Joaquin Phoenix

Joaquin Phoenix
Phoenix in 2017
Born Joaquin Rafael Bottom
(1974-10-28) October 28, 1974
San Juan, Puerto Rico
Residence Hollywood Hills, California, U.S.
Other names Leaf Phoenix
Occupation
Years active 1982–present
Partner(s) Rooney Mara (2016–present)
Parent(s) Arlyn Phoenix
John Lee Bottom
Relatives

Joaquin Rafael Phoenix (/hwɑːˈkiːn/; né Bottom; born October 28, 1974)[lower-alpha 1][3] is an American actor, producer, and activist. For his work as an actor, Phoenix has received a Grammy Award, a Golden Globe Award and three Academy Award nominations.

Phoenix started acting in television series with his brother River Phoenix and sister Summer Phoenix. His first major film release was in the film Parenthood (1989). During his period as a child actor he was credited as Leaf Phoenix, his self-given name. He later went back to his birth name, Joaquin, and received positive reviews for his supporting work in a wide range of films, most notably for the film adaptation of the novel To Die For (1995) and the period film Quills (2000). He received international attention for his portrayal of Commodus in the 2000 historical epic film Gladiator, which earned him a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. He has subsequently earned Best Actor nominations for portraying musician Johnny Cash in the biopic Walk the Line (2005) and for his role as Freddie Quell, a sex-obsessed alcoholic World War II veteran in the drama film The Master (2012), which won him the Volpi Cup for Best Actor. He and River Phoenix hold the distinction of being the only brothers to be nominated for acting Academy Awards.[4]

His other films include the satire film Buffalo Soldiers (2001), the science fiction thriller Signs (2002), the animated film Brother Bear (2003), the historical drama film Hotel Rwanda (2004), the psychological thriller The Village (2004), the documentary Earthlings (2005), the romantic drama Two Lovers (2008), the drama The Immigrant (2013), the romantic science fiction drama Her (2013), the crime comedy-drama film Inherent Vice (2014), and the thriller You Were Never Really Here (2017), for which he won the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor.

Aside from his acting career, he has ventured into directing music videos, as well as producing films and television shows. He has recorded an album, the soundtrack to Walk the Line, for which he won the Grammy Award for Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media. Phoenix is a social activist, lending his support to a number of charities and humanitarian organizations. He is on the board of directors for The Lunchbox Fund, a non-profit organization which provides daily meals to students of township schools in Soweto of South Africa. Phoenix is also known for his animal rights advocacy. He has been a vegan since the age of three and campaigns for PETA and In Defense of Animals.[5][6]

Life and career

1974–1994: Early life and performances

Phoenix was born Joaquin Rafael Bottom in the Río Piedras district of San Juan, Puerto Rico, to parents from the U.S. mainland. He is the third of five children, including River (1970–1993), Rain (born 1972), Liberty (born 1976) and Summer (born 1978), all of whom have also acted. He also has a half-sister named Jodean (born 1964) from a previous relationship of his father's.[7] Phoenix's father, John Lee Bottom, originally from Fontana, California, was a lapsed Catholic of English, German, and French Huguenot ancestry.[8][9][10] His mother, Arlyn (née Dunetz), was born in The Bronx, New York, to Jewish parents whose families were from Hungary and Russia.[11][12][13][14] Arlyn left her family in 1968 and moved to California, later meeting Phoenix's father while hitchhiking. They married in 1969, then joined a religious cult, the Children of God, and began traveling throughout South America. His parents eventually became disenchanted with the Children of God; they made the decision to leave the group and returned to the U.S. in 1978.[7] They changed their last name to Phoenix, after the mythical bird that rises from its own ashes, symbolizing a new beginning.[1] Around this time, Joaquin began calling himself "Leaf", desiring to have a nature-related name like his siblings, and inspired by spending time outdoors raking leaves with his father. "Leaf" became the name he used as a child actor, until at age 15, when he changed it back to Joaquin.[2]

In order to provide food and financial support for the family, the children performed on the streets and at various talent contests, singing and playing instruments.[15] In Los Angeles, his mother started working as a secretary for NBC, and his father worked as a landscaper.[7] Phoenix and his siblings were eventually discovered by one of Hollywood's leading children's agents, Iris Burton, who got the five children acting work, mainly doing commercials and television show appearances.[16] At the age of eight, Phoenix made his acting debut alongside his brother River in the television series Seven Brides for Seven Brothers in the 1982 episode "Christmas Song".[17] In his first major role, Phoenix co-starred opposite River in the ABC Afterschool Special Backwards: The Riddle of Dyslexia (1984).[18] Also in 1984, Phoenix made guest appearances in the Murder, She Wrote episode "We're Off to Kill the Wizard" with his sister Summer, and individual episodes of The Fall Guy and Hill Street Blues.[19][20]

After appearing in the CBS television film Kids Don't Tell (1985), Phoenix made his theatrical film debut in SpaceCamp (1986) as Max, a 12-year-old who goes to Kennedy Space Center to learn about the NASA space program and undergoes amateur astronaut training.[17] He guest starred on the anthology series Alfred Hitchcock Presents episode "A Very Happy Ending" in the same year, playing a child who blackmails a hitman (played by Robert Loggia) into to killing his father (John Aprea).[21] Phoenix's first starring role was in Russkies (1987), about a group of friends who unknowingly befriend a Russian soldier during the Cold War.[21] Phoenix then appeared in Ron Howard's comedy-drama Parenthood (1989), in which he played the withdrawn teenage nephew of Steve Martin's character.[22] The film was well received by critics and grossed $126 million worldwide.[23] Phoenix was nominated for the Young Artist Award for Best Leading Young Actor in a Feature Film for his performance in the film.[20]

After establishing himself as a child actor, Phoenix decided to withdraw from acting for a while and traveled to Mexico and South America with his father.[24] On October 31, 1993, three days after Phoenix's 19th birthday, his older brother River suffered a drug overdose and died. The call Phoenix made to 911 seeking help for his brother was repeatedly played on radio and television. In response, Phoenix retreated from the public eye for about a year.[25]

1995–1999: Return to acting

During the comeback portion of his career, Phoenix went back to his given name Joaquin and was often cast in supporting roles as conflicted, insecure characters with a dark side. In 1995, he co-starred in To Die For, as the disturbed young man Jimmy who gets seduced by Suzanne Stone (Nicole Kidman) to commit murder. Directed by Gus Van Sant, the film was screened out of competition at the 1995 Cannes Film Festival and became a financial and critical success, resulting in a domestic box office total of $21 million. New York Times critic Janet Maslin praised Phoenix's performance, writing "So pity poor Jimmy. Rivetingly played by Mr. Phoenix with a raw, anguished expressiveness that makes him an actor to watch for, Jimmy is both tempted and terrified by Suzanne's slick amorality. In that, he speaks for us all."[26][27][28]

In 1997, Phoenix played a small-town troublemaker in Oliver Stone's U Turn, and a poor man in love with a rich woman in Inventing the Abbotts. The films were received with mostly mixed and negative reviews, respectively, and neither performed well at the box office.[29][30]

The following year, Phoenix starred in Clay Pigeons (1998) as a young man in a small town who befriends a serial killer. Budgeted at $8 million,[31] the film became a box office flop, grossing only $1 million and was, like Phoenix's previous projects, not well received by critics.[32]

In his next film, 8mm (1999), Phoenix co-starred as an adult video store employee who helps Tom Welles (Nicolas Cage) penetrate the underworld of illegal pornography. The film turned out be a box office success, grossing $96 million worldwide,[33] but found few admirers among critics.[34]

2000–2005: Critical acclaim and commercial success

Phoenix in Cannes for The Yards in May 2000.

In 2000, Phoenix co-starred in three films. He made his first collaboration with director James Gray in The Yards. The film follows the corruption in the rail yards of Queens. Although failing to perform at the box office,[35] The Yards was received with positive reviews.[36] In his next film, Phoenix played emperor Commodus who killed his father and seized the throne in the historical epic film Gladiator. Directed by Ridley Scott, the film stars Russell Crowe as the Roman general Maximus Decimus Meridius, who is reduced to slavery by Commodus and rises through the ranks of the gladiatorial arena to avenge the murders of his family and his emperor. The film was a massive financial and critical success, becoming one of the highest earning films of 2000, with a worldwide box office gross of $457 million[37] and received universal critical praise.[38] The film won the Academy Award for Best Picture.[39] For his performance, the critic Lisa Schwarzbaum described as "deliciously creepy perversity", Phoenix was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture, the BAFTA Award for Best Supporting Actor, the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role and received his first nomination for the Academy Award in the category of Best Supporting Actor. He and late brother River Phoenix became the first brothers to get nominated for acting Academy Awards. To this date, they are alone in holding this distinction.[4] Later, he portrayed the conflicted priest Abbé de Coulmier in Quills. Inspired by the life and work of the Marquis de Sade, the film premiered in the United States at the Telluride Film Festival on September 2, 2000 and was a modest art house success grossing a total of $17 million at the box office,[40] but it was received with critical praise,[41] eventually receiving three Academy Award nominations at the 73rd Annual Academy Awards and The National Board of Review selected the film as its Best Film of 2000.[42] For his combined roles, Phoenix won the Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor and the National Board of Review Award for Best Supporting Actor.[43]

The following year, Phoenix starred in the satire film Buffalo Soldiers (2001) as a U.S. Army soldier. The world premiere was held at the 2001 Toronto International Film Festival in early September. However, being a satire of the US military, the film's wider theatrical run was delayed by approximately two years because of the September 11 attacks until it was released on July 25, 2003.[44] Although the film was a box office flop,[45] it was received with mostly positive reviews.[46] Famed critic Roger Ebert praised Phoenix for his "spot-on performance".[47] Phoenix was nominated for the British Independent Film Award for Best Actor.[48]

Phoenix also starred in M. Night Shyamalan's science fiction thriller Signs (2002). The story focuses on a former Episcopal priest named Graham Hess (Mel Gibson) who discovers a series of crop circles in his cornfield. Hess slowly becomes convinced that the phenomena are a result of extraterrestrial life. The film was a massive financial success, grossing $408 million on its $72 million budget,[49] and was received with positive reviews.[50] Rolling Stone critic Peter Travers praised Phoenix's performance, writing "Phoenix registers impressively, finding the humor and the pain in this lost boy".[51]

In 2003, Phoenix played the irresolute husband of a superstar-skater in It's All About Love,[52] and voiced Kenai in the Disney animated film, Brother Bear. The film grossed $250 million worldwide[53] and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature.[54] He was replaced by Patrick Dempsey in the sequel Brother Bear 2.[55]

In 2004, Phoenix paired with Shyamalan again, playing a love struck farmer in The Village. It received mixed reviews[56] but was a financial success, grossing $256 million worldwide on its $60 million budget.[57] For his second film that year, Phoenix starred in the drama film Ladder 49 as a Baltimore firefighter. The film earned $102 million at the box office[58] despite receiving generally mixed reviews.[59] Roger Ebert gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars, praising the performances in the film.[60] Phoenix's final film of 2004 was Terry George's Hotel Rwanda, playing photographer Jack Daglish. The film was a moderate financial success[61] but was a critical success, receiving almost exclusively positive reviews from critics.[62] For his performance in the film, Phoenix was nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture along with the cast.[63]

Phoenix being interviewed at the premiere of Walk the Line in 2005.

In 2005, Phoenix starred in the James Mangold directed film Walk the Line, a Johnny Cash biopic, after Cash himself approved of Phoenix.[64] All of Cash's vocal tracks in the film and on the accompanying soundtrack are played and sung by Phoenix.[65] The film was released on November 18, 2005, eventually grossing $186 million.[66] Phoenix's performance received rave reviews from critics and it inspired film critic Roger Ebert to write, "Knowing Johnny Cash's albums more or less by heart, I closed my eyes to focus on the soundtrack and decided that, yes, that was the voice of Johnny Cash I was listening to. The closing credits make it clear it's Joaquin Phoenix doing the singing, and I was gob-smacked".[67] For his portrayal of Johnny Cash, Phoenix was nominated for his second Academy Award, in the category of Best Actor as well as the BAFTA Award for Best Actor, Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role. He won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor  – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy and the Grammy Award for Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media for the film's soundtrack.[68][69][70] Earlier that year, he narrated Earthlings (2005), a documentary about the investigation of animal abuse in factory farms, pet mills and for scientific research. He was awarded the Humanitarian Award at the San Diego Film Festival in 2005, for his work and contribution to Earthlings.[71]

2006–2010: Producing and self-imposed break

In 2006, Phoenix was invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.[72]

In 2007, Phoenix reunited with director James Gray for the film We Own the Night, which he also produced. In the film, Phoenix played a New York nightclub manager who tries to save his brother and father from Russian mafia hit men. The film premiered at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival,[73] receiving mixed reviews from critics[74] and grossed a total of $54.5 million worldwide.[75] Critic Peter Travers described Phoenix as "electrifying and then some",[76] and he was awarded the People's Choice Award for Favorite Leading Man for the performance.[77] For his second film of 2007, Phoenix also reunited with director Terry George for the film Reservation Road. In it, Phoenix played a father obsessed with finding out who killed his son in a hit-and-run accident. The film failed at the box office[78] and received negative reviews from critics,[79] with film critic Peter Travers writing "Even the best actors – and I'd rank Joaquin Phoenix and Mark Ruffalo among their generation's finest – can't save a movie that aims for tragedy but stalls at soap opera."[80]

Phoenix made his third collaboration with director James Gray in the film Two Lovers (2008), where he played a bachelor torn between the family friend his parents wish he would marry and his beautiful but volatile new neighbor. Two Lovers premiered in competition at the 2008 Cannes Film Festival in May, receiving largely positive reviews,[81][82] especially Phoenix who was praised by film critics David Edelstein who wrote "He [Phoenix] is, once again, stupendous, and stupendous in a way he has never been before" and Roger Ebert describing his performance as "perfect pitch".[83][84] Two Lovers grossed $16 million worldwide.[85]

Phoenix's mockumentary film I'm Still Here (2010)[86] premiered at the 67th Venice International Film Festival on September 6, 2010. The film was directed by Phoenix's then brother-in-law Casey Affleck and was also written by Affleck and Phoenix himself. The film purports to follow the life of Phoenix, from the announcement of his retirement from acting, through his transition into a career as a hip hop artist.[87] Filming officially began on January 16, 2009 at a Las Vegas nightclub.[88] Throughout the filming period, Phoenix remained in character for public appearances, giving many the impression that he was genuinely pursuing a new career. Although widely suspected to be a "mockumentary," the fact that the events of the film had been deliberately staged was not disclosed until after the film had been released.[89] The film received mixed reviews[90] and failed at the box office.[91] After the releasing of the film, Phoenix took a self-imposed break from acting.[92]

2012–present: Comeback and critical acclaim

In 2011, it was announced that Phoenix would return to acting in Paul Thomas Anderson's drama film The Master (2012). Phoenix played Freddie Quell, a sex-obsessed alcoholic World War II veteran from Lynn, Massachusetts struggling to adjust to a post-war society.[93] The film premiered at the Venice Film Festival where Phoenix won the Volpi Cup for Best Actor.[94] The art house film only grossed $28 million[95] but was received with universal critical acclaim, with the acting performances receiving high praise, especially Phoenix's.[96] Peter Travers of the Rolling Stone gave Phoenix high praise stating "Joaquin Phoenix in the performance of his career. Phoenix wears the role like a second skin; he's a volcano in full eruption. You can't take your eyes off him."[97] His performance was publicly lauded by fellow actors Daniel Day-Lewis, Jessica Chastain and Robert Duvall.[98][99][100] Phoenix received his third Academy Award nomination, his second for Best Actor,[101] as well as nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama and BAFTA Award for Best Actor.[102][103]

The cast of Her at the New York Film Festival in 2013.

In 2013, Phoenix starred in romantic science fiction comedy-drama film Her directed by Spike Jonze. In it, Phoenix plays Theodore Twombly, a man who develops a relationship with Samantha (Scarlett Johansson), an intelligent computer operating system personified through a female voice. It had its premiere at the New York Film Festival on October 12, 2013.[104] Her had a worldwide gross of $47 million[105] and received widespread critical acclaim, along with Phoenix's performance.[106] Film critics Manohla Dargis and David Edelstein agreed that no other actor could've done the role but Phoenix, stating "'Her' is even harder to imagine without Mr. Phoenix, an actor who excels at exquisite isolation" and "It's hard to imagine someone more affecting than Phoenix in the role" respectively,[107][108][109] and Phoenix received his fourth nomination for the Golden Globe Award.[110] The film was nominated for five Academy Awards, including Best Picture.[111] Also in 2013, Phoenix collaborated with director James Gray for the fourth time in the drama film The Immigrant. He starred as Bruno Weiss, a pimp who prostitutes Polish immigrant Ewa (Marion Cotillard) and ends up falling for her. It was screened at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival[112] as well as at the 2013 New York Film Festival.[113] The film was released in the United States on May 16, 2014.[114] The Immigrant was not successful at the box office[115] but received positive reviews from critics.[116]

Phoenix at the New York Film Festival in 2014.

In 2014, Phoenix reunited with director Paul Thomas Anderson for the crime comedy-drama film Inherent Vice, the first adaptation of a Thomas Pynchon book. Phoenix played the role of Doc, a private investigator and hippie/dope head trying to help his ex-girlfriend solve a crime.[117] Inherent Vice premiered as the centerpiece at the New York Film Festival on October 4, 2014[118] and went nationwide on January 9, 2015.[119] It was met with mostly positive reviews with many critics praising the film for its acting performances, while some were frustrated by its complicated plot,[120] however it only grossed $11.1 million at the box office.[121] Phoenix was nominated for his fifth Golden Globe Award for his performance.[69]

Phoenix starred in the 2015 mystery comedy-drama Irrational Man. Directed by Woody Allen, the film was screened out of competition at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival, received mixed to positive reviews,[122] and began a theatrical release on July 17, 2015.[123] Phoenix narrated his second documentary for Nation Earth about animal rights called Unity (2015). It was released on August 12, 2015.[124]

Gus Van Sant and Joaquin Phoenix at the press conference of Don't Worry, He Won't Get Far on Foot at Berlinale 2018

In his first film released in 2018, Phoenix portrayed Jesus in Garth Davis's Mary Magdalene, opposite Rooney Mara. It was released in the United Kingdom on March 16, 2018 to mixed reviews.[125] The film's original distributor has been the cause of the film's delayed U.S. release.[126] Later, Phoenix starred as Joe, a former FBI agent and Gulf War veteran suffering from PTSD, in the Amazon Studios thriller You Were Never Really Here (2017), written and directed by Lynne Ramsay. The film premiered in competition at the Cannes Film Festival, where it received wide critical acclaim, and won Phoenix the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor.[127][128][129] The film began its US release on April 6, 2018. Many critics agreed the performance is one of Phoenix' best to date, with Justin Chang of The Los Angeles Times describing it as "the most rivetingly contained" work of his career.[130] He reunited with director Gus Van Sant in his third feature of the year, the biopic Don't Worry, He Won't Get Far on Foot, in which he portrayed cartoonist John Callahan. The film was released on July 13, 2018 and Phoenix's lead performance received critical acclaim.[131] He co-starred in Jacques Audiard's English language debut in the adaptation of Patrick deWitt's historical novel, The Sisters Brothers. The film was released on September 21, 2018.[132]

Upcoming films

In July 2018, Phoenix officially signed on as the Joker in the film Joker.[133] On July 18, 2018, Warner Bros. announced the name of the film is Joker and the release date is October 4, 2019.[134]

Directing

He has directed music videos for Ringside,[135] She Wants Revenge,[136] People in Planes,[137] Arckid,[138] Albert Hammond Jr.[139] and Silversun Pickups.[140]

Producing

Phoenix served as one of the executive producers of a television show called 4Real, a half-hour series which showcase celebrity guests on global adventures "in order to connect with young leaders who are creating social and economic change."[141] He is also listed as a producer on the movie We Own the Night. In music, he was said to have produced the opening track for Pusha T's My Name Is My Name album alongside Kanye West. The track is called "King Push". Phoenix then denied in a statement to XXL having produced the record, saying "While it was widely reported that Pusha T used my beat and that I produced his song, I can't take any credit. A friend's son played me his music, and all I did was make an introduction to Kanye [West]'s camp.".[142] He is set to produce a documentary about LGBT teenagers on summer camp.[143]

Personal life

Since 2006, he has been living in the Hollywood Hills.[144] He has been cohabiting with Rooney Mara since 2016.[145]

In early April 2005, Phoenix checked into rehab to be treated for alcoholism.[146] On January 26, 2006, while driving down a winding canyon road in Hollywood, Phoenix veered off the road and flipped his car. The crash was reportedly caused by brake failure. Shaken and confused, Phoenix heard a tapping on his window and a voice say, "Just relax." Unable to see the man, Phoenix replied, "I'm fine. I am relaxed." The man replied, "No, you're not," and stopped Phoenix from lighting a cigarette while gasoline was leaking into the car cabin. Phoenix then realized that the man was famed German film director Werner Herzog. While Herzog helped Phoenix out of the wreckage by breaking the back window of the car, bystanders phoned for an ambulance. Phoenix approached Herzog to express gratitude, but Herzog downplayed his heroism and returned to his home nearby.[147][148]

Phoenix unexpectedly announced in late 2008 that he had retired from acting to pursue a rapping career, and that the forthcoming Two Lovers would be his last film. On February 11, 2009, Phoenix appeared on the Late Show with David Letterman to promote Two Lovers. He seemed incoherent and was largely unresponsive towards David Letterman's questions about the film and his career plans.[149][150][151] Phoenix appeared on Late Show again on September 22, 2010, and revealed that his "retirement" and eccentric behavior were for a mockumentary, I'm Still Here (2010), that he and Casey Affleck were filming.

In October 2012, Phoenix labeled the Academy Awards "bullshit". He later gave an interview apologizing for his earlier comments and acknowledging that the Oscars provide an important platform for many deserving filmmakers.[152][153] He added more to the topic while on Jimmy Kimmel Live in 2015, saying that he is uncomfortable receiving accolades for his work in films when he considers the filmmaking process to be a collaborative one.[154]

Relationships

Phoenix dated his Inventing the Abbotts co-star Liv Tyler from 1995 to 1998,[155] and South-African model Topaz Page-Green from 2001 to 2005.[156] He was in a relationship with DJ Allie Teilz from late 2013 to early 2015.[157][158] Since late 2016, he has been dating actress Rooney Mara.[159][160]

Political views

Phoenix endorsed U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders of Vermont for President of the United States during the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries.[161]

Social activism

Phoenix has long been a social activist, lending his support to a number of charities and humanitarian organizations, such as Amnesty International, The Art of Elysium, HEART, and the Peace Alliance (which campaigns for a United States Department of Peace).[5] Phoenix is also on the board of directors for The Lunchbox Fund, a non-profit organization which provides daily meals to students of township schools in Soweto, South Africa, which was founded by his ex-girlfriend, South African Topaz Page-Green.[162]

Animal rights activism

Phoenix is widely known for his animal rights advocacy, and likewise, he is a vegan. Throughout the years, he has collaborated with animal rights organizations to spread awareness about animal abuse and to promote veganism. Phoenix is a member of In Defense of Animals and PETA and has campaigned for both.[5][6] He does not wear any clothes made out of animal skin. In his films, he requests that the leather costumes be made from synthetic materials. However, in a 2014 Playboy interview, he stated otherwise, saying that the boots in "Walk the Line" were "vintage".[163]

For Nation Earth he narrated Earthlings (2005), a documentary about the investigation of animal abuse in factory farms, pet mills and for scientific research. He was awarded the Humanitarian Award at the San Diego Film Festival in 2005, for his work and contribution to Earthlings.[71] He narrated his second documentary for Nation Earth called Unity (2015), along with other famous celebrity vegans such as actress Jessica Chastain and comedian Ellen DeGeneres.[124]

He has helped spread awareness about retail corporation Walmart and their alleged support of pig cruelty and China's brutal dog-leather industry.[164][165]

In 2013, he starred in a PETA short film that promoted veganism, showing Phoenix "drowning" as he narrates, "In water, humans drown just as fish suffocate on land. Put yourself in their place. Try to relate." ABC refused to air the film during the Academy Awards broadcast, citing the ad's controversial nature.[166] In 2016, Phoenix starred in a campaign shoot, taking a stand against wool for PETA.[167] In 2017, he executive-produced the documentary What the Health, which premiered on June 16, 2017 on Netflix. The film claims to "expose the collusion and corruption in government and big business that is costing us trillions of healthcare dollars, and keeping us sick".[168]

Filmography

Awards and nominations

See also

References

Notes

  1. ↑ In his childhood he went by the name Leaf Rafael Phoenix from 1979 to 1989. At age 15, he adopted "Joaquin Rafael Phoenix" as his given name.[1][2]

Citations

  1. 1 2 "PREMIERE April 1988". Aleka.org. Retrieved August 24, 2010.
  2. 1 2 "Joaquin Phoenix". Hello!. Retrieved June 17, 2017.
  3. ↑ Contemporary theatre, film, and television, Gale Research Co., 2002, p. 213, ISBN 978-0-7876-6360-5
  4. 1 2 "OSCAR FIRSTS AND OTHER TRIVIA" (PDF). Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved May 10, 2015.
  5. 1 2 3 "Joaquin Phoenix's Charity Work". Look to the Stars. Retrieved August 22, 2007.
  6. 1 2 "Fake leather please!". Daily News and Analysis. November 14, 2006. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
  7. 1 2 3 "He's Still Here: The Biography of Joaquin Phoenix". Google Books. Retrieved June 17, 2017.
  8. ↑ Sullivan, Ferenc (March 25, 2016). "Hungarian Roots: Joaquin Phoenix, Grammy And Golden Globe-Winning US Actor". Hungary Today. Retrieved June 18, 2018.
  9. ↑ "Don't Worry, He Won't Get Far On Foot". AMC Theatres. Retrieved June 18, 2018. his father, from California, is of mostly British Isles descent.
  10. ↑ Macintyre, James (February 27, 2018). "Joaquin Phoenix on how playing 'heart-wrenching' Jesus in 'Mary Magdalene' inspires him to be 'more empathetic, considerate and forgiving'". Christian Today. Retrieved May 26, 2018.
  11. ↑ Marrache, Yaakov (September 25, 2013). "Top 10 Hollywood: Jews you may not have guessed". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved May 26, 2018.
  12. ↑ Pfefferman, Naomi (April 11, 2002). "The Days of Summer". Jewish Journal. Retrieved April 29, 2018.
  13. ↑ Corner, Lena (July 9, 2011). "Rain Phoenix's unusual childhood". The Guardian. Retrieved April 29, 2018.
  14. ↑ Friedman, Roger (October 24, 2005). "'Walk the Line' Star Won't Campaign for Oscar". Fox News. Retrieved May 26, 2018.
  15. ↑ Vernon, Polly (February 15, 2004). "Summer Phoenix: Coping with Hollywood". The Guardian. Retrieved June 21, 2018. Summer Phoenix: "We had no money. All we had was each other. It's all you need."
  16. ↑ "Iris Burton, 77; Hollywood agent represented child actors". Los Angeles Times. April 10, 2008. Retrieved June 17, 2017.
  17. 1 2 Reynolds, Simon (January 28, 2015). "When he was Leaf: The early roles of Joaquin Phoenix". Digital Spy. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
  18. ↑ "Backwards: The Riddle of Dyslexia (1984)". AllMovie. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
  19. ↑ Hirschberg, Lynn (September 18, 2005). "'My Name Is Joaquin, and I Am an Actor'". The New York Times. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
  20. 1 2 Biography.com Editors (May 30, 2017). "Joaquin Phoenix Biography". Biography.com. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
  21. 1 2 Hayes, Britt (January 28, 2013). "Way Back When: Oscar Nominee Joaquin Phoenix". ScreenCrush. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
  22. ↑ Lee Friday, Wednesday (July 9, 2016). "Where Are They Now? The Cast of Parenthood". Screen Rant. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
  23. ↑ "Parenthood (1989)". Box Office Mojo. March 5, 2007. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
  24. ↑ Morris, Mark (October 22, 2000). "River's younger brother". The Guardian. Retrieved June 17, 2017.
  25. ↑ Child, Ben (October 29, 2009). "Two-time Oscar nominee Joaquin Phoenix quits acting". The Guardian. Retrieved June 17, 2017.
  26. ↑ Maslin, Janet (September 27, 1995). "To Die For (1995) FILM REVIEW; She Trusts in TV's Redeeming Power". The New York Times. Retrieved March 21, 2015.
  27. ↑ "Festival de Cannes:To Die For". Retrieved September 8, 2009.
  28. ↑ "To Die For(1995)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved May 1, 2015.
  29. ↑ "U-Turn". Sun Times. October 3, 1997. Retrieved December 7, 2010.
  30. ↑ Ebert, Roger (April 4, 1997). "INVENTING THE ABBOTTS". Sun Times. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  31. ↑ "Clay Pigeons (1998) Box office / business". Amazon.com. Retrieved January 7, 2012.
  32. ↑ "Clay Pigeons (1998)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved May 1, 2015.
  33. ↑ "8MM". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved May 1, 2015.
  34. ↑ "8MM". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved May 1, 2015.
  35. ↑ "The Yards". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  36. ↑ "The Yards (2000)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved May 1, 2015.
  37. ↑ "Gladiator". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved February 27, 2009.
  38. ↑ "Gladiator". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved February 27, 2009.
  39. ↑ "The 73rd Academy Awards (2001) Nominees and Winners". oscars.org. Archived from the original on April 14, 2012. Retrieved November 19, 2011.
  40. ↑ "Box Office Mojo listing for Quills". Box Office Mojo Quills Listing. Retrieved March 18, 2007.
  41. ↑ "Quills". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved February 13, 2011.
  42. ↑ "National Board of Review list of Best Film winners". National Board of Review Previous Awards Database. Archived from the original on December 18, 2010. Retrieved March 18, 2007.
  43. ↑ Goodridge, Mike (December 7, 2000). "Quills named best film by National Board of Review". Screen International. Retrieved December 8, 2014.
  44. ↑ Scott, A. O. (July 25, 2003). "Buffalo Soldiers (2001) FILM REVIEW; A Portrait of the Army, but Few Heroes in Sight". The New York Times.
  45. ↑ "Buffalo Soldiers (2003) – International Box Office Results". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved July 26, 2011.
  46. ↑ "Buffalo Soldiers (2001)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved May 1, 2015.
  47. ↑ Ebert, Roger (August 8, 2003). "Buffalo Soldiers". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved May 1, 2015.
  48. ↑ Dams, Tim (September 23, 2003). "Dirty Pretty Things leads BIFA nominations". Screen International. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  49. ↑ "Signs". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  50. ↑ "Signs Movie Reviews, Pictures". Rotten Tomatoes. IGN Entertainment, Inc. Retrieved May 5, 2010.
  51. ↑ Travers, Peter (August 2, 2002). "Signs". Rolling Stone. Retrieved May 1, 2015.
  52. ↑ Dargis, Manohla (October 29, 2004). "The Limits of Realism and of Absurdity". The New York Times. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  53. ↑ "Brother Bear". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  54. ↑ "Oscars 2004:The winners". BBC News. March 1, 2004. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  55. ↑ "Behind the Voice Actors – Voice of Kenai". Retrieved May 22, 2016.
  56. ↑ "Village, The (2004) Movie Reviews". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved May 5, 2010.
  57. ↑ "The Village". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  58. ↑ "Ladder 49". The Numbers. Retrieved July 24, 2008.
  59. ↑ "Ladder 49(2004)". Metacritic. Retrieved June 26, 2008.
  60. ↑ Roger Ebert (October 1, 2004). "Ladder 49". Chicago Sun Times.
  61. ↑ "Hotel Rwanda". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  62. ↑ Hotel Rwanda Archived February 24, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.. Metacritic. CNET Networks. Retrieved June 6, 2010.
  63. ↑ "The 11th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards". Screen Actors Guild. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  64. ↑ "Johnny Cash Was 'Thrilled' Joaquin Phoenix Would Play Him, 'Line' Director Says". MTV. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  65. ↑ "Finding the voice, spirit of Johnny Cash". CNN. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  66. ↑ "Walk the Line". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 27, 2009.
  67. ↑ Ebert, Roger (November 18, 2005). "Walk the Line". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved January 27, 2009.
  68. ↑ "Oscars 2006 – Academy Award Winners, Nominees, Movies Released in 2005". Movies.about.com. Retrieved April 14, 2012.
  69. 1 2 "Joaquin Phoenix". Golden Globes. Retrieved June 16, 2017.
  70. ↑ "20 People You Won't Believe Have Grammys". Rolling Stone. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  71. 1 2 "I Saw Earthlings.com Cast and Crew". Isawearthlings.com. Retrieved March 17, 2010.
  72. ↑ Academy Invites 120 to Membership Archived September 29, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
  73. ↑ "Festival de Cannes: We Own the Night". Retrieved December 20, 2009.
  74. ↑ "We Own The Night – Rotten Tomatoes". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved May 29, 2009.
  75. ↑ "We Own the Night (2007)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 5, 2008.
  76. ↑ Travers, Peter (October 19, 2007). "We Own the Night". Rolling Stone. Retrieved May 1, 2015.
  77. ↑ "Joaquin Phoenix: Grateful But Speechless for People's Choice Award". People Magazine. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  78. ↑ "Reservation Road". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved December 26, 2010.
  79. ↑ "Reservation Road". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  80. ↑ Travers, Peter (October 18, 2007). "Reservation Road". Rolling Stone. Retrieved May 1, 2015.
  81. ↑ Bennett, Ray (May 21, 2008). "Reviews: Two Lovers". The Hollywood Reporter, The Daily from Cannes. Cannes (8): 9.
  82. ↑ "Two Lovers Movie Reviews, Pictures". Rotten Tomatoes. IGN Entertainment. Retrieved February 21, 2009.
  83. ↑ Edelstein, David (February 8, 2009). "Debt Collection". The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved May 1, 2015.
  84. ↑ Ebert, Roger (February 25, 2009). "Two Lovers". The Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved May 1, 2015.
  85. ↑ "Two Lovers". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  86. ↑ "Affleck Says Phoenix Documentary Wasn't Real", New York Times, Sept. 17, 2010 Archived September 8, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
  87. ↑ "I'm Still Here". Magnolia Pictures. Archived from the original on August 20, 2010. Retrieved August 27, 2010.
  88. ↑ Kit, Borys (January 16, 2009). "Casey Affleck helming Joaquin Phoenix doc". The Hollywood Reporter. e5 Global Media. Archived from the original on February 21, 2009. Retrieved August 27, 2010.
  89. ↑ "Director Casey Affleck Confirms Joaquin Phoenix 'Documentary' Isn't Real" Archived December 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. from Yahoo! News
  90. ↑ "I'm Still Here Movie Reviews, Pictures". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved September 17, 2010.
  91. ↑ "I'm Still Here". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  92. ↑ "Joaquin Phoenix: 'In real life, evil seduces'". The Guardian. January 22, 2015. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  93. ↑ Fleming, Mike (May 9, 2011). "Harvey Weinstein Buys World Rights To Paul Thomas Anderson's Untitled Next Film". Deadline. Mail.com Media Corporation. Retrieved June 2, 2011.
  94. ↑ Waxman, Sharon (September 8, 2012). "'Pieta,' 'The Master' Win Top Venice Prizes – Jury Shifts Votes". The Wrap. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
  95. ↑ "The Master". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  96. ↑ "The Master". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixter. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  97. ↑ Travers, Peter (September 10, 2012). "The Master". Rolling Stone. Retrieved May 2, 2015.
  98. ↑ Stern, Marlow (March 13, 2014). "Robert Duvall on His Storied Career, His New Movie, and Why He's Ditching the GOP". The Daily Beast. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  99. ↑ Zeitchik, Steven (January 28, 2013). "SAG Awards 2013: The big moments, from Fey quips to Lawrence rippage". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  100. ↑ "Jessica Chastain on Joaquin Phoenix in 'The Master'". Variety. November 26, 2012. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
  101. ↑ "Oscar 2013: The nominations revealed..." Entertainment Weekly. January 10, 2013. Retrieved January 10, 2013.
  102. ↑ "Baftas 2013: full list of nominations". The Guardian. January 9, 2013. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  103. ↑ "Golden Globes 2013: full list of nominations". The Guardian. December 13, 2012. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  104. ↑ Li, Shirley (October 13, 2013). "On the scene with Spike Jonze, Joaquin Phoenix, Rooney Mara, and more at the premiere of 'Her'". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
  105. ↑ "Her (2013)". Box Office Mojo. Internet Movie Database. Retrieved June 6, 2014.
  106. ↑ "Her (2013)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
  107. ↑ "Her". Slate. December 19, 2013. Retrieved May 2, 2015.
  108. ↑ Dargis, Manohla (December 17, 2013). "Disembodied, but, Oh, What a Voice". The New York Times. Retrieved May 3, 2015.
  109. ↑ "To Siri With Love". December 17, 2013. Retrieved May 3, 2015.
  110. ↑ "Joaquin Phoenix Biography". Golden Globes. Archived from the original on February 26, 2015. Retrieved May 3, 2015.
  111. ↑ "2014 Oscar Nominees". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. January 16, 2014. Retrieved January 16, 2014.
  112. ↑ Debruge, Peter (May 24, 2013). "Cannes Film Review: 'The Immigrant'". Variety.
  113. ↑ Nakhnikian, Elise (October 6, 2013). "New York Film Festival 2013: The Immigrant Review". Slant Magazine.
  114. ↑ Perez, Rodrigo (March 21, 2014). "James Gray's 'The Immigrant' Starring Marion Cotillard & Joaquin Phoenix Will Land in Limited Release on May 16". IndieWire.
  115. ↑ "The Immigrant". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  116. ↑ "The Immigrant". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved May 15, 2014.
  117. ↑ "Watch: Paul Thomas Anderson is Back With First 'Inherent Vice' Trailer". Indiewire. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  118. ↑ Chang, Justin (July 19, 2014). "Paul Thomas Anderson's 'Inherent Vice' to World Premiere at New York Film Festival (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Penske Media Corporation. Retrieved July 19, 2014.
  119. ↑ Jagernauth, Kevin (July 18, 2014). "Be Patient, Paul Thomas Anderson's 'Inherent Vice' won't go into wide release until 2015". Indiewire. SnagFilms. Retrieved May 22, 2014.
  120. ↑ "Inherent Vice". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixter. Retrieved February 13, 2015.
  121. ↑ "Inherent Vice (2014)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
  122. ↑ Rooney, David (May 15, 2015). "'Irrational Man Review': Cannes Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
  123. ↑ "Woody Allen's Next Movie With Joaquin Phoenix & Emma Stone Titled 'Irrational Man,' Sony Pictures Classics Nab Rights". Indiewire. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  124. 1 2 McNary, Dave (April 22, 2015). "Documentary 'Unity' Set for Aug. 12 Release with 100 Star Narrators". Variety. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
  125. ↑ "Mary Magdalene Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved March 12, 2018.
  126. ↑ Jolin, Dan (March 5, 2018). "Garth Davis on how the 'Mary Magdalene' team dealt with the Weinstein fall-out". Screen International. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
  127. ↑ Calvario, Liz (May 11, 2016). "Joaquin Phoenix To Star in Lynne Ramsay's Sex Trafficking Thriller 'You Were Never Really Here'". IndieWire. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
  128. ↑ Debug, Peter (May 28, 2017). "2017 Cannes Film Festival Award Winners Announced". Variety. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
  129. ↑ "Cannes Film Festival: The Square wins Palme d'Or". BBC News. May 28, 2017. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
  130. ↑ Chang, Justin (April 5, 2018). "Joaquin Phoenix descends into a hellish New York underworld in the haunting 'You Were Never Really Here'". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 7, 2018.
  131. ↑ "Don't Worry, He Won't Get Far on Foot Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved July 26, 2018.
  132. ↑ Kroll, Justin (February 10, 2017). "Jake Gyllenhaal Joins Joaquin Phoenix in 'The Sisters Brothers' (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved February 11, 2017.
  133. ↑ Evangelista, Chris (July 10, 2018). "The Joaquin Phoenix 'Joker' Movie is Officially Happening". SlashFilm. Retrieved July 10, 2018.
  134. ↑ https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/joker-movie-joaquin-phoenix-release-date-title_us_5b50a9d3e4b0fd5c73c306ff
  135. ↑ "Tired of Feeling Sorry". Ringside. Retrieved August 22, 2007.
  136. ↑ "Tear You Apart". She Wants Revenge. Retrieved August 22, 2007.
  137. ↑ "If you Talk Too Much (My Head Will Explode)". People in Planes. Retrieved August 22, 2007.
  138. ↑ "I'll Stick Around". Arckid. Retrieved August 22, 2007.
  139. ↑ "In Transit". Albert Hammond Jr. Retrieved August 22, 2007.
  140. ↑ "Little Lovers so Polite". Silversun Pickups. Retrieved March 10, 2008.
  141. ↑ "4 Real". Direct Current Media. Retrieved August 22, 2007.
  142. ↑ "Joaquin Phoenix denies producing Pusha T's King Push". Retrieved May 1, 2015.
  143. ↑ "Joaquin Phoenix to Produce Documentary Featuring LGBT Teens on a Journey to Summer Camp: VIDEO". Towleroad. June 8, 2014. Retrieved June 27, 2015.
  144. ↑ Cristin Zweig (April 24, 2013). "Joaquin Phoenix Buys His Next Door Neighbor's House for $1.39 Million". Trulia. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
  145. ↑ Ellis, Bret Easton (September 6, 2017). "The Weird Brilliance of Joaquin Phoenix". The New York Times Style Magazine. Retrieved October 29, 2017.
  146. ↑ "Joaquin Phoenix Checks into Rehab". CBS News. April 13, 2005. Retrieved January 2, 2009.
  147. ↑ "Joaquin Phoenix Rescued from Car Crash by Director Werner Herzog". Archived from the original on February 16, 2009. Retrieved January 2, 2009.
  148. ↑ Interview of Herzog about Phoenix incident on YouTube
  149. ↑ Thomson, Katherine. (February 11, 2009), Phoenix's Bizarre Letterman Appearance: (VIDEO), The Huffington Post. Retrieved 2009-2-11.
  150. ↑ Ryan, Maureen. (February 11, 2009),Weird star alert: Joaquin Phoenix mystifies David Letterman Archived March 30, 2016, at the Wayback Machine., Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2009-2-12.
  151. ↑ Goodlett, Matt. (February 13, 2009),Joaquin Phoenix and David Letterman Get Awkward Archived March 30, 2016, at the Wayback Machine., Paste Magazine. Retrieved 2009-2-15.
  152. ↑ Mitchell, Elvis. "JOAQUIN PHOENIX". Interview. Retrieved April 30, 2015.
  153. ↑ Husam Sam Asi (October 27, 2012). "Joaquin Phoenix: Actors don't deserve credit for their performance". ukscreen.com. Retrieved July 3, 2013.
  154. ↑ "Joaquin Phoenix on Awards". YouTube. January 9, 2015. Retrieved April 30, 2015.
  155. ↑ "Liv Tyler Biography". People. Retrieved April 30, 2015.
  156. ↑ "Topaz Page Green and Joaquin Phoenix". ImageCollect. Retrieved June 11, 2017.
  157. ↑ Malm, Sara; Saunders, Louise (November 12, 2013). "REVEALED: Hollywood star Joaquin Phoenix, 39, dating teenage DJ Allie Teilz, 19, as they go public with new romance in Rome". Daily Mail. London. Retrieved April 30, 2015.
  158. ↑ "Joaquin Phoenix: I want a family". The Belfast Telegraph. February 12, 2015. Retrieved May 2, 2015.
  159. ↑ Mohr, Ian (January 10, 2017). "Hollywood's Jesus and Mary hooking up". New York Post. Retrieved April 23, 2017.
  160. ↑ Guglielmi, Jody (May 29, 2017). "Rooney Mara and Joaquin Phoenix Go Public as a Couple at Cannes Closing Ceremony". People. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
  161. ↑ Seales, Chance; Correspondent, Media General National (April 22, 2016). "Celebrities bury 2016 candidates in cash, with some surprise donations".
  162. ↑ "Our Team". The Lunchbox Fund. Archived from the original on July 13, 2017. Retrieved June 19, 2017.
  163. ↑ "10 Times Joaquin Phoenix has been a fine ambassador for veganism". femalefirst.co.uk. October 28, 2016. Retrieved June 13, 2017.
  164. ↑ "WATCH: Joaquin Phoenix Slams Walmart for Supporting Sickening Cruelty to Pigs". YouTube. December 2, 2014. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
  165. ↑ Regan, Helen (March 4, 2015). "Joaquin Phoenix Speaks Out Against China's Brutal Dog-Leather Industry in New Video". Time. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
  166. ↑ Chidera Monde, "Joaquin Phoenix 'Drowns' in Provocative PETA Ad Supporting Veganism Archived May 21, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.," New York Daily News, February 14, 2013.
  167. ↑ "JOAQUIN PHOENIX SAYS NO TO WOOL SUITS FOR PETA CAMPAIGN". The Hollywood Reporter. December 13, 2016. Retrieved June 13, 2017.
  168. ↑ Kretzer, Michelle (June 16, 2017). "Joaquin Phoenix's New Film Exposes 'Sinister' Influences on Our Food". PETA. Retrieved June 17, 2017.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.