Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle

GSLV
Function Medium Lift Launch System
Manufacturer ISRO
Country of origin  India
Cost per launch US$47 million
Size
Height 49.13 m (161.2 ft)[1]
Diameter 2.8 m (9 ft 2 in)
Mass 414,750 kg (914,370 lb)
Stages 3
Capacity
Payload to LEO 5,000 kg (11,000 lb)[1]
Payload to GTO 2,700 kg (6,000 lb)[1][2]
Launch history
Status
  • Mk.I: Retired
  • Mk.II: Active
Launch sites Satish Dhawan
Total launches 12 (6 Mk.I, 6 Mk.II)
Successes 7 (2 Mk.I, 5 Mk.II)
Failures 3 (2 Mk.I, 1 Mk.II)
Partial failures 2 (Mk.I)
First flight
  • Mk.I: 18 April 2001
  • Mk.II: 15 April 2010
Last flight
  • Mk.I: 25 December 2010
  • Mk.II: 29 March 2018
Notable payloads South Asia Satellite
Boosters
No. boosters 4 L40 Hs
Length 19.7 m (65 ft)[3]
Diameter 2.1 m (6.9 ft)[3]
Propellant mass 42,700 kg (94,100 lb) each [3]
Engines 1 L40H Vikas 2
Thrust 760 kN (170,000 lbf)[4]
Total thrust 3,040 kN (680,000 lbf)
Specific impulse 262 s (2.57 km/s)
Burn time 154 seconds[3]
Fuel N2O4/UDMH
First stage
Length 20.2 m (66 ft)[3]
Diameter 2.8 m (9.2 ft)[3]
Propellant mass 138,200 kg (304,700 lb)[3]
Engines 1 S139
Thrust 4,846.9 kN (1,089,600 lbf)[4]
Specific impulse 237 s (2.32 km/s)
Burn time 100 seconds
Fuel HTPB (solid)
Second stage
Length 11.6 m (38 ft)[3]
Diameter 2.8 m (9.2 ft)[3]
Propellant mass 39,500 kg (87,100 lb)[3]
Engines 1 GS2 Vikas 4
Thrust 846.8 kN (190,400 lbf)[4]
Specific impulse 295 s (2.89 km/s)
Burn time 139 seconds[3]
Fuel N2O4/UDMH
Third stage (GSLV Mk.II) – CUS12
Length 8.7 m (29 ft)[3]
Diameter 2.8 m (9.2 ft)[3]
Propellant mass 12,800 kg (28,200 lb)[3]
Engines 1 CE-7.5
Thrust 75 kN (17,000 lbf)
Specific impulse 454 s (4.45 km/s)
Burn time 718 seconds[3]
Fuel LOX/LH2

Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle abbreviated as GSLV, is an expendable launch system operated by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). GSLV has been used in twelve launches to date, since its first launch in 2001 to the most recent on March 29, 2018 carrying the GSAT-6A communications satellite. Even though Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III shares the name it is an entirely different launcher.

History

The Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) project was initiated in 1990 with the objective of acquiring an Indian launch capability for geosynchronous satellites.[5][6]

GSLV uses major components that are already proven in the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) launchers in the form of the S125/S139 solid rocket booster and the liquid-fueled Vikas engine. Due to the thrust required for injecting the satellite in a GTO orbit the third stage was to be powered by a LOX/LH2 Cryogenic engine which at that time India did not possess or had the technology know-how to build one.

The first development flight of the GSLV (Mk.I configuration) was launched on 18 April 2001 was a failure as the payload failed to reach the intended orbit parameters. The launcher was declared operational after the second development flight successfully launched the GSAT-2 satellite. During the initial years from the initial launch to 2014 the launcher had a checkered history with only 2 successful launches out of 7.[7][8]

Cryogenic Engine Controversy

The third stage was to be procured from Russian company Glavcosmos, including transfer of technology and design details of the engine based on an agreement signed in 1991.[6] Russia backed out of the deal after US objected to the deal as in violation of the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) May 1992. As a result, ISRO initiated the Cryogenic Upper Stage Project in April 1994 and began developing its own cryogenic engine.[9] A new agreement was signed with Russia for 7 KVD-1 cryogenic stages and 1 ground mock-up stage with no technology transfer, instead of 5 cryogenic stages along with the technology and design as per the earlier agreement.[10] These engines were used for the initial flights and were named GSLV Mk.1.[11]

Vehicle description

GSLV-F01 launched from the Satish Dawan Space Centre, Sriharikota, to place EDUSAT -India's first communication satellite dedicated to educational purposes- in orbit on September 20, 2004

The 49 metres (161 ft) tall GSLV, with a lift-off mass of 415 metric tons (915,000 lb), is a three-stage vehicle with solid, liquid and cryogenic stages respectively. The payload fairing, which is 7.8 metres (26 ft) long and 3.4 metres (11 ft) in diameter, protects the vehicle electronics and the spacecraft during its ascent through the atmosphere. It is discarded when the vehicle reaches an altitude of about 115 km.[12]

GSLV employs S-band telemetry and C-band transponders for enabling vehicle performance monitoring, tracking, range safety / flight safety and preliminary orbit determination. The Redundant Strap Down Inertial Navigation System/Inertial Guidance System of GSLV housed in its equipment bay guides the vehicle from lift-off to spacecraft injection. The digital auto-pilot and closed loop guidance scheme ensure the required altitude maneuver and guide injection of the spacecraft to the specified orbit.

The GSLV can place approximately 5,000 kg (11,000 lb) into an easterly Low Earth orbit or 2,500 kg (5,500 lb)(for the Mk. II version) into an 18° geostationary transfer orbit.

Liquid boosters

The first GSLV flight, GSLV-D1 used the L40 engine. Subsequent flights of the GSLV used high pressure engines in the strap-on boosters called the L40H.[13] The GSLV uses four L40H liquid strap-on boosters derived from the L37.5 second stage, which are loaded with 42.6 tons of hypergolic propellants (UDMH & N2O4). The propellants are stored in tandem in two independent tanks 2.1 metres (6 ft 11 in) diameter. The engine is pump-fed and generates 760 kilonewtons (170,000 lbf) of thrust, with a burn time of 150 seconds.

First stage

GSLV-D1 used the S125 stage which contained 125 metric tons (276,000 lb) of solid propellant and had a burn time of 100 seconds. All subsequent launches have used enhanced propellant loaded S139 stage.[13] The S139 stage is 2.8 m in diameter and has a nominal burn time of 109 seconds.[14] The stage generates a maximum thrust of 4700 kN.[15]


Second stage

The GS2 stage is powered by the Vikas engine. It has a diameter of 2.8 metres (9 ft 2 in).[14]

Third stage

The third stage of the GSLV Mk.II is propelled by the Indian CE-7.5 cryogenic rocket engine while the older defunct Mk.I is propelled using a Russian made KVD-1. It uses liquid hydrogen (LH2) and liquid oxygen (LOX)[16] The Indian cryogenic engine was built at the Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre [17][18] The engine has a default thrust of 75 kilonewtons (17,000 lbf) but is capable of a maximum thrust of 93.1 kilonewtons (20,900 lbf).

Variants

GSLV rockets using the Russian Cryogenic Stage (CS) are designated as the GSLV Mk I while versions using the indigenous Cryogenic Upper Stage (CUS) are designated the GSLV Mk II.[19] All GSLV launches have been conducted from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota.

GSLV Mk I

The first developmental flight of GSLV Mk I had a 129 tonne (S125) first stage and was capable of launching around 1500 kg into geostationary transfer orbit. The second developmental flight replaced the S125 stage with S139. It used the same solid motor with 138 tonne propellant loading. The chamber pressure in all liquid engines were enhanced, enabling a higher propellant mass and burn time. These improvements allowed GSLV to carry an additional 300 kg of payload.[20][21] The fourth operational flight of GSLV Mk I, GSLV-F06, has a 15 tonne propellant loading in the third stage, called the C-15.[22]

GSLV Mk II

This variant uses an Indian cryogenic engine, the CE-7.5, and is capable of launching 2500 kg into geostationary transfer orbit. Previous GSLV vehicles (GSLV Mk.I) have used Russian cryogenic engines.[23]

For launches from 2018 a 6% increased thrust version of the Vikas engine was developed. It was demonstrated on 29 March 2018 in the GSAT 6A launch second stage. It will be used for the four Vikas engines first stage boosters on future missions.[24]

Launch Statistics

Launch history

Flight № Date / time (UTC) Rocket,
Configuration		 Launch site Payload Payload mass Orbit Customer Launch
outcome
D1 18 April 2001
10:13		 Mk I First India GSAT-1 1540 kg Partial failure[25][26]
Developmental flight, payload placed into lower than planned orbit, and did not have sufficient fuel to reach a usable orbit.[25] ISRO claims the launch to be successful.[27] In a 2014 interview, ISRO Chairman K. Radhakrishnan attributed the failure to incorrect mixture ratio used in the cryogenic upper stage.[28]
D2 8 May 2003
11:28		 Mk I First India GSAT-2 1825 kg Success
Developmental flight.[29]
F01 20 September 2004
10:31		 Mk I First India GSAT-3 1950 kg Success
First operational flight.[30]
F02 10 July 2006
12:08		 Mk I Second India INSAT-4C 2168 kg Failure
Both rocket and satellite had to be destroyed over the Bay of Bengal after the rocket's trajectory veered outside permitted limits.
F04 2 September 2007
12:51		 Mk I Second India INSAT-4CR 2160 kg Partial failure[31]
Apogee lower and inclination higher than expected, due to an error in the guidance subsystem.[32] Eventually the 2160 kg payload reached the designated geostationary transfer orbit.[33][34] Minor error in orbit inclination corrected by satellite mission operators. Satellite is fully operational and full design life of ten years will be achieved. It completed 6 years in orbit successfully.[35] ISRO claims this GSLV flight to be successful.
F06 25 December 2010
10:34		 Mk I Second India GSAT-5P 2310 kg Failure
First flight of GSLV Mk.I (c). Destroyed by range safety officer after loss of control over liquid-fueled boosters.[36]
Flight № Date / time (UTC) Rocket,
Configuration		 Launch site Payload Payload mass Orbit Customer Launch
outcome
D3 15 April 2010
10:57		 Mk II Second India GSAT-4 2220 kg Failure
First flight test of the ISRO designed and built Cryogenic Upper Stage (CUS). Failed to reach orbit due to malfunction of the Fuel Booster Turbo Pump (FBTP) of the cryogenic upper stage.[37]
D5 5 January 2014
10:48		 Mk II Second India GSAT-14 1980 kg Success[38][39]
The flight was scheduled for 19 August 2013, but one hour and 14 minutes before the lift off, a leakage was reported and the launch was halted.[40]

Second flight of GSLV with indigenous cryogenic upper stage (CUS) developed by ISRO's Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC) was launched successfully on 5 January 2014.[41][42] It was a launch with precision of 40 metres (130 ft). All the three stages performed successfully.[43][44] This was the first successful flight of the cryogenic stage which was developed indigenously in India.[45]

D6 27 August 2015
11:22		 Mk II Second India GSAT-6 2117 kg Success
GSLV Mk II D6 with an Indigenous Cryogenic Engine (ICE) successfully ferried GSAT-6 payload into Geostationary Transfer Orbit (GTO) with injection parameters of 170 km x 35945 km, 19.96 degree inclination. The cuboid-shaped GSAT-6 satellite includes a technology demonstrator S-Band unfurlable antenna with a diameter of six metre which will provide S-band communication services during its expected mission life of nine years.[46][47][48]
F05 8 September 2016
11:20		 MK II Second India INSAT-3DR 2211  kg Success
First operational flight of GSLV Mk II.

The injection parameters were met with extreme precision. Perigee was within 300m (within 0.18%) of the expected value whereas apogee was within 0.2% (80 km). The difference between expected and actual inclination degree was 0.

INSAT-3DR is an advanced atmospheric weather satellite. as well as the second heaviest satellite placed in orbit by an indigenous cryogenic engine propelled GSLV [49][50][51]

F09 5 May 2017
11:27[52]		 Mk II[53] Second[52] India GSAT-9 / South Asia Satellite 2230 kg[54] GTO[52] Success[52]
South Asia Satellite was previously named as SAARC Satellite[55]
F08 29 March 2018
11:26[56]		 Mk II[57] Second[56] India GSAT-6A[56] 2140 kg[58][59] or 2066 kg[60] GTO[57] Success[56]
Used an enhanced version of the Vikas engine called High Thrust Vikas Engine(HTVE) which had a thrust of 848 kN in GS2 stage. Electro-hydraulic Actuation used for gimballing in GS2 stage was replaced by more reliable Electro-Mechanical Actuation.[61] Even though the launch was a success, communication was lost with the satellite 48 hours after launch.[62][63][64]

Planned launches

Date / time (UTC) Rocket,
Configuration		 Launch site Payload Orbit Customer
November 2018[65][66] Mk II Second India GSAT-7A
Flight F11
Q1, 2019[65] Mk II Second India GISAT 1
2100 kg[67]
2020[65] Mk II Second India GSAT-7C
[68]
2020[65] Mk II Second India Mangalyaan 2
[69]
September 2022[65] Mk II Second United States India NISAR
NASA / ISRO collaboration[70]
2022[65] Mk II Second India Insat 3DS

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle". Retrieved 21 December 2014.
  2. ↑ "ISRO developing vehicle to launch small satellites". Retrieved 29 August 2018.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 "GSLV F09 Brochure". ISRO.
  4. 1 2 3 "GSLV F08 Brochure". ISRO.
  5. ↑ "GSLV Launched Successfully" (PDF). Current Science. 80 (10): 1256. May 2001. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
  6. 1 2 Subramanian, T S (March 17–31, 2001). "The GSLV Quest". Frontline. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
  7. ↑ "GSLV Rocket, Billed 'Naughty Boy'". NDTV. Wayback Machine. Archived from the original on 11 February 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
  8. ↑ Jacob Aron. "India's hefty 'naughty boy' rocket comes in from cold". New Scientist. Wayback Machine. Archived from the original on 11 February 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
  9. ↑ Raj, N Gopal (21 April 2011). "The long road to cryogenic technology". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
  10. ↑ Subramanian, T S (28 April – 11 May 2001). "The cryogenic quest". Frontline. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
  11. ↑ "Why ISRO's New Engine and Mk III Rocket Are Reasons to Forget 1990 Cryogenic Scandal". The Wire. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
  12. ↑ "GSLV-F04". ISRO. Archived from the original on 4 January 2014. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
  13. 1 2 "GSLV-D2". ISRO. Archived from the original on 9 August 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
  14. 1 2 "GSLV D3". ISRO. Archived from the original on August 10, 2013. Retrieved November 27, 2013.
  15. ↑ "Evolution of Indian launch vehicle technologies" (PDF). Current Science. Retrieved January 27, 2014.
  16. ↑ "GSLV-D5". Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
  17. ↑ "ISRO's Cryogenic Stage Fails in Maiden Flight". Space News. Archived from the original on May 26, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2013.
  18. ↑ "GSLV, PSLV flights put off". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 1 January 2010.
  19. ↑ "GSLV-D3/GSAT-4 Brochure" (PDF). ISRO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2014. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
  20. ↑ R. V. Perumal; B. N. Suresh; D. Narayana Moorthi; G. Madhavan Nair (25 July 2001). "First developmental flight of geosynchronous satellite launch vehicle (GSLV-D1)" (PDF). Current Science. 81 (2): 167–174. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016.
  21. ↑ R. V. Perumal; D. Narayana Moorthi; N. Vedachalam; G. Madhavan Nair (10 September 2003). "Second developmental flight of Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle" (PDF). Current Science. 85 (5): 597–601. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 February 2018.
  22. ↑ "GSLV-F06". ISRO. Archived from the original on August 10, 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
  23. ↑ Clark, Stephen (2010-10-12). "India may seek international help on cryogenic engine". SPACEFLIGHT NOW. Retrieved 15 July 2011. Besides the new upper stage, the GSLV Mk.2 launched in April was nearly identical to previous versions of the booster.
  24. ↑ Clark, Stephen (29 March 2018). "India tests upgraded engine tech in successful communications satellite launch". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
  25. 1 2 Kyle, Ed (28 December 2010). "Page 2 of 2: Comprehensive Orbital Launch Failure List". India (SLV/ASLV/PSLV/GSLV) Flight History by Variant/Year (1979–2010). Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  26. ↑ "Isro clears launch of GSLV-D5". Business Standard. 31 December 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
  27. ↑ "Press Brief on GSLV-D1/GSAT-1". Indian Space Research Organisation. 24 April 2001.
  28. ↑ Ramachandran, R. (22 January 2014). "GSLV MkIII, the next milestone". Frontline.
  29. ↑ "GSLV-D2 Mission". ISRO. Archived from the original on March 14, 2009.
  30. ↑ "EDUSAT mission". ISRO. Archived from the original on March 18, 2009.
  31. ↑ "First manoeuvre to raise satellite's orbit". Sriharikota: The Hindu. Retrieved November 19, 2015.
  32. ↑ Clark, Stephen (2 September 2007). "India's large satellite launcher returns to flight". Spaceflight Now.
  33. ↑ "INSAT-4CR successfully placed in orbit". Times of India. 2 September 2007.
  34. ↑ "GSLV-F04 Launch Successful – Places INSAT-4CR in orbit". ISRO. Archived from the original on March 1, 2009.
  35. ↑ "ISRO refutes INSAT-4CR `disappearance' story". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 2013-11-12.
  36. ↑ "Rocket failed after 45 seconds, says ISRO". Hindustan Times. 25 December 2010. Archived from the original on 26 December 2010. Retrieved 25 December 2010.
  37. ↑ "GSLV-D3 Failure Analysis Report". ISRO.
  38. ↑ "GSLV-D5-Success". ISRO. Archived from the original on 4 January 2014. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
  39. ↑ Subramanian, T.S. (5 January 2014). "GSLV-D5 Launch Success". Chennai, India: The Hindu. Archived from the original on 6 January 2014. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
  40. ↑ "GSLV-D5 rocket launch delayed, countdown clock stopped due to leak in second stage". NDTV. Retrieved November 27, 2013.
  41. ↑ Varma, M. Dinesh (31 October 2013). "Another shot at GSLV with indigenous cryogenic engine". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Retrieved November 27, 2013.
  42. ↑ "Preparations in full swing for Dec 15 GSLV mission". Hindustan Times. Retrieved November 27, 2013.
  43. ↑ "GSAT-14 Separated". Twitter. January 5, 2014. Retrieved January 5, 2014.
  44. ↑ "Performance of Cryogenic stage of GSLV D5 normal. Ignition sustained". Twitter. January 5, 2014. Retrieved January 5, 2014.
  45. ↑ "Isro successfully launches indigenous cryogenic engine-powered GSLV-D5". The Times Of India. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
  46. ↑ "ISRO's GSLV D-6 puts GSAT-6 satellite in orbit". The Hindu. 27 August 2015.
  47. ↑ "GSAT 6". Retrieved 1 July 2014.
  48. ↑ "GSAT-6 slated for March launch". Retrieved 27 August 2015.
  49. ↑ "Isro's desi cryo engine–powered GSLV-F05 places INSAT-3DR weather satellite in orbit – Times of India". Retrieved 2016-09-08.
  50. ↑ Clark, Stephen. "GSLV puts advanced Indian weather satellite in orbit – Spaceflight Now". Retrieved 2016-09-08.
  51. ↑ "GSLV-F05 lobs advanced weather satellite INSAT-3DR into orbit – The Hindu". Retrieved 2016-09-08.
  52. 1 2 3 4 "Official Press Release: GSLV Successfully Launches South Asia Satellite". Press Information Bureau. 5 May 2017.
  53. ↑ Clark, Stephen (6 May 2017). "India launches satellite linking its South Asian neighbors". Spaceflight Now.
  54. ↑ Sinha, Amitabh (6 May 2017). "South Asian diplomacy lifts off on 2230-kg ISRO satellite GSAT-9". The Indian Express.
  55. ↑ "Made in India South Asia Satellite to be launched on 5 May". Mint. PTI. 30 April 2017.
  56. 1 2 3 4 "GSLV Successfully Launches GSAT-6A Satellite". Press Information Bureau. 29 March 2018.
  57. 1 2 U Tejonmayam (30 March 2018). "With 'Vikas' engine, Isro launches GSAT-6A, reaches out for the Moon". The Times of India.
  58. ↑ Stories, Prajasakti News. "29న జిఎస్‌ఎల్వీ- ఎఫ్‌08 ప్రయోగం". Prajasakti. Retrieved 2018-03-02.
  59. ↑ "GSLV-F08/GSAT-6A Mission - ISRO". 2017-11-18. Retrieved 2018-04-02.
  60. ↑ "ISRO Twin Satellites To Boost Communication For Security Establishment". NDTV.com. Retrieved 2018-03-28.
  61. ↑ "GSLV F08-GSAT-6A Brochure- ISRO". www.isro.gov.in. Indian Space Research Organisation. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  62. ↑ "Isro Loses communication with GSAT-6A-Economic Times". www.economictimes.indiatimes.com. Economic Times. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
  63. ↑ "Status Update of GSAT-6A - ISRO". www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 2018-04-01.
  64. ↑ "Isro confirms losing contact with communication satellite GSAT-6A - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2018-04-01.
  65. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Pietrobon, Steven (5 July 2018). "Indian Launch Manifest". Retrieved 11 July 2018.
  66. ↑ "India's 19 upcoming missions, and ISRO's Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) | SpaceTech Asia". SpaceTech Asia. 2018-08-28. Retrieved 2018-08-29.
  67. ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "GISAT 1, 2". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved April 27, 2017.
  68. ↑ "Satellite control set to give drones more sting". Times Of India. 22 September 2018. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  69. ↑ Madhumathi, D.S. (10 August 2016). "ISRO sets the ball rolling for Mars Mission-2". The Hindu. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
  70. ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "NISAR". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved April 27, 2017.

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