and below the galactic plane, becoming shaped like an hourglass. It abuts other bubbles of less dense interstellar medium (ISM), including, in particular, the Loop I Bubble. The Loop I Bubble was cleared, heated and maintained by supernovae and stellar winds in the Scorpius–Centaurus Association, some 500 light years from the Sun. The Loop I Bubble contains the star Antares (also known as Alpha Scorpii), as shown on the diagram above right. Several tunnels connect the cavities of the Local Bubble with the Loop I Bubble, called the "Lupus Tunnel".[9] Other bubbles which are adjacent to the Local Bubble are the Loop II Bubble and the Loop III Bubble.

Observation

Launched in February 2003 and active until April 2008, a small space observatory called Cosmic Hot Interstellar Plasma Spectrometer (CHIPS or CHIPSat) examined the hot gas within the Local Bubble.[10] The Local Bubble was also the region of interest for the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer mission (1992–2001), which examined hot EUV sources within the bubble. Sources beyond the edge of the bubble were identified, but attenuated by the denser interstellar medium.

Earth
Solar System
Gould Belt
Orion Arm
Milky Way
Local Group
Virgo SCl
Laniakea SCl
Our Universe

See also

References

  1. ↑ Roland J. Egger, Bernd Aschenbach (February 1995). "Interaction of the Loop I supershell with the Local Hot Bubble". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 294 (2): L25–L28. arXiv:astro-ph/9412086. Bibcode:1995A&A...294L..25E.
  2. ↑ "NAME Local Bubble". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
  3. ↑ Abt, Helmut A. (December 2015), "Hot Gaseous Stellar Disks Avoid Regions of Low Interstellar Densities", Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 127 (958): 1218, Bibcode:2015PASP..127.1218A, doi:10.1086/684436
  4. ↑ "Our Local Galactic Neighborhood, NASA". Interstellar.jpl.nasa.gov. 2000-02-08. Retrieved 2013-07-23.
  5. 1 2 Local Chimney and Superbubbles, Solstation.com
  6. ↑ NASA-funded X-ray Instrument Settles Interstellar Debate, www.nasa.gov
  7. ↑ T. W. Berghoefer; D. Breitschwerdt (2002). "The origin of the young stellar population in the solar neighborhood - a link to the formation of the Local Bubble?". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 390 (1): 299–306. arXiv:astro-ph/0205128v2. Bibcode:2002A&A...390..299B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20020627.
  8. ↑ J. R. Gabel, F. C. Bruhweiler (8 January 1998). "[51.09] Model of an Expanding Supershell Structure in the LISM". American Astronomical Society. Retrieved 2014-03-14.
  9. ↑ Lallement, R.; Welsh, B. Y.; Vergely, J. L.; Crifo, F.; Sfeir, D. (2003). "3D mapping of the dense interstellar gas around the Local Bubble". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 411 (3): 447–464. Bibcode:2003A&A...411..447L. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20031214.
  10. ↑ "CHIPS - Berkeley University". Chips.ssl.berkeley.edu. 2003-01-12. Archived from the original on 2013-11-21. Retrieved 2013-07-23.

Further reading

  • Anderson, Mark (6 January 2007). "Don't stop till you get to the Fluff". New Scientist. 193 (2585): 26–30. doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(07)60043-8.
  • Lallement, R.; Welsh, B. Y.; Vergely, J. L.; Crifo, F.; Sfeir, D. (December 1, 2003). "3D mapping of the dense interstellar gas around the Local Bubble". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 411 (3): 447–464. Bibcode:2003A&A...411..447L. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20031214.
  • "Near-Earth Supernovas". Science@NASA Headline News. NASA. January 6, 2003.
  • "A Breeze from the Stars". Science@NASA Headline News. NASA. December 17, 2004.
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