Clause IV

Sidney Webb, a socialist economist and early member of the Fabian Society who drafted Clause IV in 1917.

Clause IV was part of the 1918 constitution of the Labour Party in Britain which set out the aims and values of the party. Before its revision in 1995, its application was the subject of considerable debate and dispute.

Text

The original version of Clause IV was drafted by Sidney Webb in November 1917,[1] and adopted by the party in 1918.[2] It read, in part 4:

To secure for the workers by hand or by brain the full fruits of their industry and the most equitable distribution thereof that may be possible upon the basis of the common ownership of the means of production, distribution and exchange, and the best obtainable system of popular administration and control of each industry or service.[3]

This section was widely seen as the Labour Party's commitment to socialism, even though it is not explicitly mentioned.[3] The Manchester Guardian heralded it as showing "the Birth of a Socialist Party", stating that:

The changes of machinery are not revolutionary, but they are significant. There is now for the first time embodied in the constitution of the party a declaration of political principles, and these principles are definitely Socialistic. ... In other words, the Labour party becomes a Socialist party (the decisive phrase is "the common ownership of the means of production") ... Platonic resolutions have been passed before now, both by the Labour party and by the Trade Unions Congress in favour of the Socialistic organisation of society, but they are now for the first time made an integral part of the party constitution.[2]

In 1918, nationalisation was seen by many voters as akin to modernisation – the nationalisation of the railways was a widely supported policy, for instance, as it would reduce the plethora of uncoordinated and competing companies. This text is usually assumed to involve nationalisation of the whole economy but close reading of the text shows that there are many other possible interpretations. Common ownership, though later given a technical meaning by the 1976 Industrial Common Ownership Act, could mean municipal ownership, worker cooperatives or consumer cooperatives.

In December 1944, the Labour Party adopted a policy of "public ownership"[4] and won a clear endorsement for their policies – the destruction of the "evil giants" of want, ignorance, squalour, disease and idleness (identified by William Beveridge in the Beveridge report[5]) – in the post-war election victory of 1945 which brought Clement Attlee to power. However the party had no clear plan as to how public ownership would shape their reforms and much debate ensued.

The nationalisation was led by Herbert Morrison who had had the experience of uniting London's buses and underground train system into a centralised system in the 1930s. He started with the Bank of England in April 1946, whereby stockholders received compensation and the governor and deputy governor were both re-appointed. Further industries swiftly followed: civil aviation in 1946, and railways and telecommunications in 1947, along with the creation of the National Coal Board, which was responsible for supplying 90% of UK's energy needs. 1946 also saw the establishment of the National Health Service which came into force in July 1948 and in 1948 came the nationalisation of railways, canals, road haulage and electricity. By 1951 the iron, steel and gas industries had also been brought into public ownership.

Gaitskell's fight

After losing the 1959 general election, Labour Party leader Hugh Gaitskell came to believe that public opposition to nationalisation had led to the party's poor performance and announced that he proposed to amend Clause IV.[6] The left wing of the party fought back and managed to defeat any change: symbolically, it was then agreed to include Clause IV, part 4, on Labour Party membership cards.[1][7]

The economic crisis of the 1970s, and the defeats suffered by the trade union movement, as well as the decline in influence of the British Communist Party, led to a strengthening of the position of Labour party members who were opposed to Marxism.[1]

Blair's fight

Tony Blair had in 1993, before becoming Leader of the Labour Party, written a pamphlet for the Fabian Society which criticised the wording of Clause IV for not clearly stating the means and ends of the party.[8] Blair put forward a case for defining socialism in terms of a set of values which were constant, while the policies needed to achieve them would have to account for changing society. After becoming Leader, he announced at the conclusion of his 1994 conference speech that the Labour Party needed a new statement of aims and values and that he would draw one up and present it to the party. This astonished many people, as the last time such a move had been taken (by Hugh Gaitskell in the late 1950s), it had been a failure.[3]

The new version was adopted at a Special Conference at Easter 1995 after a debate, and reads, in part:

'The Labour Party is a democratic socialist party. It believes that by the strength of our common endeavour we achieve more than we achieve alone, so as to create for each of us the means to realise our true potential and for all of us a community in which power, wealth and opportunity are in the hands of the many, not the few, where the rights we enjoy reflect the duties we owe, and where we live together, freely, in a spirit of solidarity, tolerance and respect'.[3]

This version of Clause IV currently appears on the back of individual Labour Party membership cards today.

Presentationally, the abandonment of the socializing principles of the original Clause IV represented a break with Labour's past and, specifically, a break with its 1983 Manifesto (allegedly dubbed "the longest suicide note in history", by Gerald Kaufman, one of the party's MPs, though Kaufman, to the end of his days, denied ever saying it[9]), in which greater state ownership was proposed.[10]

Jeremy Corbyn

The current leader of the Labour Party, Jeremy Corbyn, has been a consistent supporter of renationalising public utilities, such as British Rail and energy companies back into public ownership.[11][12] He also ignited controversy within his party when, in an interview with The Independent on Sunday, he said that: "I think we should talk about what the objectives of the party are, whether that’s restoring the Clause Four as it was originally written or it’s a different one, but I think we shouldn’t shy away from public participation, public investment in industry and public control of the railways. I'm interested in the idea that we have a more inclusive, clearer set of objectives. I would want us to have a set of objectives which does include public ownership of some necessary things such as rail".[11] Although this has been seen by some as an endorsement for the reinstatement of Clause IV, Corbyn denies this and says that more discussion within his party is needed.[13][14]

Labour4Clause4

On 17 January 2018 a campaign to restore Clause IV was launched, following its centenary.[15]

Other uses

Clause Four was also the name of a campaigning group within the Labour Party's student wing (now Labour Students), which succeeded in ending its control by the Militant group in 1975. However the attempt of the Clause Four group to oppose Militant in the Labour Party Young Socialists (LPYS) was a failure, and LPYS was eventually dissolved.

"Clause Four moment"

The changing of Clause IV was seen by political commentators as the defining moment at which Old Labour became New Labour.[16] Labour's "Clause Four Moment" has subsequently become a metaphor for any need or perceived need for a fundamental recasting of a political party's principles or attitudes. Accordingly, Conservatives such as Douglas Carswell (subsequently an independent MP) have argued that the Conservative Party must similarly undergo its "Clause Four Moment", rejecting past commitments and demonstrating, rhetorically at least, change to the electorate.[17] For example, Nigel Farage has called the support for UKIP from Black and Asian British ethnic minority people as "UKIP's Clause IV moment".[18][19][20]

References

  1. 1 2 3 Gani, Aisha (9 August 2015). "Clause IV: a brief history". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
  2. 1 2 "The Birth of a Socialist Party". Manchester Guardian. London. 27 February 1918. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Adams, Ian (1998). Ideology and Politics in Britain Today (illustrated, reprint ed.). Manchester University Press. pp. 144–145. ISBN 9780719050565. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
  4. ↑ "1945 Labour Party Election Manifesto". 1945. Archived from the original on 2013-03-15. Retrieved 2007-08-21. There are basic industries ripe and over-ripe for public ownership and management in the direct service of the nation.
  5. ↑ "The Labour Government 1945 -51 - The Welfare State". BBC Bitesize Revision. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
  6. ↑
    • Tudor Jones (21 September 2005). Remaking the Labour Party: From Gaitskell to Blair. Routledge. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-134-80132-9.
    • David Denver; Justin Fisher; Steve Ludlam; Charles Pattie (18 October 2013). British Elections and Parties Review. Routledge. p. 110. ISBN 978-1-135-25578-7.
    • Keith Barlow; Geoffrey Keith Barlow (2008). The Labour Movement in Britain from Thatcher to Blair. Peter Lang. p. 224. ISBN 978-3-631-55137-0.
    • Robert Leach (1 May 2015). Political Ideology in Britain. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 118. ISBN 978-1-137-33256-1.
    • Matt Beech (2006). The Political Philosophy of New Labour. I.B.Tauris. p. 218. ISBN 978-1-84511-041-3.
    • Alistair Clark (13 February 2012). Political Parties in the UK. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-230-36868-2.
    • Are the Lord's Listening?: Creating Connections Between People and Parliament First Report of Session 2008-09: Evidence. The Stationery Office. 1 June 2007. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-10-844466-1.
    • Anthony F. Heath; Roger M. Jowell; John K. Curtice (5 April 2001). The Rise of New Labour : Party Policies and Voter Choices: Party Policies and Voter Choices. OUP Oxford. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-19-152964-1.
    • Timothy Heppell (27 March 2012). Leaders of the Opposition: From Churchill to Cameron. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-230-36899-6.
  7. ↑ Hill, Alison (1 April 2015). "The axing of Clause IV: Making Labour safe for capitalism". The Socialist. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
  8. ↑ Donadio, Paolo. "Old Clause IV vs. New Clause IV: linguistic / political analysis". federica.unina.it. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
  9. ↑ Mann, Nyta (17 August 2003). "Foot's message of hope to left". BBC News.
  10. ↑ Danny Nicol (29 January 2010). The Constitutional Protection of Capitalism. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 95. ISBN 978-1-84731-559-5.
  11. 1 2 Merrick, Jane (9 August 2015). "Jeremy Corbyn to 'bring back Clause IV': Contender pledges to bury New Labour with commitment to public ownership of industry". The Independent on Sunday. London. Retrieved 9 August 2015.
  12. ↑ Dathan, Matt; Stone, Jon (23 July 2015). "The 9 charts that show the 'left-wing' policies of Jeremy Corbyn the public actually agrees with". The Independent. London. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
  13. ↑ Perraudin, Frances (9 August 2015). "Jeremy Corbyn denies he would bring back Labour's nationalising clause IV". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
  14. ↑ "Jeremy Corbyn backs greater public ownership for Labour". BBC News. 11 August 2015. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
  15. ↑ "Labour4Clause4". Labour4Clause4. London. 17 January 2018. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
  16. ↑ John Rentoul Political Correspondent (1995-03-14). "`Defining moment' as Blair wins backing for Clause IV - News". The Independent. Retrieved 2013-11-30.
  17. ↑ "Tories have had their 'clause 4 moment'". Next Left. 2010-01-16. Retrieved 2010-01-16.
  18. ↑ "Nigel Farage: Don't Call UKIP A Racist Party". Sky News. 8 May 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
  19. ↑ "Nigel Farage: 'Don't call Ukip a racist party'". ITV news. 7 May 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
  20. ↑ Holehouse, Matthew (8 May 2014). "Nigel Farage puts ethnic minority Ukip candidates centre stage in bid to kill racism row". The Telegraph. Retrieved 21 March 2015.

Further reading

  • Clause IV, current and original
  • Dr. Emily Robinson. Recapturing Labour's Traditions? History, nostalgia and the re-writing of Clause IV (PDF) University of Nottingham
  • Ken Coates (1995). Common Ownership: Clause IV and the Labour Party (illustrated ed.). University of Michigan. ISBN 9780851245737.
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