Manston Airport

Manston Airport
Summary
Airport type Public
Owner Lothian Shelf 718 Ltd (Ann Gloag, Trevor Cartner - since 19/9/2014)
Location Manston, Kent
Closed 15 May 2014 (2014-05-15)
Elevation AMSL 178 ft / 54 m
Coordinates 51°20′32″N 001°20′46″E / 51.34222°N 1.34611°E / 51.34222; 1.34611Coordinates: 51°20′32″N 001°20′46″E / 51.34222°N 1.34611°E / 51.34222; 1.34611
Map
EGMH
Location
Runways
Direction Length Surface
m ft
10/28 2,748 9,016 Asphalt/Concrete
Statistics (2014-until closure)
Movements 6,494
Passengers 12,508
Sources: Statistics from the UK Civil Aviation Authority[1]

Manston Airport, formerly IATA: MSE, ICAO: EGMH, is a closed British airport. It was branded as Manston, Kent International Airport and is located in the parish of Minster-in-Thanet and partly adjacent to the village of Manston in the Thanet district of Kent, England, 11 NM (20 km; 13 mi) north-east of Canterbury. Formerly the site of RAF Manston, it was briefly known as London Manston Airport.[2] The single runway is located about 1 mile (1.6 km) from the coastline at 178 ft (54 m) above sea level.

At 2,748 m (9,016 ft) long, it has the eleventh-longest civilian runway in the United Kingdom (after Heathrow (2), Gatwick, Birmingham, Manchester, Stansted, East Midlands, Doncaster, Prestwick and Belfast International),[3] Manston was capable of handling some of the larger long-haul aircraft, but the runway was not long enough for the largest passenger or freight types at their maximum takeoff weights.[4][5][6] The runway was originally built with three "lanes" during the war to handle emergencies, and is among the widest in Europe.

After an announcement on 6 May 2014,[7] the airport closed on 15 May 2014 with the loss of 144 jobs.[8] When closure was announced, campaign group 'Save Manston Airport' was formed by a local campaigner, along with other groups such as 'Supporters of Manston Airport', 'Manston Works' and 'Save Manston Airport Association', as well as the existing 'Why Not Manston' group. The groups petitioned the local council,Thanet District Council, to issue a compulsory purchase order (CPO) to save the airport, in conjunction with a private indemnity partner. A US-based investment group, RiverOak, put forward a plan to re-open the airport, with an initial emphasis on cargo and aircraft recycling operations.[9] But the council refused, after Riveroak had failed to supply the information they required, including financial status.[10] Riveroak now plan to attempt the same using a Development Consent Order (DCO).[11] The proposed development has been named Stone Hill Park.[12]

On 2 February 2015, Manston Airport was discussed in a Commons Select Committee evidence session as part of their Smaller Airports Inquiry.[13] The Select Committee's report was published on 9 March 2015.[14]

In January 2016, Thanet District Council announced a new soft market-testing process to find indemnity partners for the compulsory acquisition of the former airport.[15] The next month, the Council announced that a total of five expressions of interest had been received, with three being carried forward (after responses were received to a follow-up questionnaire) to the next stage of the CPO process.[16]

Manston Airport is currently part of Operation Stack, and is used for lorries queuing for the Port of Dover if the stretch of the M20 between Junctions 8 and 11 reaches capacity.[17]

History

Origins

At the outset of the First World War, the Isle of Thanet was equipped with a small and precarious landing strip for aircraft at St Mildred's Bay, Westgate-on-Sea, on top of the chalk cliffs, at the foot of which was a promenade which had been used for seaplane operations. The landing grounds atop the cliff soon became the scene of several accidents, with at least one plane failing to stop before the end of the cliffs and tumbling into the sea, which, fortunately for the pilot, had been on its inward tide.

In the winter of 1915–1916, early aircraft began to use the open farmlands between Minster and Manston as a site for emergency landings. The Admiralty Aerodrome at 'Manston' was opened in response. A training school, originally set up to instruct pilots in the use of the new Handley Page Type O bombers, was soon established. By the close of 1916, there were already two units stationed at Manston: the Operational War Flight Command and the Handley Page Training School.

Its location near the Kent coast gave Manston some advantages over other aerodromes, and regular additions in men and machinery were soon made, particularly from Detling, in early days. By 1917 the Royal Flying Corps was well established and taking an active part in the defence of Britain.

Battle of Britain and the Second World War

Manston was used as a forward base by many squadrons during the Second World War, owing to its location close to the frontline. It was frequently attacked and heavily bombed during the Battle of Britain. Barnes Wallis used the base to test his bouncing bomb on the coast at nearby Reculver, prior to the Dambusters raid.[18]

Hawker Typhoon and Gloster Meteor squadrons were based at Manston during the war. On 27 July 1944, RAF 616 Squadron became the first allied jet equipped squadron in the world to become operational, using Meteors to intercept German V-1 flying bombs (aimed at London). Manston's position close to the front line and its long and broad three lane runway (built during the war, along with the runways at Woodbridge and Carnaby near Bridlington) meant the airfield was heavily used by badly damaged planes that had suffered from ground fire, collisions, or air attack but retained a degree of airworthiness. The airfield became a "graveyard" for heavy bombers and less-damaged aircraft, offering spare parts for allied aircraft in need of repair. The museum on site displays some aerial views dating from this era and the post-war years.

Post-war military and civil use

During the Cold War of the 1950s, the United States Air Force used Manston as a Strategic Air Command base for its fighter and fighter-bomber units. The USAF withdrew from Manston in 1960, and the airfield became a joint civilian and RAF airport, employed for occasional package tour and cargo flights, alongside its continuing role as an RAF base. The Air Cadets used the northern side of the airfield as a gliding site, and an Air Experience Flight flying de Havilland Chipmunks was based there. Manston was used as a diversionary airfield for emergency military and civilian landings.

Manston became Kent International Airport from 1989, and a new terminal was opened by Sarah, Duchess of York. Summer season charter flights operated by Dan-Air to Palma (Mallorca) were introduced on Saturdays, using BAC One-Elevens. The Yugoslavian carrier Aviogenex operated regular charters to the then-popular beach resorts of the former Yugoslavia on behalf of the now defunct Yugotours.

Kent International Airport was initially a 38 acres (150,000 m2) civilian area within the former RAF Manston that included the existing terminal building and an apron where passengers embarked and freighters were loaded. The runway was not included within this enclave. In 1988, the owners of Kent International Airport signed a 125-year legal agreement with the RAF that obliged the RAF to maintain the runway, as well as to provide ongoing air traffic control and Fire and Rescue services. The cost of providing these was estimated at up to £3m per annum by the Ministry of Defence.

Sale and commercial operations

After an absence of regular charter services, Aspro Holidays operated a series of summer charter services during the 1992–93 summer season with its in-house airline Inter European Airways to Palma (Mallorca) and Larnaca (Cyprus) using the Boeing 737, and added a service to Heraklion (Crete), which was often operated using their larger Boeing 757 airliner. When Aspro Holidays was taken over by the Airtours Holiday group, the flights ceased. The early 1990s also saw weekly flights to Larnaca (Cyprus) by Cypriana Holidays, with Eurocypria operating the inbound flight via Norwich as a split load. The service continued for approximately two summer seasons before Cypriana Holidays went into administration.

A 1993 report by the Department of Trade and Industry examined runway capacity in South East England and found Manston unsuitable for development as a major airport because of its proximity to the town. Nevertheless, in 1998, Thanet District Council produced the Isle of Thanet local plan, which recognised the economic development potential of abandoned sections of the old military airfield, particularly on its north-western edge. After the plan was published, the Ministry of Defence announced its intention to sell RAF Manston, and following a ruling by Government instructing Government departments to generate money through the sale of surplus assets, the Ministry of Defence sold Manston.

After the RAF left, local MP Stephen Ladyman opposed the decision to sell the base to property developer Wiggins Group PLC. The RAF faced a compensation claim of £50–100 million if they then closed the base and terminated their earlier agreement with Kent International Airport. The ministry sold the site at the end of March 1999 for £4.75m to the Wiggins Group, who inherited the legal agreement obliging the RAF to continue maintenance of the airfield. Within six months, the RAF announced that they were leaving the airfield.

The airfield site comprises 700 acres (2.8 km2).

Expansion

Fokker 100 of EUjet on arrival from Manchester on 31 March 2005

In December 2003 a Government White Paper on "The Future of Air Transport" stated that Manston "could play a valuable role in meeting local demand and could contribute to regional economic development", and would support development in principle, "subject to relevant environmental considerations".[19]

Development began in 2004 in an attempt to make it a budget airline hub. Irish airline EUjet, formed in 2002, began scheduled flights in September 2004 to destinations such as Manchester, Edinburgh, and Dublin with a small fleet of Fokker 100 airliners. New car parks and a direct coach service from Bluewater via Chatham were introduced to support these flights.

In May 2004, the airport operator PlaneStation bought 30% of the shares in airline EUjet, and in January 2005 it completed its takeover by acquiring the remaining 70% of the shares. On 26 July 2005, the airline went into administration and all EUjet flights ended, along with all non-freight operations at the airport, owing to financial difficulties with the airline and airport owner, PlaneStation. Their business plan was ambitious and when the bank lenders foreclosed many passengers were left stranded abroad. London Manston Airport plc went into liquidation. Operations then temporarily ceased, and Manston's aerodrome traffic zone and radar services were suspended, until after a new buyer could be found.

The sale of Manston to Infratil, a company based in Wellington, New Zealand and owner of Glasgow Prestwick Airport, was completed on 26 August 2005.[20] In July 2006 a charter route between Manston and Norfolk, Virginia, was announced: it was cancelled prior to commencement because of low bookings. It was to be operated by tour operator Cosmos in conjunction with Monarch Airlines.

Luxembourg-based Cargolux started flying for Ghana Airways from Accra to Kent International on 17 April 2007.

Charter flights were operated from Manston by Seguro Travel Limited, operating as "Kent Escapes". The 2007 Kent Escapes flights were operated by Sky Wings using a McDonnell Douglas MD-80. Seguro then swapped operators on 16 August because of problems. The flights were taken over by BMI for a period. At the end of the season, flights were operated by Futura, a Spanish-based airline, using the Boeing 737.[21] Futura Airlines ceased trading during September 2008 and Seguro Travel on 10 September 2008.[22]

View across part of the airport

On 15 February 2010, former airport CEO Matt Clarke and Flybe Head of Public Relations and Public Affairs Niall Duffy announced a daily service operated by Flybe from Manston to Edinburgh, Kirkwall, and Sumburgh, Belfast, and Manchester. The services were the first daily scheduled routes at Manston since the collapse of EUjet in 2005. Dash-8Q400 aircraft were used. Air Southwest announced seasonal charter services to Jersey every Saturday using Dash-8 aircraft. The Flybe services to Kirkwall and Sumburgh were operated by the once-daily flight to Edinburgh and then by Loganair to the onward destinations.

Departures were offered during summer 2011 to Funchal (Madeira) with specialist operator Atlantic Holidays, operated by UK charter airline Monarch Airlines but have since been discontinued.

Newmarket Holidays continued to offer irregular charter flights during the summer months to Verona and Naples in Italy, as well as Porto in Portugal using the Lithuanian charter airline Small Planet Airlines for the summer 2013 season.

Iran Air used Manston as a fuel stop for flight 710 from Heathrow to Tehran due to fuel disputes in London, until 1 December 2011.[23]

Decline

On 22 December 2011, Flybe spokesman Niall Duffy announced that all Flybe services would cease from Manston Airport by 25 March 2012.[24]

On 8 March 2012, Infratil announced it would dispose of its European airport operations, placing Kent International and Glasgow-Prestwick Airports up for sale.[25] Manston and Prestwick had been running at a loss, and in May 2011 Infratil's annual report showed that losses from its European airports grew from £9 million to £11 million in 2010.[26]

On 31 July 2012 a pressure group 'Why Not Manston?' was formed, aiming to support greater use of Manston airport.

On 14 November 2012, KLM Royal Dutch Airlines announced double daily flights from Manston to Amsterdam, with onward connections via the KLM network. The first flight was with a Fokker 70 on 2 April 2013.

A British Airways Airbus A380 undergoing crew training at Manston

From July 2013, British Airways has operated test flights and crew training for the Airbus A380 from Manston,[27] which was followed by a similar exercise for the Boeing 787 Dreamliner aircraft.[28]

On 15 October 2013, Infratil announced they would sell the airport to a company wholly owned by Ann Gloag, co-founder of Stagecoach Group. Manston Skyport Ltd took over running the former airport on 29 November 2013.[29]

Closure and aftermath

On 19 March 2014, it was announced that a 45-day consultation period into the closure of the former airport had begun.[30] Daily losses were said to be £10,000.[31] The airport's chief executive announced that the airport could close on 9 April 2014,[32] and on 25 March 2014 KLM Royal Dutch Airlines announced the end of their flights to Amsterdam by 10 April,[33] and Manston's last ever scheduled flight departed for Amsterdam on 9 April 2014.

On 12 April 2014, Newmarket Holidays said its Verona and Naples seasonal charter flights would move to the expanding Lydd Airport.

The closure of the former airport was announced on 6 May 2014; this was effected on 15 May 2014.[7]

On 31 July 2015, it was announced that the site might be used to house overflow lorries from Operation Stack. To prevent lorries from parking on the motorway during busy periods, freight traffic bound for the Port of Dover might be diverted to the airfield and held until it can be directed to the ferry services.[34]

On 26 October 2016, local newspaper the Thanet Extra reported that the owners of the site had received payments totalling £3.539 million from the Department for Transport to keep Manston Airport on standby as a lorry park for Operation Stack.[35]

Redevelopment proposals

Following closure, a campaign was launched to reopen the airport, although the airport's owners stated their intention to redevelop the site.

In 2014, an American private equity group, RiverOak Investments, put forward a proposal to acquire the site and reopen it as an airport, with an initial emphasis on cargo and the recycling of aircraft.[36] This would have required the local council to use a Compulsory Purchase Order (CPO), with RiverOak as 'indemnity partner' covering the costs incurred. In a council cabinet meeting on 11 December 2014, the Labour-controlled cabinet decided not to proceed with a CPO at the present time, stating "That no further action be taken at the present time on a CPO of Manston Airport, on the basis that the Council has not identified any suitable expressions of interest that fulfil the requirements of the Council for a CPO indemnity partner and that it does not have the financial resources to pursue a CPO in its own right". RiverOak being the only candidate in the soft market testing failed to provide the assurances required, thus no further action was to be taken on the CPO "at the present time", and other suitable candidates would be sought through a further round of soft market testing.[37][38][39][40][41] After a change in the control of the local council in the 2015 elections, the newly elected council decided to look at using a CPO to re-open the former airport.[42]

Subsequent to the DofT report commissioned from PwC,[37] into the decision not to proceed, a second examination of RiverOak took place, following the suggestions made by PwC. RiverOak failed to be able to provide the information required by the council to proceed with a CPO, leading TDC to decline to proceed with a CPO using RiverOak as indemnity partners for a 2nd time.[10]

In December 2015, it was announced that RiverOak would undertake a Development Consent Order (DCO) process to acquire permission from central government to reopen the airport.

In June 2016, the site owners submitted a masterplan planning application to Thanet District Council, seeking permission for 2,500 homes, commercial sectors and public parkland, under the name Stone Hill Park.[43]

The Planning Inspectorate launched an inquiry into the proposed change of use of buildings on the site from aviation to non-aviation in July 2016.[44] In August 2016, Thanet Council commissioned AviaSolutions, an aviation consulting firm, to conduct a study into the feasibility of the site reopening as an airport.[45]

During August 2016, the developers of the proposed Stone Hill Park criticised RiverOak, stating a belief that the company would develop Manston into a "24/7 industrial scale cargo hub".[46] This view was supported by a campaign group, No Night Flights, which also warned of daily and nightly flights to and from the airport.[47] RiverOak subsequently made public a media statement discussing inaccuracies in the allegations by No Night Flights.[48]

AviaSolutions released its findings in October 2016, stating that it did not believe an airport would be successful in the long-term on the site.[49]

In November 2016, it was made public that Edi Truell, a leading city financier and previously the pensions and investments adviser to the then Mayor of London, Boris Johnson,[50] was keen to acquire Manston and return it to an operational airport.[51] That month, the date for the Public Inquiry was announced as 24 January 2017 after the previous meeting due 1 November 2016 was postponed.[52]

In February 2017, it became public that Disruptive Capital, with Edi Truell as Chairman were to commission a report on their plans for Manston Airport.[53] After a response to the news by Stone Hill Park, Edi Truell made public his team's investment in 14 airports around the world and $68 billion of long-term infrastructure investments.[54]

On 7 February 2017, RiverOak Investments spent their first day on site after gaining access to Manston Airport to carry out work as part of their Development Consent Order (DCO).[55]

On 2 May 2017, it was announced that a new potential aviation investor was intending to approach Thanet District Council regarding a Compulsory Purchase Order. Dale Crawford of DTD Consult is acting as spokesperson for the investment group, stated as being a US logistics company with roots in Europe who already has plans to base 12 of their clients aircraft at the site and able to invest over £100 million.[56]

In August 2018, the UK government's Planning Inspectorate accepted the plans for examination for an air based freight hub, but the final decision will rest with the public inquiry and the Secretary of State for Transport.[57]

Airline operations prior to closure

Prior to 10 April 2014, there was one cargo service and one passenger service (KLM to Amsterdam) operating from Manston. Cargo flights before closure were operated by Cargolux to Johannesburg, Luxembourg, Maastricht and Nairobi; and by Saudia Cargo to Amsterdam, Dammam, Jeddah, Johannesburg and Nairobi.

Non-passenger operations

Two museums, the RAF Manston History Museum and the Spitfire and Hurricane memorial, are located on the northern edge of the airfield.

The large hangar was originally built and used by Invicta International Airlines; between 1987 and 2004 Modern Jet Support Centre Ltd used it for Boeing 707 and McDonnell Douglas DC-10 servicing, before entering administration; between 2006 and early 2009 it was used by airline DAS Air Cargo (who were taken over by Continental Aviation Services in November 2007) to maintain their aircraft as well as those of World Airways, Omni Air International, Gemini Air Cargo, and Avient Aviation, before entering administration. AvMan Engineering Ltd took over the hangar in 2009, and have CAA approval to work on BAe-146 and their ALF502 / LF507 engines.

A helicopter business remains operational, located immediately outside of the airport curtilage.[58]

A second helicopter business (Polar helicopters) remains operational on the airfield and provides a radio service for overflying aircraft.[59]

Search and rescue base

A Sea King HAR.3 of 202 RAF Squadron, who operated this type of aircraft from RAF Manston between 1988 and 1994

RAF Manston was home to a helicopter search and rescue (SAR) flight from No. 22 Squadron RAF from 1961, operating Westland Whirlwind HAR.2/HAR.10 aircraft. The flight was withdrawn in 1969, but an outcry led to the RAF contracting Bristow Helicopters from 1971 to 1974 to provide a continuing service (using Whirlwind Series 3's). In 1972, the Bristow crew was awarded the "Wreck Shield" for "Most Meritorious Rescue in 1972" by the Department of Trade and Industry.[60]

The RAF returned in 1974, with No. 72 Squadron RAF operating two Westland Wessex HC.2 aircraft to replace the Bristow operation. The flight was transferred back to No. 22 Squadron in June 1976. In 1988 No. 202 Squadron RAF moved to Manston with their Westland Sea King HAR.3, when the Wessex helicopters moved to RAF Coltishall. The Sea Kings remained at Manston until July 1994, when the SAR base closed, transferring SAR English Channel coverage to RAF Wattisham.[60][61]

It was announced that Manston would be a location for the new 10-year SAR contract, operated by Bristow Helicopters on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency.[62][63] Manston was intended to have a new £7 million, custom built facility operational from April 2015,[64] hosting two new AgustaWestland AW189 helicopters.[65] These plans were cancelled after the airport's closure was announced[66]

Constraints

Manston's flight path passed over the town of Ramsgate, a seaside resort of some 40,000 residents, situated about 1 km (0.62 mi) from the eastern end of the runway. To one side of the runway lies the village of Cliffsend, whose housing is less than 200 m (660 ft) from it. Manston village stands to the north-east of the passenger terminal.

Accidents and incidents

On 11 August 2010 a Douglas DC-8-63F YA-VIC of Kam Air suffered a tailstrike on take-off, destroying an approach light.[67] The aircraft was operating an international cargo flight from Manston to Buenos Aires via the Cape Verde Islands. The incident was caused by excess fuel, and an underestimation of the mass of the cargo, making the aircraft 25,700 pounds (11,700 kg) overweight. After being informed of the tailstrike, the crew continued the flight to the Cape Verde Islands. Inspection on arrival revealed that a tailstrike had indeed occurred, although the tailstrike indicator was within limits.

The incident was investigated by the Air Accidents Investigation Branch, which made four safety recommendations. As a direct result, Kam Air was banned from operating within the European Union. The three crew were dismissed, and Kam Air announced that it would withdraw its two DC-8s from service.[68]

The airport and runway were used for the making of the James Bond film Die Another Day in 2001, when the airport was used to portray a North Korean airbase.[69]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 2015-04-29.
  2. ↑ London Manston Airport shown on an Ordnance Survey map from 2005
  3. ↑ List of UK airport details Heathrow has two runways of greater length, and Prestwick longer at 2,896 m (9,501 ft).
  4. ↑ "AxleGeeks - The Research Engine For Things That Go". planes.axlegeeks.com.
  5. ↑ http://www.boeing.com/assets/pdf/commercial/airports/.../747_8.pdf%5Bpermanent+dead+link%5D
  6. ↑ http://www.boeing.com/assets/pdf/commercial/airports/acaps/777_2lr3er.pdf
  7. 1 2 "Threatened airport to shut next week". 6 May 2014 – via www.bbc.com.
  8. ↑ "Manston Airport staff finish work as it closes down". BBC News. 15 May 2014. Retrieved 29 Jul 2015.
  9. ↑ http://www.riveroakinvestments.co.uk/our-plan-for-manston/
  10. 1 2 "Cabinet agree to take no further action on CPO of Manston Airport at the present time". www.thanet.gov.uk.
  11. ↑ http://www.thanetgazette.co.uk/RiverOak-submit-pre-application-bid-reopen/story-28504239-detail/story.html%5Bpermanent+dead+link%5D
  12. ↑ "Stone Hill Park bosses unveil latest plans for former airport site".
  13. ↑ "Smaller airports and the closure of Manston - News from Parliament". UK Parliament.
  14. ↑ https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201415/cmselect/cmtran/713/713.pdf
  15. ↑ "Manston CPO Indemnity Partner Soft Market Testing Exercise". www.thanet.gov.uk.
  16. ↑ "Manston CPO Indemnity Partner - Soft Market Testing now closed". www.thanet.gov.uk.
  17. ↑ "Operation Stack". Kent Police. Retrieved 2018-07-19.
  18. ↑ "Media - WW2Aircraft.net Forums". www.ww2aircraft.net.
  19. ↑ UK Department for Transport, The Future of Air Transport White Paper, (Dec 2003), paragraph 11.99.
  20. ↑ Done, Kevin (25 August 2005). "Infratil to buy Manston Airport from administrator". Financial Times. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
  21. ↑ Holiday company terminates Sky Wings contract Archived 15 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
  22. ↑ Statement from the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) Archived 6 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
  23. ↑ "Manston airport stops refuelling Iran Air flights". BBC News. 1 December 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2014.
  24. ↑ "Flybe to stop using Manston Airport". BBC News. 22 December 2011. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
  25. ↑ "Manston Airport to be sold". Kentonline.co.uk. 8 March 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
  26. ↑ Bradley, Grant (18 May 2011). "Infratil revs up earnings after Shell acquisition". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 12 September 2011.
  27. ↑ http://www.britishairwaysnews.com/tag/a380/
  28. ↑ "BA to fly from Kent Airport". Kentairport.co.uk. 18 June 2013. Retrieved 19 June 2013.
  29. ↑ "Gareth Johns - Successful goal orientated entrepreneur". www.manstonairport.com.
  30. ↑ "Manston Airport holds consultation over possible closure". BBC News. 19 March 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
  31. ↑ "Manston airport closure plans put scores of jobs at risk". The Guardian. 18 March 2014. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
  32. ↑ "Manston Airport 'could close within three weeks'". BBC News. 21 March 2014.
  33. ↑ "Manston Airport purchase-offer letter sent to owner". BBC News. 27 March 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
  34. ↑ Kent Police. "Operation Stack: Routing to Manston". Gov.UK. Highways England. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  35. ↑ "Millions paid for runway to be reserve lorry park for Operation Stack". Thanet Extra. 26 October 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
  36. ↑ "FAQ". RiverOak Investments. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
  37. 1 2 https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/437886/manston-airport-cpo-indemnity-partner-review.pdf
  38. ↑ "Manston Airport's future hinges on DfT review". Infrastructure Intelligence.
  39. ↑ "US firm echoes Paramount in new airport bid".
  40. ↑ "Decision details Manston Airport". 11 December 2014. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
  41. ↑ "Thanet District Council Extraordinary Cabinet Meeting Minutes". 14 July 2015.
  42. ↑ "Thanet District Council 'closer to Manston airport purchase'". BBC News. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
  43. ↑ Price, Chris (1 June 2016). "Stone Hill Park planning application submitted on former Manston airport". Kent Business. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
  44. ↑ "Manston Airport public inquiry to be held on its future". BBC News. 12 July 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
  45. ↑ Bailes, Kathy (7 August 2016). "Council commissions £50k study into the future for Manston airport". Kent Live. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
  46. ↑ Price, Chris (25 August 2016). "Manston airport: Stone Hill Park hits out at 'vague' RiverOak plans". Kent Business. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
  47. ↑ Basu, Joy (6 September 2016). "Campaigners want you to join the fight against the latest plans for Manston airport". Kent Live. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
  48. ↑ "RiverOak responds to inaccurate 'No Night Flights' allegations". Kent Live. 6 September 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  49. ↑ "Manston Airport 'very unlikely' to be financially viable". BBC News. 4 October 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
  50. ↑ "Mayor appoints Edi Truell to key pensions role". Greater London Authority. 14 August 2015. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  51. ↑ "Breaking News: Press Release from UKIP Thanet concerning Edi Truell and Manston Airport". Supporters of Manston Airport. 15 November 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  52. ↑ "Public Inquiry for Change of Use Planning Appeal Scheduled for 24th January 2017". Supporters of Manston Airport. 19 November 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  53. ↑ "Disruptive Capital to commission a viability report of their plan for Manston Airport". Supporters of Manston Airport. 4 February 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
  54. ↑ "Breaking: Edi Truell responds to Stone Hill Park's statement released today". Supporters of Manston Airport. 6 February 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
  55. ↑ "RiverOak's Environmental Team visit Manston". Supporters of Manston Airport. 7 February 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
  56. ↑ "New aviation investor lines up for Compulsory Purchase Order on Manston Airport". Supporters of Manston Airport. 2 May 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
  57. ↑ Witherow, John, ed. (16 August 2018). "Kent's cargo airport plan is cleared for take-off". The Times (72615). p. 41. ISSN 0140-0460.
  58. ↑ "Heli Charter". Heli Charter UK. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
  59. ↑ "NOTAM interpreted - NOTAM Info". notaminfo.com.
  60. 1 2 "22 Squadron History". Royal Air Force. Archived from the original on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  61. ↑ "Search and rescue helicopters to take off from Manston Airport". Kent Messenger. 2013-03-26.
  62. ↑ "All change for search and rescue in a year". Northumberland Gazette. 2014-05-01.
  63. ↑ "Bristow Group to take over UK search and rescue from RAF". BBC News. 2013-03-26.
  64. ↑ "Our locations". Bristow SAR.
  65. ↑ "Bristow UK SAR Helicopter Coverage Map". Bristow SAR.
  66. ↑ "Manston loses search and rescue service". BBC.
  67. ↑ Hradecky, Simon (12 May 2011). "Report: Kam Air DC86 at Manston on Aug 11th 2010, tail strike on takeoff". The Aviation Herald. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
  68. ↑ "YA-VIC" (PDF). Air Accidents Investigation Branch. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
  69. ↑ McGhie, Tom (1 November 2009). "Boost for Kent International Airport". This is Money. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
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