Home mortgage interest deduction

A home mortgage interest deduction allows taxpayers who own their homes to reduce their taxable income [1] by the amount of interest paid on the loan which is secured by their principal residence (or, sometimes, a second home). Most developed countries do not allow a deduction for interest on personal loans, so countries that allow a home mortgage interest deduction have created an exception to those rules. The Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United States each allow the deduction. In Belgium, Denmark, Ireland and Sweden, only a minor part of mortgage interest is deductible.

Status in countries

Canada

Canadian federal income tax does not allow a deduction from taxable income for interest on loans secured by the taxpayer's personal residence, but homes used in businesses as a landlord who owns a rental residential property can deduct interest as any other reasonable business expense. The difference being the deduction is allowed only when the property is not used for the taxpayer's personal use but is used as in any other type of business.[2] However, there may be additional exclusions for passive activity losses.

An indirect method, known as the Smith Manoeuvre, for making interest on mortgage for personal residence tax deductible in Canada is through an asset swap, whereby the homebuyer sells his existing investments, purchases a house in full or in part by the sale, gets a mortgage on the house, and finally, buys back his investments with the money from the mortgage.[3] The Supreme Court of Canada has ruled in 2001 in the Singleton v. Canada case[4] that transactions in the asset swap are to be regarded as distinct, thus rendering the interest on home mortgage acquired as part of the asset swap tax deductible.

The home ownership rate in Canada was about the same as in the United States in 2008[5] despite the difference in tax policy.

Denmark

In Denmark part of the interest is deductible. In 1987 it was 73%. In 1993 it was 50% and in 1998 it was 46%. From 1998 to 2001 it was reduced to 32%. It is the plan that in 2019 it will be 25,5%.

France

France does not allow a home mortgage interest deduction. In 2007, newly elected President Nicolas Sarkozy proposed creating the deduction as part of his legislative plan for sparking the French economy.[6] In August 2007, the Constitutional Council, the highest court in France, struck down the mortgage interest deduction as unconstitutionally creating a tax advantage that goes far beyond its stated goal of encouraging non-homeowners to buy homes. The Court noted that the deduction would apply to people who already own homes.[7]

India

Home loan interest portion is deductible (under section 24(b)) up to 150 000 rupees in a tax year for acquiring or constructing a property. The deduction is available only when the construction is complete or you have possession of the property. Interest of pre-construction period is deductible in five equal instalments. The first instalment is deductible in the year in which construction of property is completed or property acquired. The principal is deductible under section 80C, which has a limit of 150 000 rupees.[8] [9]

Netherlands

In the Netherlands, all interest payments can be deducted completely for a maximum period of 30 years.[10] However, before deduction the taxable income is increased by a percentage of the property value (so-called "notional rental value"[11]) with the reasoning that the property has a potential income-generating purpose.

Still in place currently, the mortgage interest tax deduction is subject to fierce debate, and a political issue during most recent elections.[12] Although largely an emotional point of discussion with the Dutch electorate, and described by many as "political suicide", most Dutch people believe that the mortgage interest tax deduction will eventually be reformed.[13] Many reasons for abolishment have been identified, often fuelled by a political ideology (e.g. creating house price inflation, limiting government earnings in times of economic downturn, mortgage interest tax deduction is increasing already high tax levels in the Netherlands, benefiting high income individuals more disproportionally).[14][15][16][17]

As it stands now, Dutch politicians and other organisations research possible strategies to end interest payments tax deduction and are fuelling public debate to prepare the Dutch public for eventual abolishment.[18] Only 18% of the Dutch public support eliminating the mortgage interest deduction entirely.[18]

Norway

Norway considers any interest paid, whether it is for a home mortgage or other debt, as a deductible expense.[19] The result is a reduction of the tax bill of 25% of all interest paid.[20] The fact that the government in effect subsidises 25% of the interest bill has made home ownership highly beneficial in Norway, and critics argue that the deduction has increased the cost of real estate. The Center Party has proposed reducing the deduction.[21]

Sweden

A deduction of 30 % of interest up until 100 000 SEK, and 21 % over that amount.[22] The amount was about 10 000 SEK per taxpaying person with debts.[23]


United Kingdom

The United Kingdom introduced a scheme called MIRAS in 1983 to allow mortgage interest to be tax deductable. It was abolished in 2000.

United States

Under 26 U.S.C. § 163(h) of the Internal Revenue Code, the United States allows a home mortgage interest deduction, with several limitations. First, the taxpayer must elect to itemize deductions, and the total itemized deductions must exceed the standard deduction (otherwise, itemization would not reduce tax). Second, the deduction is limited to interest on debts secured by a principal residence or a second home. Third, interest is deductible on only the first $1 million of debt used for acquiring, constructing, or substantially improving the residence, ($500,000 if filing separately) or the first $100,000 of home equity debt regardless of the purpose or use of the loan.

Prior to the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (TRA86), the interest on all personal loans (including credit card debt) was deductible. TRA86 eliminated that broad deduction, but left the narrower home mortgage interest deduction.[24][25] While many Americans believe that Congress created the home mortgage interest deduction as a way to encourage home ownership,[26][27] historians point out that this was never the case, as explained in a New York Times article that notes that, in 1913, when interest deductions started, Congress "certainly wasn't thinking of the interest deduction as a stepping-stone to middle-class home ownership, because the tax excluded the first $3,000 (or for married couples, $4,000) of income; less than 1 percent of the population earned more than that;" moreover, during that era, most people who purchased homes paid upfront rather than taking out a mortgage. Rather, the reason for the deduction was that in a nation of small proprietors, it was more difficult to separate business and personal expenses, and so it was simpler to just allow deduction of all interest.[24][25]

In the United States, there are additional tax incentives for home ownership. For example, taxpayers are allowed an exclusion of up to $250,000 ($500,000 for a married couple filing jointly) of capital gains on the sale of real property if the owner used it as primary residence for two of the five years before the date of sale. Economists have demonstrated that high-cost high-income areas receive most of the tax benefit. For example, San Francisco, California receives $26,385 per home while El Paso, Texas receives $2,153 per home, a 1,225% difference.[28] The five highest income metros receive 87% of tax inflows, with over half going into California alone.[29]

Opinions about the deduction

The National Association of Realtors strongly opposes eliminating the mortgage interest deduction, claiming, "Housing is the engine that drives the economy, and to even mention reducing the tax benefits of home ownership could endanger property values. Home prices, particularly in high cost areas, could decline 15 percent if recommendations to convert the mortgage interest deduction to a tax credit are implemented."[30]

The Tax Foundation argues that few low- and middle-income taxpayers benefit,[31] calling it subsidization of the real estate industry.[32] Alan Mallach, a senior fellow at the Center for Community Progress and a visiting scholar at the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, argues that the deduction artificially inflates home prices and is in effect a government subsidy of the real estate industry.[33] Critics in the United States also estimate that it contributes between $70 billion and $100 billion annually to the budget deficit.[34]

Economist Edward L. Glaeser remarked in the New York Times that the policy "is public paternalism at its worst" and wrongfully "encourages people to leave urban areas" as well as to borrow as much as possible to bet on housing."[35]

On March 9, 2012, PBS aired an episode of its show Need to Know in which a bipartisan panel discussed tax reform. The panel, which consisted of former Democratic politician Eliot Spitzer, tax law professor Dorothy A. Brown, Reagan domestic policy advisor Bruce Bartlett, and libertarian economist Daniel J. Mitchell, unanimously opposed the federal mortgage interest deduction.[36]

The standard justification for the deduction is that it gives an incentive for home ownership.[24] Countries that tax imputed income on home ownership may allow the deduction under the theory that it is no longer a personal loan, but a loan for income-producing purposes. Standard criticisms are that it does not significantly impact home ownership, that it allows taxpayers to circumvent the general rule that interest on personal loans is not deductible, and that the deduction disproportionately favors high-income earners.

A second justification applies to countries which tax imputed income on home ownership, such as Iceland, the Netherlands, and Switzerland: since home ownership generates imputed income under such a system, the interest on the home loan is no longer a personal expense, but an expense necessary to "earn" the imputed income and therefore should be tax deductible. In fact, Iceland, the Netherlands, and Switzerland allow at least a partial or adjusted version of the home mortgage interest deduction.

See also

References

  1. ↑ http://www.articlesxpert.com/article/1260369/the-multiple-benefits-of-home-loan-tax-exemption/
  2. ↑ https://turbotax.intuit.ca/tax-resources/tax-deductions/is-interest-deductible.jsp
  3. ↑ https://www.theglobeandmail.com/real-estate/mortgages-and-rates/the-smith-maneuver-a-canadian-mortgage-tax-deductible-plan/article12059456/
  4. ↑ Supreme Court of Canada: Singleton v. Canada, 2001 2 S.C.R. 1046, 2001 SCC 61
  5. ↑ Worthwhile Canadian Initiative
  6. ↑ "Sarkozy Defeats Royal in French Presidential Runoff (Update5)". Bloomberg. 6 May 2007.
  7. ↑ http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/decision/2007/2007555/2007555dc.htm (French)
  8. ↑ , Benefits of Home Loan Tax Exemption
  9. ↑ http://mytaxes.in/index.php?topic=9.0 Home Loan Deduction
  10. ↑ http://www.belastingdienst.nl/variabel/buitenland/en/private_taxpayers/private_taxpayers-12.html Archived 1 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
  11. ↑ http://www.belastingdienst.nl/variabel/buitenland/en/private_taxpayers/private_taxpayers-10.html , Archived 17 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
  12. ↑ "Verkiezingen 2010: hypotheekrenteaftrek en huur" (in Dutch). www.nuzakelijk.nl. 1 June 2010. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
  13. ↑ "Taboe voor politici, niet voor de kiezers" (in Dutch). NRC Handelsblad. 11 April 2006. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
  14. ↑ nl:Hypotheekrenteaftrek
  15. ↑ "Hypotheekrente weer ter discussie" (in Dutch). NOS Nieuws. 2007-10-17. Archived from the original on 2012-09-29. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
  16. ↑ "Argumenten voor - tegen beperking hypotheekrenteaftrek" (PDF) (in Dutch). BouwendNederland. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
  17. ↑ "Hypotheekrenteaftrek: Veelgestelde vragen" (in Dutch). De hypotheker. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
  18. 1 2 http://www.tns-nipo.com/pages/nieuws-pers-vnipo.asp?file=persvannipo\pol_woningmarkt-08062010.htm
  19. ↑ "rentefradrag" (in Norwegian). Store norske leksikon. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
  20. ↑ "Rentefradraget blir mindre verdt" (in Norwegian). Nettavisen. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
  21. ↑ Natland, Jarle (7 April 2013). "Sp vil kutte rentefradrag på private boliglån" (in Norwegian). Aftenbladet. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
  22. ↑ https://www.skatteverket.se/privat/skatter/arbeteinkomst/avdragslexikon/r.4.5fc8c94513259a4ba1d800042806.html
  23. ↑ "Slopat ränteavdrag hot för familjer" (in Swedish). Svenska dagbladet. 29 September 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
  24. 1 2 3 Lowenstein, Roger (5 March 2006). "Who Needs the Mortgage-Interest Deduction?". The New York Times.
  25. 1 2 VENTRY, DENNIS (2009). "THE ACCIDENTAL DEDUCTION: A HISTORY AND CRITIQUE OF THE TAX SUBSIDY FOR MORTGAGE INTEREST". Duke University Law. p. 236. Archived from the original on 2012-01-26. Retrieved 2018-01-19.
    Whatever the original motivation for the consumer interest deduction, one thing is clear: Congress did not see it as a way of promoting homeownership. ... Part II of this article examines the origins of the deduction for personal interest alongside the birth of the modern federal income tax and concludes that the deduction had nothing to do with encouraging or rewarding homeownership.
  26. ↑ Bartlett, Bruce (2013-08-06). "The Sacrosanct Mortgage Interest Deduction". The New York Times Company. Archived from the original on 2017-10-20. Retrieved 2018-01-19. Contrary to popular belief, the mortgage interest deduction wasn’t adopted to encourage home ownership.
  27. ↑ "Do existing tax incentives increase homeownership?" (PDF). Taxpolicycenter.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-01-19. Retrieved 2018-01-19. Contrary to popular belief, the mortgage interest deduction was not added to the tax code to encourage home ownership. The deduction existed at the birth of the income tax in 1913—a tax explicitly designed to hit only the richest individuals, a group for whom homeownership rates were not a social concern.
  28. ↑ See Table 4 in Sinai, Todd; Gyourko, Joseph (2004). "The (Un)changing Geographical Distribution of Housing Tax Benefits: 1980–2000". Tax Policy and the Economy. 18: 175–208. doi:10.1086/tpe.18.20061889.
  29. ↑ Gyourko, Joseph; Sinai, Todd (2003). "The Spatial Distribution of Housing‐Related Ordinary Income Tax Benefits". Real Estate Economics. 31 (4): 527–575. doi:10.1046/j.1080-8620.2003.00076.x.
  30. ↑ NAR: Defending the Mortgage Interest Deduction
  31. ↑ Who Benefits from the Home Mortgage Interest Deduction?
  32. ↑ Some Facts About the Mortgage Interest Deduction
  33. ↑ "Home Loan: How to Reduce The Burden". www.planmyloan.com. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
  34. ↑
  35. ↑ Glaeser, Edward L. (15 March 2011). "If the Tea Party Went Downtown". The New York Times.
  36. ↑ "Cleaning up the tax mess". PBS. 9 March 2012.

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