Laki language

Laki
Lekî
لەکی
Native to Iran, Iraq, Turkey
Region Central Zagros
Ethnicity Laks
Native speakers
 1.5 to 2.5 million (2000)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3 lki
Glottolog laki1244[11]
Linguasphere 58-AAC-aac

Laki  pronunciation  [12](لەکی; Lekî) is a speech variety that is either considered an independent Iranian language,[13][14][15], a dialect of Lurish[2][3][4][5][6][7][8] or a dialect of Southern Kurdish.[9][16][17][18][19][20] Lexical similarity with Khorramabadi Luristani is 78%, with Persian is 70%, and with Northern Luri is 69%.[1]

Laki is presently spoken in the areas south of Hamadan and including the towns of Nahavand, Tuyserkan, kuhdasht, Nursbad, Ilam, Gilan, and Pahla (Pehle), as well as the countryside in the districts of Horru, Selasele, Silakhur, and the northern Aleshtar in western Iran. It is also spoken in Kermanshah province including Harsin, Bisotun, Sahneh, Zangane Tribe as well as the city of Kermanshah.

The syntax and vocabulary of Laki have been profoundly altered by Lurish language, a Southwest Iranic language. The basic grammar and verb systems of Laki are, like other Northwestern Iranian languages, especially the Zaza–Gorani languages, clearly Northwest Iranian. This relationship is further affirmed by remnants in Laki of the Kurdish grammatical hallmark, the ergative construction. Despite this, Shahsavari based on his linguistics and semantics characteristics concluded that Laki is obviously different from Kurdish.[21]

Laki and Ancient Persian

Ancient PersianEnglish KurdishLakiLurishFarsi
dā mother dāya dā daya mādar / māmān
ima we ima ima ima mā
awa it awa aoa/ava ho/û ān
baw father bãwa bãwa bowa pedar / bābā
hyat When the kati ka haně ke[22] zamni ke
hvar sun xor/war huar hurşîd xorşid
aδa At that time awsā asa ûsa ān zaman
tauhmā Seed tōm tôěm tōm toxm
brātā Brother bera berā berār barādar
ah is haya hā hā hast
Jani Female žen žan zan zan
Xvasura Spouse's family xazūra hasûira hasîra xānevadeh hamsar
Asrav Tears asrin asr asr ashk
Varaza Boar barāz verāz/tawena verāz gorāz
zān Know zān zān dŭn dān
zamā Groom zamā/zāwā zumā domā dāmād
varkā Lamb barx vark vark bare
māung Month māŋ māŋ mä māh
āsen Iron āsen āsen āhen āhan
berz Height barz barz barz boland / borz
tāu Heat taw tāw tāu garmā

Comparison between Laki, some other Kurdish varieties, and Persian

FeyliKelhuriCentral KurdishNorthern KurdishLakiHawramiPersianEnglish
weharweharbehar, weharbehar, biharwehar, viharweharbaharspring
tawsantawsanhawîn, tawsanhavîntawsanhamîntabestan,
hāmīn (Middle Persian)		summer
payîzpayîzpayîzpahîz, payîzpayîz , małejêrpayîzpayîzautumn
waranwaranbaran, weriştbaranvaran, waran, veştwaran, weştbârânrain
çawçewçawçavçemçemçašmeye
dutdutkiç/kenîşk/afretkeç, dotdit, afiretkinaçêdôxtargirl
kurrkurrkurrkurrkoirrkurrpesarboy
gurdallegurdallegurçîlegurçikgurdałe , viłkwellkgurdekidney
rêwêarrêwêarrêbwarrêbwar, rêwîrêvêar ,rîwarrawyar?wayfarer
minallminallminall, mindallzarokayîlzarollebaçechild
xwemxwemxomez bi xwewozhm/wozhemwêmxodammyself
minîşminîşminîşez jî / min jîminîj ,minîş,minîcminîçman hamme too
keftinkeftinkewtinketinketinkewteyoftodanto fall
xistinxistinhawêştinavêtinaîtin,azhten,ashten, haîştin-partoftanto throw
(mi) hatim(mi) hatim(min) hatimez hatim(mi) hetim(min) amam(man) omadamI came
(mi) xwem/xwerim(mi) xwem/dixwim(min) exwem/dexomez dixwim(mi) merim/mexwimmin mewerû(man) xordamI eat
(mi) nan xwardim(mi) nan xwardim(min) nanim xwardmin nan xuard(mi) nanim hward(min) nanim ward(man) nanam xordamI ate the bread
(mi) nan xwem(mi) nan xwem(min) nan dexwimez nanê di xwum(mi) nane merim/mexwim(min) nan mewerû(man) daram nan mixoramI am eating the bread
(mi) nan xwardisim(mi) na xwardêam(min) nanim dexwardmin nan di xuard(mi) nanme mehward-(man) nanam xordamI was eating the bread
(mi) hatime(mi) hatime(min) hatûmeez hatime(mi) hetime(man) omadamI have come
(mi) hatoîm(mi) hatoîm(min) hatibûmez hatibûm(mi) hetoîm-(man) omade budamI had come

Comparison between Laki and some other Lurish varieties with kormaci alfabet

LakîSouth LurishMinjaiBakhtiariEnglishPersianPersian transcription
koiçik,sanberd / kuçukberdberd / kuçukstoneسنگsang
sêsêsê / siašé / sêblackسیاهsiyah
çemtyečeštî / tyeeyeچشمchashm
da / dalekeda / deîda / dałikedamotherمادرmaadar
petnuftpitnuftnoseبینیbini
kła gaverzaverzaverzabullگاونرgāve nar
tatetatetatetateuncle (Father's brother)عموamu
halûhalûhalûhalûuncle (mother's brother)داییdayi
çûłê(big) , jijû(small)cilé / cŭléjejŭ / jejŭlečŭléPorcupineتشیtashi
agir / awirtešagır / tešteš / agırfireآتشaatash
bîlem ,biylimbêlumbîlambêlumlet meبه من اجازه بدهbe man ejaze bedeh
koirkurkurkurson/boyپسرpesar
dit , afiretduwer/dōderduxterdōderdaughterدخترdokhtar
pîayl , pîalpîayelpîayapîayelmenمردهاmardha
jinel , jiniylzenelzenîazenel/zengelwomenزنهاzanha
dîardîardîardîarevident, obviousمشخص، آشکارmoshakhkhas, ashkar
mazgmezgmezgmezgbrainمغزmaghz
pişîgulŭpıšî / gulŭgulŭcatگربهgorbeh
gemalkutŭ / seggemal / seykutŭdogسگsag
betbetbetbetduckمرغابیmorghabi

Laki colors

LakiMinjai LurishZazaNorthern KurdishCentral KurdishPersianEnglish
ispê, çermêispî, sipîsipîsipîspî/çermûsefîdwhite
reş, sêsêsîyareşreşsîyablack
kawkaw, kîawkiho, keweşînşîn, keweābiblue
soêrsôrsûrsorsûrsôrx / relmezred
siozsewzsewz, kesk, kewekesksewzsabzgreen
hoiîl, qehviyîqehweyîqehweyîqehweyîqaweyîqahveyîbrown
burxakî-burgewr, borgewrborxāke-starigray
zerdzerdzerdzerzerdzardyellow

Laki calendar

Mangê lekî
  pence
  mêrêan
  gakoir
  agranê
  mirdał
  male jêr
  male jêr doimaêne
  tül tekin
  mange sêe
  niorûj
  xake lêe
  mang êd

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Laki at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
  2. 1 2 B. Grimes (ed.), ‘Luri’, in Ethnologue (13th edition) (Dallas, 1996), p. 677; M. Ruhlen, A Guide to the World's Languages (Stanford, 1991), p. 327.
  3. 1 2 ایزدپناه، ح. فرهنگ لکی، مؤسسه فرهنگی جهانگیری، تهران ۱۳۶۷خ، ص ده (مقدمه)
  4. 1 2 "The Lurs of Iran". Cultural Survival. Retrieved 2015-09-21.
  5. 1 2 امان الاهی بهاروند، سکندر. قوم لر. تهران: آتیه، 1393
  6. 1 2 William J. Frawley, William Frawley, International Encyclopedia of Linguistics& 4-Volume Set, Volume 1, Oxford University Press, 2003, ISBN 978-0-19-513977-8, s. 310.
  7. 1 2 Albrecht Klose, Sprachen der Welt, De Gruyter, 2001, ISBN 978-3-598-11404-5, s. 227.
  8. 1 2 "Ethnologue 14 report for Iraq".
  9. 1 2 "Laki". Ethnologue.
  10. ↑ Buǧnūrdī, zīr-i naẓar-i Kāẓim Mūsawī (2007). the great Islamic Encyclopedia (1 ed.). Tehran: the center for the great Islamic Encyclopedia. pp. 548, 549. ISBN 978-964-7025-04-1.
  11. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Laki". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  12. ↑ "Laki (Lekí) - Kurdish Academy of Language".
  13. ↑ Shahsavari, Faramarz(2010): Laki and Kurdish. Iran and the Caucasus: volume14, Number 1, Pages 79-82
  14. ↑ Lakī and Kurdish, Author: Shahsavari, Faramarz, Source: Iran and the Caucasus, Volume 14, Number 1, 2010 , pp. 79-82(4)
  15. ↑ فرامرز شهسواری (1394). "ریشه‌شناسی و معناشناسی در زبان لکی". کرمانشاه: طاق بستان. Retrieved 25 December 2015.
  16. ↑ Windfuhr, G. (2009). The Iranian Languages, Routledge, p. 587
  17. ↑ Rüdiger Schmitt: Die iranischen Sprachen in Gegenwart und Geschichte. Wiesbaden (Reichert) 2000.
  18. ↑ Rüdiger Schmitt (Hg.): Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum. Wiesbaden (Reichert) 1989.
  19. ↑ V. Minorsky, "Lak", Encyclopaedia of Islam.
  20. ↑ Hulst, Harry van der; Goedemans, Rob; Zanten, Ellen van (2011). A Survey of Word Accentual Patterns in the Languages of the World. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110198966. KURDISH: Central Kurdish, Northern Kurdish, Laki, Southern Kurdish
  21. ↑ Shahsavari, Faramarz, Source: Iran and the Caucasus, Volume 14, Number 1, 2010 , pp. 79-82(4)
  22. ↑ Different, "hani» that the Laki and the Lurish that means "still".
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.