Tantia Tope

Tantia Tope
A painting of Tantya Tope
Born 1814
Yeola, District Nashik British India
Died 18 April 1859(1859-04-18) (aged 44–45)
Shivpuri, British India (present-day Madhya Pradesh)
Monuments Tantia Tope Memorial
Other names Ramachandra Panduranga
Organization Hindu Janajagruti Samiti
Movement Indian Rebellion of 1857

Tantia Tope[lower-alpha 1] He was a general in the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and one of its notable leaders. He was born as Ramachandra Panduranga to a Marathi Deshastha Brahmin[2] family and took on the title Tope, meaning commanding officer. It is believed that he had escaped the British (with assistance from Raja Man Singh of Narwar) and someone else disguised as him was hanged in his place. It is also believed that he spent the last years of his life in Navsari (1814 – 18 April 1859). A personal adherent of Nana Sahib of Bithur, he progressed with the Gwalior contingent after the British reoccupied Kanpur and forced General Windham to retreat from the city. Later on, he came to the relief of Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi and with her seized the city of Gwalior. However, he was defeated by General Napier's British Indian troops at Ranod and after a further defeat at Sikar abandoned the campaign.[3] He was executed by the British Government at Shivpuri on 18 April 1859.

[4] Tantia Tope was born as Ramachandra Panduranga[1][5] and took on the title Tope, meaning commanding officer, probably derived from Tope, Hindi for cannon or artillery.[4] According to an official statement, Tantia Tope's father was Panduranga, an inhabitant of Jola Pargannah, Patoda Zilla Nagar, in present-day Maharashtra.[4] Tope was a Maraṭha Vashista Brahman by birth.[4][1] In a government letter, he was said to be the minister of Baroda, while he was held identical to Nana Sahib in another communication.[4] A witness at his trial described Tantia Tope as 'a man of middling stature, with a wheat complexion and always wearing a white chukri-dar turban.'[4]

Role in the 1857 Rebellion

Tantia Tope after his capture in 1859.
"Tantia Topee's Soldiery"
Illustrated London News, 1858

After the uprising in Cawnpore took place on 5 June 1857, Nana Sahib became the leader of the rebels. The British forces surrendered on 25 June 1857 and were evacuated to the Satichaura Ghat on the river, where they were massacred.[6] Nana was declared Peshwa in late June.[6] General Havelock fought with Nana's forces in battle two times, they were defeated the third time and withdrew to Bithur, after which he crossed the Ganges and retreated to Awadh.[6] Tantia Tope began to act in Nana Sahib's name from Bithur.[6] Nana Sahib decided to use the captives for bargaining with the British.[7] The Company forces from Allahabad, under the command of General Henry Havelock, advanced relentlessly towards Cawnpore. Two forces sent by Nana Sahib to check their advance were defeated. After that defeat, it is alleged that around 200 British women and children were massacred on the instigation of a courtesan in Nana Sahib's court.[8] The details of the incident, such as who ordered the massacre, are not clear. Some believe that Tantia Tope gave the order[9], while it is widely disagreed by historians that he could not be charged with those alleged murders.[10] Christopher Hibbert opined that Tantia himself saved 53 British women and child from the rebels.[11][12] Followed by this incident, the British East India Company forces conducted a punitive action under the lead of General Autrum by blowing down Nana Sahib's palace in Bithoor with cannons, in which Indian women and children including Nana Sahib's young daughter Mainavati were burned alive.[13]

After losing Gwalior to the British, Tope and Rao Sahib, nephew of Nana Sahib, fled into the Rajputana. He was able to induce the army of Tonk to join him. He was unable to enter the town of Bundi and though announcing he would go south in fact went west towards Nimach. A British flying column commanded by Colonel Holmes was in pursuit of him and the British commander in Rajputana, General Abraham Robert was able to attack the rebel force when they had reached a position between Sanganer and Bhilwara. Tope again fled from the field towards Udaipur and, after visiting a Hindu shrine on 13 August, he drew up his forces on the Banas River. They were defeated again by Roberts's forces and Tope fled. He crossed the Chambal River and reached the town of Jhalrapatan in the state of Jhalawar. He induced the state forces to rebel against the raja and was able to replace the artillery he had lost at the Banas River. Tope then took his forces towards Indore but was pursued by the British now commanded by General John Michel as he fled towards Sironj. He was still accompanied by Rao Sahib and they decided to divide their forces so that Tope could move to Chanderi, and Rao Sahib, with a smaller force, to Jhansi. However they combined again in October and suffered another defeat at Chota Udaipur. By January 1859 they were in the state of Jaipur and experienced two more defeats. Tope then escaped alone into the jungles of Paron. At this point he met Man Singh, raja of Narwar, and his household and decided to stay with them. Man Singh was in dispute with the maharaja of Gwalior and the British were successful in negotiating with him to surrender to them in return for his life and protection of his family from any reprisals by the maharaja. After this Tope was alone.[14]

Tope admitted the charges brought before him saying that he was answerable to his master the Peshwa only. He was executed at the gallows on 18 April 1859.

See also

Notes

  1. Some sources also spell the name as Tatya Tope or Tantia Topi[1]

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Tantia Tope". Encyclopædia Britannica. 19 December 2014. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
  2. Mahmud, Syed Jafar (1994). Pillars of modern India, 1757-1947. New Delhi: Ashish Pub. House. pp. 14–15.
  3. Edwardes, Michael (1975) Red Year. London: Sphere Books; pp. 132-34
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Paul 2011, p. 53.
  5. "Remembering Tantia Tope: The guerilla hero of 1857 who terrified the British : Listicles: Microfacts". indiatoday.intoday.in.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Paul 2011, p. 54.
  7. East India Company
  8. Anand Swarup Misra, 'Nana Sahab Peshwa And The Fight For Freedom', Information Department, Uttar Pradesh, 1961.
  9. Mukherjee, Rudrangshu (February 1994). "The Kanpur Massacres in India in the Revolt of 1857: Reply". Past & Present. Oxford University Press. 142: 178–189. doi:10.1093/past/142.1.178. JSTOR 651201.
  10. M.S. Gill. "Trials that Changed History: From Socrates to Saddam Hussein". Sarup & Sons. Retrieved October 17, 2017.
  11. Cristopher Hibert (2002). The Great Mutiny of India, 1857. Penguin. ISBN 9780140047523.
  12. Narayan Sanyal (2003). Sher -E- Shahid Dwip (Bengali). Kolkata: Dev Sahitya Kutir. pp. 47–48.
  13. Kalpi Devi, "Nana Sahib's daughter Maina was burnt alive by Britishers", Vol. "Balindan", Hindupanch news report, 1858. (Hindi) http://www.philoid.com/epub/ncert/9/119/ihks105
  14. Edwardes, Michael (1975) Red Year. London: Sphere Books; pp. 129-35

Bibliography

  • Rainer Jerosch (2007). The Rani of Jhansi, Rebel Against Will: A Biography of the Legendary Indian Freedom Fighter in the Mutiny of 1857-1858. Aakar Books. ISBN 8189833146.
  • Paul, E Jaiwant (2011). The Greased Cartridge: The Heroes and Villains of 1857-58. ISBN 9351940101.

Further reading

  • Caleb Wright (1863). Historic Incidents and Life in India. J. A. Brainerd. p. 239. ISBN 978-1-135-72312-5.
  • Parag Tope (2010). Operation Red Lotus. ISBN 978-8-129-11562-1
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