Caesar salad

Caesar salad
Course
Place of origin Mexico
Region or state Tijuana
Created by Caesar Cardini
Invented 1924
Serving temperature Chilled or room temperature
Main ingredients Romaine lettuce, croutons, Parmesan cheese, lemon juice, olive oil, egg, Worcestershire sauce, anchovies, Dijon mustard, black pepper
Variations Multiple

A Caesar salad is a green salad of romaine lettuce and croutons dressed with lemon juice, olive oil, egg, Worcestershire sauce, anchovies, garlic, Dijon mustard, Parmesan cheese, and black pepper.

In its original form, this salad was prepared and served tableside.[1]

History

The salad's creation is generally attributed to restaurateur Caesar Cardini, an Italian immigrant who operated restaurants in Mexico and the United States.[2] Cardini was living in San Diego but he was also working in Tijuana where he avoided the restrictions of Prohibition.[3] His daughter Rosa recounted that her father invented the salad when a Fourth of July 1924 rush depleted the kitchen's supplies. Cardini made do with what he had, adding the dramatic flair of the table-side tossing "by the chef."[4] A number of Cardini's staff have said that they invented the dish.[5][6][7]

Julia Child said that she had eaten a Caesar salad at Cardini's restaurant when she was a child in the 1920s.[8] In 1946, newspaper columnist Dorothy Kilgallen wrote of a Caesar containing anchovies, differing from Cardini's version:

The big food rage in Hollywood—the Caesar salad—will be introduced to New Yorkers by Gilmore's Steak House. It's an intricate concoction that takes ages to prepare and contains (zowie!) lots of garlic, raw or slightly coddled eggs, croutons, romaine, anchovies, parmeasan [sic] cheese, olive oil, vinegar and plenty of black pepper.[9]

Hotel Caesar's on Avenida Revolución, Tijuana

According to Rosa Cardini, the original Caesar salad (unlike his brother Alex's Aviator's salad, which was later renamed to Caesar salad)[5] did not contain pieces of anchovy; the slight anchovy flavor comes from the Worcestershire sauce. Cardini was opposed to using anchovies in his salad.[10]

In the 1970s, Cardini's daughter said that the original recipe included whole lettuce leaves, which were meant to be lifted by the stem and eaten with the fingers; coddled eggs; and Italian olive oil.[8]

Although the original recipe does not contain anchovies, modern recipes typically include anchovies as a key ingredient, and frequently is emulsified in bottled versions.[11] Bottled Caesar dressings are now produced and marketed by many companies.

The trademark brands "Cardini's", "Caesar Cardini's" and "The Original Caesar Dressing" are all claimed to date to February 1950, although they were only registered decades later,[12] and more than a dozen varieties of bottled Cardini's dressing are available today, with various ingredients.

Recipe

Ingredients

A simple Caesar salad
Topped with grilled chicken

Common ingredients in many recipes:[13][14]

There are limitless other common variations, including varying the leaf, adding meat such as grilled chicken or bacon, or omitting ingredients such as anchovies and eggs.

Health concerns

There is inherent risk of infection by salmonella bacteria occasionally found in raw egg from cracked or improperly washed eggshells.[15] However, some countries such as the UK have eliminated this risk through vaccination and tracking strategies.[16] This is a concern with many similar dressings that are emulsified with eggs, though generally the pH level is thought to be acidic enough to kill those bacteria. Nevertheless, later versions of the recipe call at least for briefly cooked coddled eggs or pasteurized eggs. Recipes may omit the egg and produce a "Caesar vinaigrette". Many variations of this salad exist; yogurt is sometimes substituted for the eggs to maintain a creamy texture and others call for using mayonnaise[17]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Burke, David; Choate, Judith (2009). "Caesar salad". David Burke's New American Classics. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 67. ISBN 9780307519436. Retrieved July 12, 2016.
  2. ↑ "Cesar Cardini, Creator of Salad, Dies at 60". Los Angeles Times. November 5, 1956. Caesar Cardini, 60, credited with the invention of the Caesar salad, died [...]
  3. ↑ "Rosa Cardini". The Telegraph. September 21, 2003. Retrieved 2012-02-10. Rosa Cardini, who has died in California aged 75, turned the salad dressing created by her father, Caesar, into a staple of modern dining and a million-dollar business. Although the origin of the Caesar salad is a topic hotly debated by epicures, the generally accepted version is that it was first popularised in the United States in the late 1920s by an Italian immigrant, born Cesare Cardini. He and his brother Alessandro moved to San Diego from Milan after the Great War and then decided to open a restaurant just across the border in Tijuana, Mexico, to attract Americans frustrated by Prohibition.
  4. ↑ Andersen, Kathleen Mary (22 February 2006). "Hail Caesar! And Hold the Anchovies". Cdawriter.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
  5. 1 2 In "Hail Caesar", D. Grant quotes Aviator's salad and more (2007)
  6. ↑ "The History of Caesar Salad". Kitchenproject.com. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
  7. ↑ "Paul Maggiora, a partner of the Cardini's, claimed to have tossed the first Caesar's salad in 1927 for American airmen from San Diego and called it "Aviator's Salad. Caesar's brother Alex had claimed to have developed the salad (he too allegedly called it "aviator's salad"). Livio Santini claimed he made the salad from a recipe of his mother, in the kitchen of Caesar's restaurant when he was 18 years old, in 1925, and that Caesar took the recipe from him.
  8. 1 2 Julia Child; Paul Child (1975). From Julia Child's Kitchen. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0394480718.
  9. ↑ Dorothy Kilgallen, The Voice of Broadway, News-Herald, Franklin, Penn. (Aug. 2, 1946).
  10. ↑ "My father always used Lea and Perrins Worcestershire sauce, and anchovies are one of its ingredients. [...] He meant this to be a subtle salad, and anchovies can be overwhelming." (Above quoted 1987 interview with Rosa Cardini)
  11. ↑ "The Best Caesar salad". Seriouseats.com. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
  12. ↑ "United States Patent and Trademark Office, serial numbers 73426710 "Cardini's", registered 1983 by Caesar Cardini Foods, 73782270 "The Original Caesar Dressing" and "Caesar Cardini's", registered 1989 by Dolefam Corporation, which later merged with T. Marzetti". Tess.uspto.gov. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
  13. ↑ "La Ensalada". Caesarstijuana.com. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
  14. ↑ "Caesar salad". Bettycrocker.com. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
  15. ↑ U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service Egg Products and Food Safety
  16. ↑ Hughes, Dominic (11 October 2017). "Runny eggs 'safe for pregnant women'". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
  17. ↑ "Caesar Salad Supreme Recipe". Allrecipes.com. Retrieved 2 October 2018.

Bibliography

  • Julia Child; Paul Child (1975). From Julia Child's Kitchen. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0394480718.

Further reading

  • Greenfield, Terry D. (1996). Lorna Bolkey; Kathryn Hall, eds. In Search of Caesar—The Ultimate Caesar salad Book. Alexander Books. ISBN 978-1570900143.
  • Mariani, John F. (1985). The Dictionary of American Food and Drink. Book Sales. ISBN 978-0899191997.
  • Stradley, Linda; Andra Cook (1997). What's Cooking America. Chehalem Publishing. ISBN 978-1885221551.
  • Trager, James (1995). The Food Chronology: A Food Lover's Compendium of Events and Anecdotes, from Prehistory to the Present. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 978-0805033892. }
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