Islam in Malaysia

Putra Mosque in Putrajaya.

Malaysia is a multiconfessional country whose most professed religion is Islam. As of 2013, there were approximately 19.5 million Muslim adherents, or 61.3% of the population.[1]

Islam in Malaysia is represented by the Shafi'i version of Sunni theology and jurisprudence.[2][3] Islam was introduced by traders arriving from Arabia, China and the Indian subcontinent. It became firmly established in the 15th century. The constitution grants freedom of religion while establishing Islam as the "religion of the Federation" which makes Malaysia a state of Islam. The king - who is the highest ruler of the country - is officially the defender of the faith in the country.

Various Islamic holidays such as Muhammad's birthday have been declared national holidays alongside Christmas, Chinese New Year and Deepavali.

Background

The draft Constitution of Malaysia did not specify an official religion. This move was supported by the rulers of the nine Malay states, who felt that it was sufficient that Islam was the official religion of each of their individual states. However, Justice Hakim Abdul Hamid of the Reid Commission which drafted the constitution came out strongly in favour of making Islam the official religion, and as a result the final constitution named Islam as the official religion of Malaysia.[4] All ethnic Malays are Muslim, as defined by Article 160 of the Constitution of Malaysia.[5][6]

Religion of the Federation

National Mosque of Malaysia in Kuala Lumpur.

Nine of the Malaysian states, namely Kelantan, Terengganu, Pahang, Kedah, Perak, Perlis, Selangor, Johor and Negeri Sembilan have constitutional Malay monarchs (most of them styled as Sultans). These Malay rulers still maintain authority over religious affairs in states. The states of Penang, Malacca, Sarawak and Sabah do not have any sultan, but the king (Yang di-Pertuan Agong) plays the role of head of Islam in each of those states as well as in each of the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur, Labuan and Putrajaya.

On the occasion of Malaysia's first prime minister Tunku Abdul Rahman's 80th birthday, he stated in the edition of 9 February 1983 of the newspaper The Star that the "country has a multi-racial population with various beliefs. Malaysia must continue as a secular State with Islam as the official religion". In the same issue of The Star, Abdul Rahman was supported by the third Malaysian prime minister, Hussein Onn, who stated that the "nation can still be functional as a secular state with Islam as the official religion."[7]

One of Malaysia's states, Kelantan, is governed by PAS which is a conservative Islamic political party, with a proclaimed goal of establishing an Islamic state. Terengganu was briefly ruled by PAS from 1999 to 2004, but the ruling Barisan Nasional coalition has since won back the state. To counter the falling credibility of United Malays National Organisation's (UMNO) Islamic credentials vis-à-vis PAS, the head of the Barisan Nasional, Datuk Seri Abdullah Badawi, proposed Islam Hadhari. In the 1990s, the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS)-led state governments passed Islamic hudud laws in Terengganu, but was struck down by the secular federal government.

The newest format of the Malaysian Identity Card (MyKad) divides Malaysians into various religious groups, e.g., Muslim, Christian, Hindu, Buddhist. The introduction of this card caused a political uproar and remains controversial.[8]

There is also an Islamic university in Malaysia called the International Islamic University Malaysia, and a government institution in charge of organising pilgrimages to Mecca called Tabung Haji (Pilgrim Fund Board of Malaysia). In addition, the government also funds the construction of mosques and suraus.[9]

The constitution declares that Islam is the religion of the federation. There is no mention whatsoever in the constitution that Malaysia is a secular state. Some sects, in their attempt to provoke the nation and spur confusion, has tried to ignore the special status of Islam in Malaysia.

There is a National Fatwa Council that issues fatwas, as part of the Department of Islamic Advancement of Malaysia (JAKIM).

History

Kampung Laut Mosque in Tumpat is one of the oldest mosques in Malaysia, dating to early 18th century.

Individual Arab traders, including Sahabas, preached in the Malay Archipelago, Indo-China, and China in the early seventh century.[10] The Islamic Cham people of Cambodia trace their origin to Jahsh (Geys), the father of Zainab and thus one of the fathers-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Islam was introduced to the Sumatran coast by Arabs in 674 CE.[11]

Islam was also brought to Malaysia by Indian Muslim traders in the 12th century AD. It is commonly held that Islam first arrived in Malay peninsular since Sultan Mudzafar Shah I (12th century) of Kedah (Hindu name Phra Ong Mahawangsa), the first ruler to be known to convert to Islam after being introduced to it by Indian traders who themselves were recent converts. In the 13th century, the Terengganu Stone Monument was found at Kuala Berang, Terengganu, where the first Malay state to receive Islam in 1303 Sultan Megat Iskandar Shah, known as Parameswara prior to his conversion, is the first Sultan of Melaka. He converted to Islam after marrying a princess from Pasai, of present-day Indonesia.

The religion was adopted peacefully by the coastal trading ports people of Malaysia and Indonesia, absorbing rather than conquering existing beliefs. By the 15th and 16th centuries it was the majority faith of the Malay people.

Influences of Zheng He's voyages

Stamps of Indonesia commemorating Zheng He's voyages to secure the maritime routes, usher urbanisation and assist in creating a common identity.

Zheng He is credited to have settled Chinese Muslim communities in Palembang and along the shores of Java, the Malay Peninsula, and the Philippines. These Muslims allegedly followed the Hanafi school in the Chinese language.[12] This Chinese Muslim community was led by Hajji Yan Ying Yu, who urged his followers to assimilate and take local names.

Islamic

Malaysian Muslims participate in a Maulidur Rasul parade in Putrajaya, 2013.

Sunni Islam

The Sunni Islam of the Shafi'i school of thought is the official, legal form in Malaysia, although syncretist Islam with elements of Shamanism is still common in rural areas. Mosques are an ordinary scene throughout the country and adhan (call to prayer) from minarets are heard five times a day. Government bodies and banking institutions are closed for two hours every Friday so Muslim workers can conduct Friday prayer in mosques. However, in certain states such as Kelantan, Terengganu, Kedah and Johor, the weekends fall on Friday and Saturday instead of Saturday and Sunday. It has been introduced to several states, notably Kelantan and Terengganu, all businesses closes for 2 hours on every Friday for prayers. Failure to comply would result in fines.

Since it is compulsory for muslims to perform a prayer 5 times a day no matter where they are,almost all public places, including shopping malls, hotels, condominiums, usually have allocated spaces called "Surau", for performing the Muslim prayers.

Other sects

The Malaysian government has strict policies against other Islamic sects, including a ban on Shia Islam,[13] to "avoid violence between the two faiths that has sometimes broken out in other parts of the world by promoting only the Sunni faith"[14][15] Despite the restrictions, Malaysia is a popular choice for Arab Shia academics fleeing who are unable to obtain employment in most of the Arab states that are Sunni. There is also a large and growing Iranian population, traditionally Shia, who choose to live in Malaysia.

A notable sect that has been outlawed is Al-Arqam.[16]

Muslims who believe Mirza Ghulam Ahmad to be the fulfilment of the Islamic prophecies concerning the return of Jesus, the Ahmadiyya, are also present. There are approximately 2,000 Ahmadis in the country.[17] Though small in number, they face state sanctioned persecution in Malaysia.[18]

Muslims who reject the authority of hadith, known as Quranists, Quraniyoon, or Ahl al-Quran, are also present in Malaysia. The most notable Malaysian Quranist is the scholar Kassim Ahmad.[19]

Cultural role

An Ustaz during the Akad Nikah marital ceremony.

Islam is central to and dominant in Malay culture. A significant number of words in the Malay vocabulary can trace their origins to Arabic which is the common language of Islamic prayer and rituals. This is, however, not exclusive and words from other cultures such as Portuguese, Chinese, Dutch, Sanskrit, Tamil, English, and French can also be found in the Malay language. Islam is so ingrained in Malay life that Islamic rituals are practised as Malay culture. Muslim and Malays are interchangeable in many daily contexts.

Hari Raya Aidilfitri (Eid ul-Fitr) is an important festival celebrated by Malaysian Muslims.

Muslim women generally wear the tudung (hijab or headscarf) over their heads. However, Malay women not wearing any headgear are not reprimanded or penalised. Prominent Malaysian female examples are Datuk Seri Rafidah Aziz, International Trade and Industry Minister and Tun Dr Siti Hasmah Mohd Ali, wife of the current Malaysian Prime Minister Tun Dr Mahathir bin Mohamad. However, with the influx of Arabic travellers, foreign Muslim women (Arabs) wearing hijab that leave only their eyes exposed are often spotted in tourist attractions, not the least at the shopping malls. At certain Malaysian institutions such as the International Islamic University, wearing of the tudung is mandatory; however for non-Muslim students this usually amounts to a loosely worn piece of cloth draped over the back of the head.

The tudung is very commonly worn by Malay girls and women.

Some regard the tudung to be an indication of Arabic influence in Malay Muslim culture, and point to incidents such as the banning of the traditional Malay wayang kulit in the state of Kelantan (which was ruled by the Islamist PAS) to be "un-Islamic".[20]

Malaysia's top Islamic body, the National Fatwa Council, ruled against Muslims practising yoga, saying it had elements of other religions that could corrupt Muslims.[21] The same body has ruled against ghosts and other supernatural beings. [22]

Political issues

Malacca Islamic Centre.
Protesters in Kuala Lumpur take to the streets to demonstrate against the Innocence of Muslims film

UMNO's committee in mosque

Tan Abdul Khalid Ibrahim, the 14th chief minister of the state of Selangor said, "We want mosques to carry out more activities for the Muslims. Unfortunately, the UMNO (political party) only want to put their men in the administration of mosques. This is absurd." He said he wants to replace mosque committees to reduce political interference. "We must remember, the Sultan of Selangor in his every speech has stressed against using mosques for political purposes and His Highness has been consistent in stating his views".[23]

Definition of Malay

As defined by the Constitution of Malaysia, Malays must be Muslim, regardless of their ethnic heritage; otherwise, legally, they are not Malay. Consequently, apostate Malays would have to forfeit all their constitutional privileges, including their Bumiputra status, which entitles them to affirmative action in university admissions and discounts on purchases of vehicles or real estate. It is legally possible to become a Malay if a non-Malay citizen with a Malaysian parent converts to Islam and thus claims all the Bumiputra privileges granted by Article 153 of the Constitution and the New Economic Policy (NEP). However, the convert must "habitually speak the Malay language" and adhere to Malay culture. A tertiary textbook for Malaysian studies following the government-approved syllabus states: "This explains the fact that when a non-Malay embraces Islam, he is said to masuk Melayu ("become a Malay"). That person is automatically assumed to be fluent in the Malay language and to be living like a Malay as a result of his close association with the Malays".[24]

Islam in Malaysia is thus closely associated with the Malay people, something an Islamic scholar has criticised, saying that Malaysian Islam is "still clothed in communal garb; that Muslims in Malaysia have yet to understand what the universal spirit of Islam means in reality".[25]

Parallel to the civil courts, there are Sharia courts which conduct legal matters related to Muslim family sphere. Legal issues like Muslim divorce and Muslim apostasy are conducted in the Syariah Courts. However, there are cases whereby apostasy cases are tried in the Federal Courts. Non-Muslims are not bound by Shariah.

Clothing

Siti Nurhaliza wearing a tudung.

As of 2013 most Muslim Malaysian women wear the tudung, a type of hijab. This use of the tudung was uncommon prior to the 1979 Iranian revolution,[26] and the places that had women in tudung tended to be rural areas. The usage of the tudung sharply increased after the 1970s,[27] as religious conservatism among Malay people in both Malaysia and Singapore increased.[28]

Several members of the Kelantan ulama in the 1960s believed the hijab was not mandatory.[26] By 2015 the Malaysian ulama believed this previous viewpoint was un-Islamic.[29]

By 2015 Malaysia had a fashion industry related to the tudung.[26]

Norhayati Kaprawi directed a 2011 documentary about the use of tudung in Malaysia, "Siapa Aku?" ("Who am I?"). It is in Malay, with English subtitles available.[29]

Although wearing the hijab, or tudung, is not mandatory for women in Malaysia, some government buildings enforce within their premises a dresscode which bans women, Muslim and non-Muslim, from entering while wearing "revealing clothes".[27][30]

Distribution of Muslims

According to the 2010 Census, 61.3% of its population (17,375,794 people) were Muslim. All person who self-identifying as ethnic Malay is categorised as Muslims (see also ethnoreligious group). The data shows the non-Malay who self-identifying as Muslim does not "masuk Melayu" and still counted separately from Malay ethnic group. Information collected in the census based on respondent's answer and did not refer to any official document.

By ethnic group

Distribution of Muslim Malaysians by ethnic group (2010 census)

  Malay (81.7%)
  Non - Citizen (9.3%)
  Other Bumiputera (7.8%)
  Other Ethnic Group (0.6%)
  Indian (0.4%)
  Chinese (0.2%)

By gender and ethnic group

GenderTotal Muslim Population
(2010 Census)		Malaysian Muslim CitizensNon-Malaysian Muslim Citizens
Bumiputera MuslimNon-Bumiputera Muslim
Malay MuslimOther Bumiputera MuslimChinese MuslimIndian MuslimOthers Muslim
Nationwide17,375,79414,191,7201,347,20842,04878,702102,3341,613,782
Male Muslim8,892,8537,145,985679,22125,10842,47552,776947,288
Female Muslim8,482,9417,045,735667,98716,94036,22749,558666,494

By state and ethnic group

StateTotal Muslim Population
(2010 Census)		Malaysian Muslim CitizensNon-Malaysian Muslim Citizens
Bumiputera MuslimNon-Bumiputera Muslim
Malay MuslimOther Bumiputera MuslimChinese MuslimIndian MuslimOthers Muslim
Nationwide17,375,79414,191,7201,347,20842,04878,702102,3341,613,782
Johor1,949,3931,759,53713,0684,0748,3185,896158,500
Kedah1,504,1001,460,7461,1191,0033,3451,67336,214
Kelantan1,465,3881,426,3736,4061,5254451,44829,191
Malacca542,433517,4412,2028681,67896319,281
Negeri Sembilan615,235572,0063,6511,8484,6261,52931,575
Pahang1,124,9091,052,7748,6511,0022,2444,31355,925
Penang696,846636,1461,2511,29012,3351,62844,196
Perak1,301,9311,238,35715,3871,3677,5371,76437,519
Perlis203,476198,7102023692604993,436
Sabah2,096,153184,1971,106,0429,5913,16440,216752,943
Sarawak796,239568,113134,3404,0371,8922,43385,424
Selangor3,161,9942,814,59723,80410,24124,47232,829256,051
Terengganu1,004,152985,0111,13036943597216,235
F. T. Kuala Lumpur776,958679,2365,4663,8387,6884,88675,844
F. T. Labuan66,06530,00124,0835221951,23510,029
F. T. Putrajaya70,52268,47540610468501,419
Malacca Chinese Mosque in Malacca.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ "The Future of the Global Muslim Population – Malaysia", Pew Forum. 2013.
  2. ↑
  3. ↑ Wu & Hickling, p. 35.
  4. ↑ Wu & Hickling, pp. 19, 75.
  5. ↑ Article 160 (2). Constitution of Malaysia.
  6. ↑ Malay of Malaysia
  7. ↑ Ooi, J. 2007. "Merdeka... 50 years of Islamic State?" Archived 10 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved 21 July 2007.
  8. ↑ Boo Su-Lyn (16 February 2016). "Keeping religious status off MyKad, birth certs may solve interfaith woes, rights groups say". The Malay Online. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
  9. ↑ Putra, Tunku Abdul Rahman (1986). Political Awakening, p. 105. Pelanduk Publications. ISBN 967-978-136-4.
  10. ↑ T. W. Arnold, 1913/1997, The Preaching of Islam, Delhi: L.P. Publications, p. 294, 294 nt.2; Dru C. Gladney, Hui Muslims in The South Asian Studies, California, vol.16, No.3, August 1987, page 498, p.498 nt.8.
  11. ↑ W.P. Groeneveldt, 1877, Notes on the Malay Archipelago and Malacca, Batavia : W. Bruining.
  12. ↑ AQSHA, DARUL (13 July 2010). "Zheng He and Islam in Southeast Asia". The Brunei Times. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
  13. ↑ "Rights Group Says Six Malaysians Detained For Being Shia Muslims", Islam Online. Retrieved 13 August 2007.
  14. ↑ "Iraqi Sunnis forced to abandon homes and identity in battle for survival", "The Guardian". Retrieved 5 April 2015.
  15. ↑ Fernandez, Celine (15 December 2013). "Malaysian Shia Muslims Prepare for Trial". The Wall Street Journal.
  16. ↑ Morgan, Adrian. "Malaysia: Heretical Islamic cult returns", SperoNews. Retrieved 13 August 2007.
  17. ↑ "Malaysia's Ahmadis living dangerously". 8 November 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
  18. ↑ "Living with the Ahmadiyah – The Nut Graph, Malaysia". thepersecution.org. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
  19. ↑ Aisha Y. Musa, The Qur'anists Archived 19 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine., 19.org. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
  20. ↑ Kent, Jonathan (6 August 2005). "Malaysia's clash of cultures". BBC.
  21. ↑ "Top Islamic body: Yoga is not for Muslims", CNN, 22 November 2008
  22. ↑ "Malaysia issues fatwa on ghosts", Al Jazeera
  23. ↑ "Khalid Expects 'More Serious' Agenda in Audience With Sultan". Bernama. 5 July 2008. Archived from the original on 18 April 2014. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
  24. ↑ Shuid, Mahdi & Yunus, Mohd. Fauzi (2001). Malaysian Studies, p. 55. Longman. ISBN 983-74-2024-3.
  25. ↑ Wu, Min Aun & Hickling, R. H. (2003). Hickling's Malaysian Public Law, p. 98. Petaling Jaya: Pearson Malaysia. ISBN 983-74-2518-0.
  26. 1 2 3 Boo, Su-lyn. "Tudung industry in Malaysia: Cashing in on conservative Islam" (Archive). The Malay Mail. 9 May 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2015. See version at Yahoo! News. "Nik Abdul Aziz Nik Hassan, former Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) lecturer in history and dakwah, said Muslim women in Malaysia started donning the tudung in the 1970s.[...]it's considered wrong," he added, estimating that more than 70 per cent of Muslim women in Malaysia wear the headscarf."
  27. 1 2 Leong, Trinna. "Malaysian Women Face Rising Pressure From Muslim 'Fashion Police'" (Archive). HuffPost. 21 July 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2015. "Malay women began adopting conservative styles of dress in the 1970s, reflecting a growing politicization of religion in the Islamic world. Many now wear the headscarf that in earlier decades had been worn mostly in conservative backwaters."
  28. ↑ Koh, Jaime and Stephanie Ho. Culture and Customs of Singapore and Malaysia (Cultures and Customs of the World). ABC-CLIO, 22 June 2009. ISBN 0313351163, 9780313351167. p. 31.
  29. 1 2 Fernandez, Celine. "Why Some Women Wear a Hijab and Some Don’t" (Archive). The Wall Street Journal. 18 April 2011. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
  30. ↑ Hassim, Nurzihan (2014). "A Comparative Analysis on Hijab Wearing in Malaysian Muslimah Magazines" (PDF). SEARCH: The Journal of the South East Asia Research Center for Communications and Humanities. 6 (1): 79–96. ISSN 2229-872X. Archived from the original on 20 March 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2015. ()
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