Khudiram Bose

Khudiram Bose
Khudiram Bose
Native name	ক্ষুদিরাম বসু
Born	(1889-12-03)December 3, 1889 Habibpur, Midnapore District, Bengal Presidency, British India (present-day West Bengal, India)
Died	11 August 1908(1908-08-11) (aged 18) Muzaffarpur, Bihar, British India (present-day Muzaffarpur, Bihar, India)
Nationality	Indian
Occupation	Freedom fighters of India
Known for	Role in Indian freedom struggle
Movement	Indian independence movement

Anushilan Samiti
Influence Indian Nationalism (Militant nationalism) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay Swami Vivekananda Sister Nivedita Aurobindo Ghosh Shakta philosophy Indian National Congress Bipin Chandra Pal 1905 Partition of Bengal Bande Mataram Jugantar M. C. Samadhyayi
Anushilan Samiti History Dhaka Anushilan Samiti Jugantar Aurobindo Raja Subodh Mallik Pramathanath Mitra Sarala Devi C.R. Das Surendranath Tagore Kanailal Dutta Jatindra Nath Banerjee Barin Ghosh Pulin Behari Das Bhupendranath Datta Bagha Jatin Atulkrishna Ghosh Jadugopal Mukherjee Rash Behari Bose Bhupendra Kumar Datta Hemchandra Kanungo Ullaskar Dutta Khudiram Bose Prafulla Chaki Tarak Nath Das Abhinash Bhattacharya Guran Ditt Kumar Naren Bhattacharya Bhavabhushan Mitra Bipin Behari Ganguli Sachindra Nath Sanyal Jogesh Chandra Chattopadhyay Pratul Chandra Ganguli Hindustan Republican Association Narendra Mohan Sen Niranjan Sen Gupta M. N. Roy Jatin Das Surya Sen Pritilata Waddedar Revolutionary Socialist Party More
Notable events Alipore Bomb Conspiracy Howrah-Sibpur Conspiracy Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy Barisal Conspiracy Rodda robbery Indo-German Conspiracy Annie Larsen Christmas Day plot Kakori conspiracy Chittagong armoury raid More
Related topics Sir Andrew Fraser Department of Criminal Intelligence Sir Harold Stuart Sir Charles Stevenson-Moore Sir Robert Nathan John Wallinger India House Paris Indian Society Abhinav Bharat Society V.D. Savarkar Madam Cama Har Dayal Ghadar Party More

Khudiram Bose (Bengali: ক্ষুদিরাম বসু) (also spelled Khudiram Bosu or Khudiram Basu) (3 December 1889 – 11 August 1908) was an Indian Bengali revolutionary that opposed British rule.

Khudiram, along with Prafulla Chaki, attempted to assassinate a British judge, Magistrate Kingsford, by throwing bombs in the carriage they suspected the man was in. Magistrate Kingsford, however, was seated in a different carriage, resulting in the deaths of two British women. Prafulla committed suicide before arrest. Khudiram was arrested and tried for the murder of the two women, ultimately being sentenced to death.^[1]

At the time of his hanging, Khudiram was 18 years, 8 months 8 days old, making him one of the youngest revolutionaries in India.^[2] Mahatma Gandhi denounced the violence , lamenting the deaths of the two innocent women. He stated "that the Indian people will not win their freedom through these methods."^[3][4][5][6] Bal Gangadhar Tilak, however, in his newspaper Kesari, defended the two young men and called for immediate swaraj. This was followed by the immediate arrest of Tilak by the British colonial government on charges of sedition.^[7]

Early life

Khudiram Bose was born on December 3, 1889 in the small village named Habibpur, situated under the Keshpur Police Station in the Midnapore district of West Bengal. His father was a Tehsildar in the Nerajol.^[8][9]

Khudiram was the fourth child in a family of three daughters.^[10] His parents, Trailokyanath Bose and Lakshmipriya Devi had two sons before the birth of Khudiram but both of them died prematurely. Following the traditional customs prevalent in the culture, the new born child was symbolically sold to his eldest sister in exchange of three handful of food grains locally known as Khud, in an attempt to save him from dying at an early age. This way he acquired the name, Khudiram.^[11]

He lost his mother when he was six year old. His father died a year after. Aparupa Roy, his elder sister, brought him to her house at Hatgachha village under the Daspur Police Station. Aparupa's husband, Amritalal Roy, got him admitted to Tamluk's Hamilton High School.^[9]

In 1902 and 1903, Sri Aurobindo and Sister Nivedita visited Midnapore. They held a series of public lectures and private session with the existing revolutionary groups for freedom. Khudiram, a teenager, was an active participant in the discussions about the revolution.

Apparently, he joined Anushilan Samiti, and came into contact with the network of Barindra Kumar Ghosh of Calcutta. He became a volunteer at the age of 15, and was arrested for distributing pamphlets against the British rule in India.^[12] At the young age of 16, Khudiram took part in planting bombs near the police stations and targeted government officials.^[13]

Revolutionary activities

In 1907, Barindra Kumar Ghosh arranged for his associate, Hemchandra Kanungo, to visit Paris in order toin order to learn bomb making techniques from Nicholas Safranski, a Russian revolutionary in exile.^[14]

After returning to Bengal, Hemchandra and Barindra Kumar collaborated again and selected Douglas Kingsford as the next target.

Kingsford was the Chief Magistrate of the Presidency Court of Alipore, and had overseen the trials of Bhupendranath Dutta and other editors of Jugantar, sentencing them to rigorous imprisonment.^[15] Jugantar itself responded with defiant editorials, leading to five more prosecutions that left it in financial ruins by 1908.^[15] These prosecutions brought the paper more publicity, and helped to disseminate the Anushilan Samiti's ideology of revolutionary nationalism. According to Shukla Sanyal, revolutionary terrorism as an ideology began to win support among a significant populace in Bengal, tacitly even if not overt^[16]

Kingsford also earned notoriety among nationalists when he ordered the whipping of a young Bengali boy, Sushil Sen, for participating in the protests that followed the Jugantar trial. As such, during his posting as the Chief Magistrate of the Presidency Court of Alipore, Kingsford became unpopular for passing harsh and cruel sentences on young political workers. He also inflicted corporal punishments on such workers.^[9]

Kingsford assassination attempts

First Attempt

The first attempt to kill Kingsford was in the form of a book bomb constructed by Hemchandra. An empty tin of Cadbury cocoa was packed with a pound of Picric acid and three detonators. This was packed into a hollowed section of Herbert Broom's Commentaries on the Common Law and delivered wrapped in a brown paper to Kingsford's house by Paresh Mallick, a young revolutionary. Kingsford placed the unopened package in his shelf to examine later. By March 1908, fearful of the judge's safety, he was promoted to the District Judge position and transferred by the government to Muzaffarpur, Bihar. With him went his furniture, library and the book bomb.

The Reconnaissance at Muzaffarpur

Anushilan Samiti persisted in their attempt to kill Kingsford. In April, a two-man reconnaissance team visited Muzaffarpur, which included Prafulla Chaki.^[17] On their return, Hemchandra provided the bomb, which was composed of 6 ounces of dynamite, a detonator and a black powder fuse. Prafulla Chaki returned to Muzaffarpur with a new boy, Khudiram Bose.

Police Suspicion

The activities of Aurobindo Ghosh, Barindra Ghosh and their associates raised suspicion.^[18] The Calcutta police became aware about the plans on Kingsford's life. Commissioner F.L. Halliday alerts to the Superintendent of Police in Muzzafarpur were ignored. However, four men were assigned to guard the magistrate's house.^[17] In the meantime, Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki adopted the name of Haren Sarkar and Dinesh Chandra Roy respectively, and took up residence in a charitable inn (dharamshala) run by Kishorimohan Bandopadhyay. In the ensuing days, the duo monitored the activities and daily routine of their target. The two revolutionaries successfully hid their identities for over three weeks. The CID officer from Calcutta returned with a letter from the Superintendent of Muzaffarpur, Armstrong, that the duo had not arrived.^[18]

On the evening of 29 April, Khudiram and Prafulla were in place to execute their plans. Pretending to be schoolboys, they surveyed the Muzaffarpur park situated opposite The British Club, frequented by Kingsford. They were noticed by a constable.

Kingsford Assassination Attempt at Muzaffarpur

On the fateful day, Kingsford and his wife was playing bridge with the daughter and wife of Pringle Kennedy, a British barrister. They decided to head home around 8.30 PM. Kingsford and his wife were in a carriage identical to the one carrying Kennedy and his family.^[19] The Kennedy ladies had to pass from the compound of the house occupied by Kingsford. As their carriage reached the eastern gate of the compound, Khudiram and Prafulla ran towards the carriage and threw the bombs into the carriage. A loud explosion ensued and the carriage was taken to Kingsford's house. The carriage was shattered and the Kennedy ladies sustained terrible injuries. Miss Kennedy died within an hour and Mrs. Kennedy passed away on 2 May of sustained injuries.^[20]

Escape

Khudiram and Prafulla went their own way to escape capture. By the midnight, the whole town knew of the incident and by early morning, armed policemen were stationed on all the rail route to keep an eye on every passenger. By morning, Khudiram had walked 25 miles and he reached a station called Waini. As he asked for a glass of water at a tea stall, he was confronted by two armed constables, Fateh Singh and Sheo Pershad Singh, who immediately suspected something upon seeing his dusty feet, and his exhausted and perspiring appearance. After a couple of questions, their suspicion became stronger, and they decided to detain Khudiram. Khudiram started struggling with the two men, and immediately, one of the two hidden revolvers fell out. Before Khudiram could use the other one to fire on the constables, one of them held him from behind in a bear-hug. The much younger and lightly built Khudiram had no more chance of defense or escape. On his person were found 37 rounds of ammunition, Rs. 30 in cash, a railway map and a page of the rail timetable. The fate of Khudiram was sealed forever.^[20] The Waini station is now known as Khudiram Bose Pusa Station.

On the other hand, Prafulla had traveled long arduous hours. Around midday, a civil named Trigunacharan Ghosh noticed a young way coming his way. He was aware of the bomb blast and realised that Prafulla was the other revolutionary. Ghosh decided to save his life, and let him bathe, eat, and rest in his house. He arranged for Prafulla to return to Kolkata the same night. He boarded a train from Samastipur for Mokamaghat, and continue his onward journey with a train to Howrah. A sub-inspector in the British police, Nandalal Bannerjee, was traveling in the same compartment. He struck a conversation and realised Prafulla to be the other revolutionary. When Prafulla got down at the Shimurighat station to drink water, Bannerjee sent a telegram to the Muzaffarpur police station. Bannerjee tried to apprehend Prafulla at the Mokamaghat station. Prafulla tried to fight his way through with his revolver but in the end, down to his last bullet, he shot himself in the mouth.^[19]

On 1 May, the handcuffed Khudiram was brought from to Muzaffarpur. The entire town descended at the police station to take a look at the teenage boy surrounded by a team of armed policemen. Khudiram was taken to the house of the district magistrate, Mr. Woodman. The English daily, The Statesman, wrote on the following day, 2 May 1908:^[21]

The Railway station was crowded to see the boy. A mere boy of 18 or 19 years old, who looked quite determined. He came out of a first-class compartment and walked all the way to the phaeton, kept for him outside, like a cheerful boy who knows no anxiety.....on taking his seat the boy lustily cried 'Vandemataram'.

Khudiram had to give a statement or declaration to the magistrate. He took full responsibility of the assassination, unknown that Prafulla was dead. Only after Khudiram finished giving his statement, the body of Prafulla reached Muzaffarpur. Khudiram realised that lying would go in vain. He identified the body of Prafulla and the British also received details from the encounter with sub-inspector Bannerjee. Instead of believing Khudiram, the British thought it more proper to cut off the head from the body and send it to Kolkata for better confirmation.^[18]

• 
  Muraripukur Garden House of Barin Ghosh
• 
  Khudiram Bose as an organizer when he was 16 years of age
• 
  Bengali revolutionary Khudiram Bose under British guard.

Trial, sentencing and execution

The historical trial started on 21 May 1908 in the court of Mr. Corndoff, the Judge and two Indians, Nathuni Prasad and Janak Prasad, were appointed as jury. Along with Khudiram, two others were tried for assisting the revolutionaries in their mission — Mrityunjay Chakraborty and Kishorimohan Bandopadhyay, who had accommodated Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki in his Dharmashala for their mission. Mrityunjay died during the trial, and subsequently, the trail of Kishorimohan was separated from that of Khudiram.

Mr. Mannuk and Binodbihari Majumdar became the prosecutors for the British government, while eminent lawyers Kalidas Basu, Upendranath Sen and Kshetranath Bandopadhyay took up Khudiram's defense. They were joined later in the trial by Kulkamal Sen, Nagendra Lal Lahiri and Satischandra Chakraborty—all of them fighting the case without any fees, fighting for their country.

On 23 May, Khudiram resubmitted his statement to magistrate E.W. Bredhowd, denying any involvement or responsibility in any aspect or stage of the entire mission and operation down to the bombing. Initially, Khudiram was not ready to sign this statement, but did so after persuasion from his lawyers. On 13 June, the scheduled date for the verdict and sentence, the judge and the prosecutors received an anonymous letter of warning, which told them that there was one more bomb coming for them from Kolkata, and that henceforth. it will be the Biharis, and not the Bengalis, who are going to kill them. On the other hand, that made the defense lawyers more confident, that it was proof that there could be other masterminds and executors of the Muzaffarpur bombing other than Khudiram, and that along with Khudiram's age, should make the judge deliver a sentencing other than death. But, to the disappointment to all, the Judge pronounced the death sentence for Khudiram.

Khudiram's immediate and spontaneous response was to smile. The judge, surprised, asked Khudiram whether he had understood the meaning of the sentence that was just pronounced. Khudiram replied that he surely had. When the judge asked him again whether he had anything to say, in front of a packed audience, Khudiram replied with same smile that if he could be given some time, he could teach the judge the skill of bomb-making. By then, the Judge was instructing the police to escort the boy out of the courtroom.^[18]

As per the legal system, Kudiram had 7 days time to appeal to the High Court. Khudiram refused to appeal. He was fully prepared to embrace his destiny. However, after some persuasion by his counsellors — with the logic that if he receives a life sentence instead of getting hanged because of this appeal, he would live to serve his nation once free and he would have age on his side when that happens — Khudiram finally agreed, in a detached manner to go along with his defense team.^[18]

The High Court hearing took place on 8 July. Narendrakumar Basu came to Khudiram's defense, and concentrated all his legal skills and experience on this case to save the precious life of a boy who had overnight become a wonder and a hero for the whole country. He challenged the verdict of the session court by saying that the judging was not according to law and was flawed. He reasoned that according to article 164 of the penal code, the accused is required to submit his statement in front of a first class magistrate (which Mr. Woodman) was not, and moreover during the first statement Khudiram was not told anything of the person's identity and position. Secondly, pointed out Basu, the article 364 requires that all questions to the accused be made in the mother tongue of the same, and all answers from the accused in his mother tongue be documented verbatim in that language, but which was done in English in Khudiram's case. Moreover, Khudiram's signature was required to be given on the statement on the same date and at the time of the statement in the presence of the magistrate, but in reality Khudiram was made to sign the day after, and in front of a different person, who was an additional magistrate. Lastly, since such a statement are by definition required to be totally voluntary, with the magistrate being sure that it was so, there was no proof that Khudiram was allowed to give a voluntary statement without any direct or indirect manipulation after his capture. Lastly Narendrakumar Basu said that Prafulla aka "Dinesh" (the name used in the trial) was stronger than Khudiram was, and he was the bomb-expert among the two of them, thus it is highly likely that the actual thrower of the bomb was "Dinesh". Further Prafulla's suicide on the verge of capture only reinforces the possibility of his being the actual thrower of the bombs.^[18]

After the defense, it was announced by the two British judges that the final verdict would be passed on 13 July 1908.

Verdict on the appeal on July 13, 1908 

Since Khudiram was the only of the two alive, and since therefore only his lone statement of a two-man team was the foundation for the entire case, and since all the points By Narendra Kumar Basu were believed to be technically correct, it was hoped that, for the sake of the law—about which the British prided themselves ad infinitum — Khudiram's life would at least be spared. But on the historical day, the British judges, confirmed the conviction and sentence, and dismissed the appeal.^[18]

As a final attempt, an appeal was made to the Governor General to overrule a death sentence for Khudiram. But the appeal was summarily turned down—the British were scared to fight. On the contrary, the order came to carry out the death sentence latest by 11 August 1908. Kolkata erupted in intense protest from the entire student community. The streets of Kolkata started to be choked up with processions all at the same time, for several days.

On 11 August, the region around the prison became packed with a swelling crowd before it was 6 am—the scheduled time. People holding flower garlands filled up the front rows of the crowd. Upendranath Sen, the lawyer-journalist of the Bengali news daily "Bengalee", who was close to Khudiram, reports having reached the venue by 5 am, in a car with all the necessary funerary arrangements and clothes. After the hanging, the funeral procession went through the city, with police guards holding back the crowd all along the central artery street. The people kept throwing their flowers on the body as the carriage passed by.

The Amrita Bazar Patrika, one of the prominent dailies of that era, carried the story of the hanging the next day, on 12 August. Under the headline "Khudiram's End: Died cheerful and smiling" the newspaper wrote:^[18]

"Khudiram's execution took place at 6 a.m. this morning. He walked to the gallows firmly and cheerfully and even smiled when the cap was drawn over his head."

An established British newspaper, The Empire, wrote:^[18]

"Khudiram Bose was executed this morning...It is alleged that he mounted the scaffold with his body erect. He was cheerful and smiling."

The Kesari, nationalist Marathi news paper, observed on 26 May 1908:^[18]

"Neither the Jubilee murder of 1897, nor the reported tampering of the Sikh regiments had produced so much commotion, and the English public opinion seems inclined to regard birth of the bomb in India at the most extraordinary event since the mutiny at 1857.^[18]"

The Bengali poet Kazi Nazrul Islam wrote a poem to honour him.

A Statement made by Khudiram Bose

In his own words, Khudiram made a statement (which was undated) while under arrest, recorded by the special branch of the police, before he was hanged: I was naughty in my childhood. (But after I entered Midnapore Collegiate School) a change overtook me.

Legacy

Khudiram Bose is remembered through his legacy.

• Khudiram Bose Central College - It was established in 1965 as an undergraduate college in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. It offers only courses in arts and commerce. It is affiliated with the University of Calcutta.
• Shahid Khudiram Station - A metro railway station near Garia in Kolkata.
• Shahid Khudiram Bose Hospital - A hospital in B T Road near Kamarhati Municipality.
• Khudiram Bose Memorial Central Jail - The Muzaffarpur Jail, where the freedom fighter was incarcerated and hanged on 11 August 1908, is renamed thus.
• Sahid Khudiram Siksha Prangan - It is a university campus for post graduate studies of University of Calcutta, Kolkata. It is also known as Alipore Campus.
• Khudiram Anushilan Kendra -It is located adjacent to the Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Indore Stadium in Kolkata.
• Khudiram Bose Pusa Railway Station

Shahid Khudiram Metro Station, Kolkata 

Khudiram Bose Pusa Railway Station 

Khudiram Anushilan Kendra, Kolkata (an indoor stadium) 

Films

Over the years, Khudiram Bose and his journey has been represented in multiple films.

• Main Khudiram Bose Hun
• Khudiram Bose - a documentary

References

Further reading

• Heehs, Peter (2008), The Lives of Sri Aurobindo, New York: Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0-231-14098-0 .
• Sen, Shailendra Nath (2012), Chandernagore — From Bondage to Freedom 1900-1955, Primus Books, ISBN 978-93-80607-23-8 .
• Sanyal, Shukla (2014), Revolutionary Pamphlets, Propaganda and Political Culture in Colonial Bengal, Delhi: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-107-06546-8 .
• Popplewell, Richard James (1995), Intelligence and Imperial Defence: British Intelligence and the Defence of the Indian Empire, 1904-1924, London: Frank Cass, ISBN 0-7146-4580-X .
• Guha, Arun Chandra (1971). First spark of revolution: the early phase of India's struggle for independence, 1900–1920. Orient Longman. ISBN 978-812-504-767-4. Retrieved 2017-09-15.
• Gupta, Manmathnath. History of the Indian Revolutionary Movement.
• Vajpeyi, J.N. The Extremist Movement in India.
• Nath, Shaileshwar. Terrorism in India.
• Raj, Nihar Ranjan (2008). From Cultural to Militant Nationalism: The Emergence of the Anushilan Samiti. ISBN 978-813-100-674-0.
• Chatterjee, J.C. Indian Revolutionaries in Conference.
• Guha, Arun Chandra (1971), First spark of revolution: the early phase of India's struggle for independence, 1900-1920, Orient Longman, ISBN 978-812-504-767-4, retrieved 2017-09-15
• Chaturvedi, Ritu (2007), Bihar through the ages, New Delhi: Sarup & Sons, ISBN 978-817-625-798-5, retrieved 16 September 2017
• Ryves, Bell (1908), "Judgement in the appeal of Khudiram Bose vs Emperor", indiankanoon.org, retrieved 16 September 2017
• Patel, Hitendra (2008), Khudiram Bose: Revolutionary Extraordinaire, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, ISBN 978-812-301-539-2
• Vajpeyi, J.N. The Extremist Movement in India.
• Agarwal, S. K. (2006), Khudiram Bose, Ocean Books, ISBN 81-88322-98-9
• Patel, Hitendra (2008). Khudiram Bose: Revolutionary Extraordinaire. Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. ISBN 978-812-301-539-2.
• Heehs, Peter. India’s Freedom Struggle: A Short History (1857-1947).
• Sarkar, Sumit. Modern India (1885-1947).
• Sharma, Madhusudan (2008). Khudiram Bose (Hindi). ISBN 978-813-100-674-0.
• Samaddar, Ranabir (2005), Terror and the Materiality of Colonial Rule, Guwahati: Center for Northeast India, South and Southeast Asia Studies, ISBN 978-0-231-14098-0 .