Kullu language
Kullui | |
---|---|
Kullu | |
Native to | India |
Region | Himachal Pradesh |
Native speakers |
196,295 (2011)[1] Census results conflate some speakers with Hindi. |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 |
kfx |
Glottolog |
kull1236 [2] |
Kullu (Kullū, also known as Kuluī and Kulvi) is a Western Pahari language spoken in Himachal Pradesh.
Phonology
Consonants
Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Pharyngeal | Glottal | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive | p pʰ |
b bʱ |
t̪ t̪ʰ |
d̪ d̪ʱ |
ʈ ʈʰ |
ɖ ɖʱ |
k kʰ |
ɡ ɡʱ |
ʔ | |||||
Affricate | ts tsʰ |
dz dzʱ |
c cʰ |
j jʱ |
||||||||||
Fricative | s | ś | ħ | ɦ | ||||||||||
Nasal | m | n̪ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | |||||||||
Trill/Flap | r | ɽ | ||||||||||||
Lateral | l | ɭ | ||||||||||||
Approximant | y |
For the stops and affricates there is a four-way distinction in phonation between tenuis /p/, voiced /b/, aspirated /pʰ/ and breathy voiced /bʱ/ series. Thakur (1975, pp. 175–8) lists as separate phonemes aspirated correlates of /ŋ/, /n/, /m/, /j/, /r/, /ɽ/, /l/ and /ɭ/, but describes the aspiration as a voiceless pharyngeal friction. /n̪/ is dental, but becomes alveolar if the next syllable contains a retroflex consonant. /ŋ/ and /ɲ/ are rare, but contrast with the other nasals word-medially between vowels. /ɳ/, /ɭ/ and /ɽ/, together with their aspirated correlates, don't occur in the beginning of words.[3] The glottal stop occurs only between a vowel and /ɳ/, /n/, /r/ or /l/, e.g. [kɑːʔɭ] "a trumpet", which contrasts with [kɑːɭ] "famine". The pharyngeal fricative /ħ/ historically derives from /s/ and occurs word-finally, e.g. [ɡʱɑːħ] "grass", [biːħ] "twenty".[4]
Notes
- ↑ "Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 2018-07-07.
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Kullu Pahari". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ Thakur 1975, p. 180. An exception is the word [ɽəbɑːɳɑː] "to throw".
- ↑ Thakur 1975, p. 181.
Bibliography
- Thakur, Mauluram (1975), Pahāṛī bhāṣā, Delhi: Sanmarg Prakashan