Haplogroup E (mtDNA)
Haplogroup E | |
---|---|
Possible time of origin | 8,000[1] to 39,000[2] YBP |
Possible place of origin | Indonesia[2] or Fujian coast[1] |
Ancestor | M9 |
Descendants | E1, E2 |
Defining mutations | 3027, 3705, 7598, 13626, 16390[3] |
In human mitochondrial genetics, haplogroup E is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup typical for the Malay Archipelago. It is a subgroup of haplogroup M9.
Origin
Two contrasting proposals have been made for the location and time of the origin of Haplogroup E. One view is that the clade was formed over 30,000 years ago, around the time of the Last Glacial Maximum, on the northeast coast of Sundaland (near modern Borneo). In this model, the haplogroup was dispersed by rising sea levels during the Late Glacial period.[2][4]
In 2014, the mitochondrial DNA of an 8,000-year-old skeleton found on Liang Island, one of the Matsu Islands off the southeast China coast, was found to belong to Haplogroup E, with two of the four mutations characteristic of the E1 subgroup. From this, Ko et al infer that Haplogroup E arose 8,000 to 11,000 years ago on the north Fujian coast, travelled to Taiwan with Neolithic settlers 6,000 years ago, and from there spread to Maritime Southeast Asia with the Austronesian language dispersal.[1] Soares et al caution against over-emphasizing a single sample, and maintain that a constant molecular clock implies the earlier date (and more southerly origin) remains more likely.[5]
Distribution
Haplogroup E is found throughout Maritime Southeast Asia.[4] It is nearly absent from mainland East Asia, where its sister group M9a (also found in Japan) is common.[4][6] In particular, it is found among speakers of Austronesian languages, and it is rare even in Southeast Asia among members of other language families. It has been detected in populations of Taiwan, the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia (including Sabah of Borneo, but not the Orang Asli of peninsular Malaysia), coastal Papua New Guinea, and especially in the Chamorros of the Mariana Islands.[4][7][8][9][10][11] Of the four subclades, only E1a and E2b are found in Taiwan.[2]
Population | Frequency | Count | Source | Subtypes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chamorro (85 Guam, 14 Saipan, & 6 Rota) | 0.924 | 105 | Vilar 2013 | E2a=68, E1a2=29 |
East Indonesian (Sulawesi, incl. 89 Manado, 64 Toraja, 46 Ujung Padang, & 38 Palu) | 0.266 | 237 | Hill 2007 | E1a=42, E1b=9, E2=7, E1(xE1a, E1b)=5 |
Filipino (Mindanao) | 0.214 | 70 | Tabbada 2010 | E1a1a=10, E2(xE2b)=4, E1b=1 |
Filipino (Visayas) | 0.214 | 112 | Tabbada 2010 | E1a1a=18, E2(xE2b)=5, E1(xE1a1a, E1a2, E1b)=1 |
East Indonesian (Ambon) | 0.163 | 43 | Hill 2007 | E1(xE1a, E1b)=3, E1a=2, E2=2 |
East Indonesian (Waingapu, Sumba) | 0.160 | 50 | Hill 2007 | E1b=6, E1a=1, E2=1 |
Indonesian (Bangka) | 0.147 | 34 | Hill 2006 | E=5 |
Borneo (89 Banjarmasin & 68 Kota Kinabalu) | 0.146 | 157 | Hill 2007 | E1a=14, E2=5, E1b=3, E1(xE1a, E1b)=1 |
Filipino | 0.125 | 64 | Tabbada 2010 | E1a1a=5, E2(xE2b)=2, E1a2=1 |
Filipino (Luzon) | 0.124 | 177 | Tabbada 2010 | E1a1a=14, E1b=5, E2(xE2b)=2, E2b=1 |
Taiwan (aborigine) | 0.120 | 640 | Peng 2011 | E=77 |
East Indonesian (Alor) | 0.111 | 45 | Hill 2007 | E1a=3, E1b=2 |
East Indonesian (Mataram, Lombok) | 0.091 | 44 | Hill 2007 | E1b=3, E1a=1 |
Indonesian (Padang, Sumatra) | 0.083 | 24 | Hill 2006 | E=2 |
Indonesian (Medan, Sumatra) | 0.071 | 42 | Hill 2006 | E=3 |
Indonesian (Pekanbaru, Medan, Bangka, Palembang, & Padang) | 0.067 | 180 | Hill 2007 | E1a=6, E1b=4, E1(xE1a, E1b)=1, E2=1 |
Indonesian (Bali) | 0.061 | 82 | Hill 2007 | E1a=3, E1b=1, E1(xE1a, E1b)=1 |
Filipino (Palawan) | 0.050 | 20 | Scholes 2011 | E1a=1 |
Indonesian (Palembang, Sumatra) | 0.036 | 28 | Hill 2006 | E=1 |
Tujia (Yanhe County, Guizhou) | 0.034 | 29 | Li 2007 | E=1 |
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou) | 0.032 | 31 | Li 2007 | E=1 |
Indonesian (Java, incl. 36 from Tengger) | 0.022 | 46 | Hill 2007 | E1b=1 |
Indonesian (Pekanbaru, Sumatra) | 0.019 | 52 | Hill 2006 | E=1 |
Cham (Bình Thuận, Vietnam) | 0.012 | 168 | Peng 2010 | E1a1a=1, E2a=1 |
Carolinian (Saipan) | 0.000 | 17 | Vilar 2013 | - |
Yi (Hezhang County, Guizhou) | 0.000 | 20 | Li 2007 | - |
Dong (Tianzhu County, Guizhou) | 0.000 | 28 | Li 2007 | - |
Batek (Malaysia) | 0.000 | 29 | Hill 2006 | - |
Cun (Hainan) | 0.000 | 30 | Peng 2011 | - |
Batak (Palawan) | 0.000 | 31 | Scholes 2011 | - |
Lingao (Hainan) | 0.000 | 31 | Peng 2011 | - |
Mendriq (Malaysia) | 0.000 | 32 | Hill 2006 | - |
Temuan (Malaysia) | 0.000 | 33 | Hill 2006 | - |
Danga (Hainan) | 0.000 | 40 | Peng 2011 | - |
Jahai (Malaysia) | 0.000 | 51 | Hill 2006 | - |
Senoi (Malaysia) | 0.000 | 52 | Hill 2006 | - |
Semelai (Malaysia) | 0.000 | 61 | Hill 2006 | - |
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou) | 0.000 | 102 | Liu 2011 | - |
Li (Hainan) | 0.000 | 346 | Peng 2011 | - |
Subclades
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup E subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[3] and subsequent published research. > Hello Ross,
- E
- E1
- E1a
- E1a1
- E1a1a
- E1a1a1
- E1a1a
- E1a2
- E1a1
- E1b
- E1b1
- E1a
- E2
- E2a
- E2b
- E2b1
- E2b2
- E1
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haplogroup E (mtDNA). |
- Genealogical DNA test
- Genetic Genealogy
- Human mitochondrial genetics
- Population Genetics
- Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups
Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mitochondrial Eve (L) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
L0 | L1–6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
L1 | L2 | L3 | L4 | L5 | L6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
M | N | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CZ | D | E | G | Q | O | A | S | R | I | W | X | Y | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
C | Z | B | F | R0 | pre-JT | P | U | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
HV | JT | K | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
H | V | J | T |
References
- 1 2 3 Ko, Albert Min-Shan; Chen, Chung-Yu; Fu, Qiaomei; Delfin, Frederick; Li, Mingkun; Chiu, Hung-Lin; Stoneking, Mark; Ko, Ying-Chin (2014). "Early Austronesians: into and out of Taiwan". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 94: 426–436. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.02.003. PMC 3951936. PMID 24607387.
- 1 2 3 4 Soares, Pedro; Trejaut, Jean Alain; Loo, Jun-Hun; Hill, Catherine; Mormina, Maru; Lee, Chien-Liang; Chen, Yao-Ming; Hudjashov, Georgi; Forster, Peter; Macaulay, Vincent; Bulbeck, David; Oppenheimer, Stephen; Lin, Marie; Richards, Martin B. (2008). "Climate Change and Postglacial Human Dispersals in Southeast Asia". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 25 (6): 1209–1218. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn068.
- 1 2 van Oven, Mannis; Manfred Kayser (13 Oct 2008). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation". Human Mutation. 30 (2): E386–E394. doi:10.1002/humu.20921. PMID 18853457. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
- 1 2 3 4 Hill, Catherine; Soares, Pedro; Mormina, Maru; Macaulay, Vincent; Clarke, Dougie; Blumbach, Petya B.; Vizuete-Forster, Matthieu; Forster, Peter; Bulbeck, David; Oppenheimer, Stephen; Richards, Martin (2007). "A Mitochondrial Stratigraphy for Island Southeast Asia". American Journal of Human Genetics. 80: 29–43. doi:10.1086/510412. PMC 1876738. PMID 17160892.
- ↑ Soares, Pedro A.; Trejaut, Jean A.; Rito, Teresa; Cavadas, Bruno; Hill, Catherine; Eng, Ken Khong; Mormina, Maru; Brandão, Andreia; Fraser, Ross M.; Wang, Tse-Yi; Loo, Jun-Hun; Snell, Christopher; Ko, Tsang-Ming; Amorim, António; Pala, Maria; Macaulay, Vincent; Bulbeck, David; Wilson, James F.; Gusmão, Leonor; Pereira, Luísa; Oppenheimer, Stephen; Lin, Marie; Richards, Martin B. (2016). "Resolving the ancestry of Austronesian-speaking populations". Human Genetics. 135 (3): 309–326. doi:10.1007/s00439-015-1620-z.
- ↑ Trejaut, Jean A.; Kivisild, Toomas; Loo, Jun Hun; Lee, Chien Liang; He, Chun Lin; Hsu, Chia Jung; Li, Zheng Yuan; Lin, Marie (2005). "Traces of Archaic Mitochondrial Lineages Persist in Austronesian-Speaking Formosan Populations". PLoS Biology. 3 (8). e247. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030247. PMC 1166350. PMID 15984912.
- ↑ Kristina A. Tabbada, Jean Trejaut, Jun-Hun Loo et al., "Philippine Mitochondrial DNA Diversity: A Populated Viaduct between Taiwan and Indonesia?", Mol. Biol. Evol. 27(1):21–31. (2010) doi:10.1093/molbev/msp215
- ↑ Min-Sheng Peng, Huy Ho Quang, Khoa Pham Dang et al., "Tracing the Austronesian Footprint in Mainland Southeast Asia: A Perspective from Mitochondrial DNA", Mol. Biol. Evol. 27(10):2417–2430. (2010) doi:10.1093/molbev/msq131
- ↑ Catherine Hill, Pedro Soares, Maru Mormina et al., "Phylogeography and Ethnogenesis of Aboriginal Southeast Asians", Mol. Biol. Evol. 23(12):2480–2491. (2006) doi:10.1093/molbev/msl124
- ↑ Miguel G. Vilar, Chim W. Chan, Dana R. Santos et al., "The Origins and Genetic Distinctiveness of the Chamorros of the Marianas Islands: An mtDNA Perspective", American Journal of Human Biology, Volume 25, Issue 1, pages 116–122, January/February 2013. DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22349
- ↑ Min-Sheng Peng, Jun-Dong He, Hai-Xin Liu, and Ya-Ping Zhang, "Tracing the legacy of the early Hainan Islanders - a perspective from mitochondrial DNA", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011, 11:46. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/11/46
External links
- General
- Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
- Mannis van Oven's Phylotree
- Haplogroup E
- Ballinger, S.W.; Schurr, T.G.; Torroni, A.; Gan, Y.Y.; Hodge, J.A.; Hassan, K.; Chen, K.H.; Wallace, D.C. (1992). "Southeast Asian Mitochondrial DNA Analysis Reveals Genetic Continuity of Ancient Mongoloid Migrations". Genetics. 130 (1): 139–152. PMC 1204787. PMID 1346259.
- Herrnstadt, C.; Elson, J.L.; Fahy, E.; Preston, G.; Turnbull, D.M.; Anderson, C.; Ghosh, S.S.; Olefsky, J.M.; et al. (2002). "Reduced-Median-Network Analysis of Complete Mitochondrial DNA Coding-Region Sequences for the Major African, Asian, and European Haplogroups". American Journal of Human Genetics. 70 (5): 1152–1171. doi:10.1086/339933. PMC 447592. PMID 11938495.
- Ingman, M.; Kaessmann, H.; Pääbo, S.; Gyllensten, U. (2000). "Mitochondrial genome variation and the origin of modern humans". Nature. 408 (6813): 708–713. doi:10.1038/35047064. PMID 11130070.
- Stoneking, M.; Jorde, L.B.; Bhatia, K.; Wilson, A.C. (1990). "Geographic Variation in Human Mitochondrial DNA from Papua New Guinea". Genetics. 124 (3): 717–733. PMC 1203963. PMID 1968873.
- Trejaut, Jean A; Kivisild, Toomas; Jun Hun, Loo; Chien Liang, Lee; Chun Lin, He; Chia Jung, Hsu; Zheng Yuan, Li; Lin, Marie (2005). "Traces of Archaic Mitochondrial Lineages Persist in Austronesian-Speaking Formosan Populations". PLoS Biology. 3 (8): 8. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030247. PMC 1166350. PMID 15984912.