Animal attack

1941 poster for the Cleveland Division of Health encouraging dog bite victims to report dog bites to the proper authorities
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Animal attacks are a cause of human injuries and fatalities worldwide.[1] Up to five million people in the U.S. are attacked by cats and dogs each year.[2] The frequency of animal attacks varies with geographical location. In the United States, a person is more likely to be killed by a domesticated dog than they are to die from being hit by lightning according to the National Safety Council.[3]

Animal attacks have been identified as a major public health problem. "Unprovoked attacks occur when the animal approaches and attacks a person(s) who is the principle attractant, for example, predation on humans..."[4][5] In 1997, it was estimated that up to 2 million animal bites occur each year in the United States. Injuries caused by animal attacks result in thousands of fatalities worldwide every year.[6] All causes of death are reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention each year. Medical injury codes are used to identify specific cases.[7] The World Health Organization uses identical coding, though it is unclear whether all countries keep track of fatalities caused by animals. Though animals, excluding some tigers, do not regularly hunt humans, there is concern that these incidents are " ...bad for many species 'public image'.”[8] Though some pets will feed on people if they die, are sick or unconscious, this is not characterized as an attack.[9]

Injuries and infections

Bite injuries are often the consequences of an animal attack, including those instances when a human attacks another human. Human bites are the third most frequent type of bite after dog and cat bites.[10] Dog bites are commonplace, with children the most commonly bitten and the face the most common target.[11] In 1936, amputation was required in one third of cases in which treatment was delayed for 24 hours or longer.[10]

Epidemiology and treatment

Animal bites are the most common form of injury from animal attacks. The US estimated annual count of animal bites is 250,000 human bites, 1 to 2 million dog bites, 400,000 cat bites, and 45,000 bites from snakes. Bites from skunks, horses, squirrels, rats, rabbits, pigs, and monkeys may be up to 1 percent of bite injuries. Pet ferrets attacks that were unprovoked have caused serious facial injuries. Non-domesticated animals, though assumed to be more common especially as a cause of rabies infection, make up less than one percent of reported bite wounds. When a person is bitten, it is more likely to occur on the right arm, most likely due to defensive reactions when the victims uses her or his dominant arm. Estimates are that three quarters of bites are located on the arms or legs of humans. Bites to the face of humans constitutes only 10 percent of the total. Two thirds of bite injuries in humans are suffered by children aged ten and younger. The subsequent treatment for those who have been attacked (if they survive) depends on the injuries. Though trauma may be addressed first, subsequent infections are also treated with appropriate antibiotics.[10]

Up to three fourths of dog bites happen to those younger than 20 years-old. In the United States, the costs associated with dog bites are estimated to be more than $1 billion annually. The age groups that suffer most from dog bites are children 5 to 9 years-old. Often, bites go unreported and no medical treatment given. As many as one percent of pediatric emergency room visits are for treatment for animal bites. This is more frequent during the summer months. Up to five percent of children receiving emergency care for dog bites are then admitted to the hospital. Bites typically occur in the late afternoon and early evening. Girls are bitten more frequently by cats than they are by dogs. Boys are bitten by dogs two times more often than girls.[10]

Medical codes for animal attacks

Injuries resulting from encounters with animals occur with sufficient frequency to require the use of medical codes by clinicians and insurance companies to document such encounters. The ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Codes are used for the purpose of clearly identifying diseases, their causes, injuries in the United States. Clinicians use these codes to quantify the medical condition and its causes and to bill insurance companies for the treatment required as a result of encounters with animals.

African buffalo

In the early 1990s one African village suffered at least one human death and more than one attack from buffalo in the area of their village. The attacks stopped after a fence was built around the village to protect it.[22]

Arthropods

Bees, wasps, scorpions and other stinging or biting arthropods cause human fatalities but these are not as often characterized as 'attacks'. It may be difficult to characterize some of these encounters as offensive or defensive. An arthropod 'attack' instead of causing tissue trauma such as cutting, lacerating, crushing or the severing of body parts may instead cause a physiological reaction that results in human death. These effects are toxic effects and allergic effects.

Listing deaths due stings and allergic reactions from arthropods is not practical but some of the more unusual cases include:

Ants

In 2006 a 68-year-old South Carolina woman died after being attacked by fire ants while gardening.[23] Residents in nursing homes have been attacked.[24]

Jack jumper ants have caused numerous fatalities. In 1931 two adults and an infant were killed in New South Wales allegedly from jack jumper ants or Myrmecia pyriformis.[25] In 1963 another caused by an ant attack documented in Tasmania.[26][27] Identification of venom allergens began in the early 1990s.[28] all in Tasmania and all due to anaphylactic shock.[29][30][31][lower-alpha 1] The fatality rate was one person every four years from the sting.[33]

Bees

Africanized honey bees are known to attack people unprovoked.[34][35][36][37]

Hornets

Asian giant hornets in China have killed at least 42 people and injured 1,675 more.[38][39]

Scorpions

Although about 2000 species exist, only about 25-40 species can deliver enough venom to cause serious or lethal damage to humans. One of the more venomous or potentially dangerous species, especially for infants, young children, and the elderly in the United States is Centruroides exilicauda or bark scorpion. Most scorpion stings vary from small swelling to medically significant lesions in severity, with only a few able to cause severe allergic, neurotic or necrotic reactions. Only two species of scorpions can inflict stings which result in death of normal healthy humans: the Israeli deathstalker (Leiurus quinquestriatus) and the Brazilian yellow scorpion (Tityus serrulatus).

Yellow jackets

  • 1998 – A two-year-old boy died in Tampa, Florida when yellow jackets stung him.[40]
  • 2002 – An 83-year-old man died when yellow jackets stung him while doing yardwork in Hillsborough County, Florida.[41]
  • 2013 – A family in Atlanta, Georgia, were attacked and hospitalized.[42]

Bears

162 bear attacks were reported in the United States between 1900 and 1985. This is about two reported bear attacks per year.[43] During the 1990s bears killed around three people a year in the U.S. and Canada.[43][44] A black bear killed three teenagers in Algonquin Park in Canada.[45] The majority of attacks happened in national parks.[46] 1028 incidences of black bears acting aggressively toward people, 107 of which resulted in injury, were recorded from 1964 to 1976 in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park.[45] After a 20-year ban, Florida is considering legislation that may permit bear hunting to stop the expanding population of black bears that are a menace in suburban neighborhoods.[47]

Asian black bears

Asian black bears are comparatively more aggressive toward humans than those of Europe.[48] In India, attacks have increased. These occur near the Himalayan region. Here, attacks increased from 10 in 1988–89 to 21 in 1991–92.[49] Recent bear attacks on humans have been reported from Junbesi National Park and Langtang National Park in Nepal, and occurred in villages as well as in the surrounding forest.[50] Li Guoxing, the second person in history to have received a facial transplant, was a victim of a black bear attack.[51][52]

Between 1979–1989 nine people were killed in Japan .[53] In 2009 one bear attacked a group of tourists in central Japan.[54]

European brown bears

Brown bears are considered unpredictable.[55] In 2007, a fatality occurred in Finland from an attack by a European brown bear.[56] Typically one or two people are attacked rather than groups, with no attacks being recorded against groups of more than seven.[57]

Grizzly bears and American black bears

Polar bears

Polar bear attacks on humans are extremely rare, as humans generally do not live near their habitats. Polar bear attacks can happen in captivity like Binky at the Alaska Zoo when he mauled an Australian tourist Kathryn Warburton when she jumped over two safety rails to get a close-up photograph of Binky in his enclosure but stuck his head through the bars and grabbed her and she suffered a broken leg and bite wounds. Six weeks later, Binky was involved in another mauling. Drunken local teenagers approached the bear's enclosure, apparently hoping to swim in its pool, and one 19-year-old was hospitalized with leg lacerations after he was mauled.

Birds

Cassowaries

When a cassowary attacks, it will charge and kick and even jump on top of the person. Cassowaries are described as being able to use their legs to kick in a forward and downward motion. They are also able to head-butt and charge. The most common injuries that are sustained by those who are attacked consist of puncture wounds, lacerations and bone fractures. The severity of the injuries are increased if someone is crouching or lying flat. The large birds will attack dogs and cats. Dogs attack cassowaries.[58][59]

Ostriches

In 1997, a woman in South Africa was killed while walking through a field on an ostrich farm.[62]

Swans

Anthony Hensley, 37, was kayaking in Illinois when two swans managed to flip his boat, drowning him in April 2012.[63][64]

Birds of Prey

Some evidence supports the contention that the African crowned eagle occasionally views human children as prey, with a witness account of one attack (in which the victim, a seven-year-old boy, survived and the eagle was killed),[65] and the discovery of part of a human child skull in a nest.

Bulls

Bulls attack and kill people on farms.[66][67][68]

During 2010, a man and woman were walking through a field where a bull was pastured. The man was killed.[69]

Canids

African painted dogs

On November 4, 2012, a two-year-old boy lost his life when African painted dogs mauled him after he fell into their exhibit at the Pittsburgh Zoo. Zookeepers immediately rushed to that area, trying to fire darts in order to frighten the dogs away, and police shot one particularly aggressive dog, which had refused to retreat from the exhibit when called. The other dogs were quarantined for thirty days but there were not plans to put them down.[70][71][72] The dogs were sent to other North American zoos.

Coyotes

Coyote attacks are uncommon and usually cause little harm but have become more frequent. This is especially true in California. Beginning 30 years prior to 2006 one hundred sixty took place mostly in the Los Angeles County region.[73] 41 attacks occurred during 1988–1997, 48 attacks were verified from 1998 through 2003. The majority of these incidents occurred in Southern California.[74] Some coyotes chase joggers and bicyclists, confront people walking their dogs, and stalk small children.[74] The coyote-wolf hybrids that roam Eastern Canada and parts of the Northeastern United States are known as eastern coyotes and coywolves.

  • 1978 – a coyote attacked a five-year-old girl in Pasadena, California outside of her home.
  • 1979 – a coyote attacked a five-year-old girl in La Verne, California. Her father and a neighbor saved the child from being dragged off, but not before she had suffered deep bites on neck, head, and legs.
  • 1980 – a coyote in Agoura Hills, California grabbed a thirteen-month-old baby girl by the midsection and started dragging her off. The baby suffered puncture wounds but was saved by her mother.
  • 1981 - a three-year-old girl in Glendale, California was dragged by a coyote from the driveway of her home. Her father made an attempt to rescue her, but she later died from blood loss and a broken neck.[75][76]
  • 1988 – an eight-year-old girl was bitten by a coyote while rollerskating in Oceanside, California when she fell to the ground. Two women chased the coyote away by throwing rocks at it.
  • 1992 – a coyote in San Clemente, California attacked a five-year-old girl biting her several times on her back. The girl climbed her swing set to escape, and her mother chased the coyote off.
  • 1995 – a five-year-old girl was knocked down twice by a coyote before being rescued by her mother in California's Griffith Park.
  • 1997 – a coyote attacked a two-year-old boy in Tucson, Arizona's Wildlife Ridge Park, but did not damage his skin. The next day in that same park, a four-year-old boy was bitten and scratched and a twenty-two-month-old toddler was bitten around her right eye and required seven stitches for serious puncture injuries.[77]
  • 1998 – a four-year-old boy who was bitten by a coyote while playing in the backyard of his home in Cape Cod, Massachusetts. His mother tried force the coyote to go away, but it kept being around. A police officer responded to her telephone call to shoot and kill it.[78]
  • 2001 – a coyote seriously injured a seven-year-old girl in Northridge, California, but was finally fought off by her mother.
  • 2003 – an eastern coyote bit an eighteen-year-old girl on the arm while she was hiking with her parents on the Skyline Trail at Cape Breton Highlands National Park in Nova Scotia.
  • 2006 - two boys in Bellevue, Washington were bitten by a coyote when they were playing at home near their parents.[79]
  • 2007 – a coyote jumped out from a small line of bushes and bit a 5-year-old boy as he and his sister walked home from a neighbor's house in Middletown, New Jersey. He survived due to his sister's scream when she saw the incident, but needed 46 stitches in the back of his head and rabies shots.[80]
  • 2008 – a nine-year-old boy was bitten by a coyote while snowboarding with his six-year-old brother on a golf course behind their house in Erie, Colorado. He used the snowboard to fend off the attack, but was bitten on the arm. A coyote in the area was then killed, but it wasn't clear if that was the same one that had bitten the boy, so he began a course of treatment for rabies.[81]
  • 2009 – a two-year-old girl in Port Coquitlam, British Columbia was bitten by a coyote on a school playground. Adults near the area came to the little girl's aid and frightened the coyote away.[82] A nineteen-year-old folk singer named Taylor Mitchell died after being attacked by two coyotes in Cape Breton Highlands National Park.[83]
  • 2010 – a five-year-old girl was bitten by a coyote while she was walking with her parents and their dog in Vernon, British Columbia.[84] An eastern coyote bit a sleeping sixteen-year-old girl on the head twice in her tent while she was camping with her parents at Cape Breton Highlands National Park in Ingonish, Nova Scotia. She was taken to a hospital for stitches and treatment to prevent any rabies.[85] Two teenage Boy Scouts were bitten a coyote while they were sleeping outside their camping tent near Pole 3 in Port Aransas, Texas. These two boys were taken to a hospital in Corpus Christi for a treatment in rabies shots.[86]
  • 2011 – a two-year-old girl was bitten on the neck by a coyote at a playground in Cave Creek, Arizona. She began a course of treatment for rabies after the adults saved her.[87]
  • 2012 – a fourteen-year-old boy was attacked by a coyote while riding on his dirt bike in Westmount, Nova Scotia. His body armour, motocross pants and boots prevented his fatal injuries.[88]
  • 2013 – a male camper in Kamloops, British Columbia was assaulted by a coyote. The man was in a sleeping bag, but he was not inside a tent. The man drove himself to a hospital for his wounded stitches. Conservation officers subsequently hunted for the animal.[89] A three-year-old boy in Chicago, Illinois mistook a coyote for a domestic dog and was bitten in the face.[90]
  • 2015 – a middle-aged man in Norwood, New Jersey was working in his garden when a coyote attacked him.[91] Two men were assaulted by a coyote in Groveland, Massachusetts outside both of their houses. One of them had his four-year-old daughter with him.[92]
  • 2016 – a rabid coyote mauled a man who was walking in the woods with his two daughters in Lincoln, Pennsylvania.[93] A coyote bit two women and a domesticated dog in Wolcott, New York.[94]
  • 2017 – a sixty-six-year-old man who walked with two other adults and their domestic dogs along the Columbia Trail in Long Valley, New Jersey was mauled by a rabid coyote. The man fended it with a stick and police officers subsequently euthanized the animal.[95] A rabid coyote in Roswell, Georgia bit a man who was jogging in his neighborhood. While a neighbor called for the emergency number, the man pinned the animal to the ground for twenty minutes until paramedics came to his aid. He was sent to a hospital for rabies treatment.[96] Three coyotes in Alliston, Ontario attacked a man who took his dog for a walk. The man's dog was able to fend them off. Neither the man nor his dog had any serious injuries.[97]
  • 2018 – a man in Wake Forest, North Carolina was assaulted by a coyote while taking out the trash from his house. He recovered from his injuries.[98] A five-year-old girl was bitten by a coyote while she was visiting a park with her mother and brother. Her mother and an off-duty police officer fought against the animal. Other police officers subsequently arrived and shot it. The girl was taken to a hospital for rabies treatment, stitches, and antibiotics.[99][100]

Dingo

In 1980, Lindy Chamberlain-Creighton was tried and convicted for the murder of her young daughter, though Creighton claimed that dingos had taken her. Evidence later proved her account was true.

Dogs

Larger dogs are responsible for most animal bites overall and are the most common type of dog that bites with a fatal outcome. In the United States, there are 10 to 20 fatal human attacks annually. Not one breed is responsible for most of the bites, but at least 25 breeds of dogs were identified in the 238 fatalities in the past 25 years.

Most of the time, the victim is known by the owner of the dog. On fewer occasions, the bites suffered by the victim are from their own dog. Only about ten percent of dog bites are from strays.[10] The National Health and Human Services agency in the United States reports that 9.9% of deaths caused by animals were from dogs.[101]

Foxes

Unprovoked fox attacks are occasionally reported.[102][103] Victims were often children, and it can happen if there were gaps in homes through which foxes could pass.[104]

Wolves

Crocodilians

Alligators

Alligators are capable of killing humans but fatal attacks are fairly rare and uncommon. Mistaken identity leading to an attack is always possible, especially in or near cloudy waters. American alligators are often less aggressive towards humans than larger crocodile species, a few of which (mainly the Nile and Saltwater crocodiles) may prey on humans with some regularity. American alligator bites are serious injuries due to the reptile's sheer bite force and risk of infection. Even with medical treatment, an American alligator bite may still result in a fatal infection. As human populations increase, and as they build houses in low-lying areas or fish or hunt near water, incidents are inevitable where American alligators intrude, or at least appear to intrude, on human life. Since 1948, 257 documented attacks on humans in Florida (about five incidents per year) have been reported, of which an estimated 23 resulted in death. Only nine fatal attacks occurred in the United States throughout the 1970s–1990s, but American alligators killed 12 people between 2001 and 2007. In May 2006, American alligators killed three Floridians in less than a week. There have been at least 28 fatal attacks by American alligators in the United States since 1970. In contrast, alligator attacks are rare because they target prey animals that are smaller than adult humans. Their normal prey includes fish, birds, other reptiles and small mammals. Unfortunately, children are about the same size as these animals, so they can become targets.

Crocodiles

Crocodile attacks often result in fatalities.[105] Estimates of deaths due to attacks by the Nile crocodile is estimated to be hundreds and possibly thousands yearly.[106][107] Attacks by Nile crocodiles range from 275 to 745 per year. 63% of these are fatal. Only 30 attacks have been recorded per year by saltwater crocodiles, of which 50% are fatal. Fatal attacks are typically made by very large crocodiles. The Nile crocodile is considered to be the most prolific predator of humans among wild animals at this time.[108] Crocodile tracking technology is currently under development that would prevent attacks.[109]

  • Isabel von Jordan, 23, was killed by a saltwater crocodile in Kakadu National Park, Australia while swimming in the billabong with her sister Valerie and a few other backpackers.[110][111]
  • Jacques van der Sandt, 29, was killed by a crocodile on a South African golf course while trying to recover a missing ball. The crocodile grabbed him and pulled him underwater.[63][112]

Deer

When a deer attacks, they use their antlers and hooves. They can cause severe injuries and fatalities.[113] People are more likely to die from a deer attack than they are from a wolf attack.[114]

Elk

  • 2011 – a woman in Arizona was trampled in her front yard.[115]
  • 2012 – a woman was attacked and trampled outside her apartment by an elk.[116]

Moose

A warning to watch for moose

Moose attacks occur with some frequency and they have been found to attack more often than grizzly bears.[117][118]

  • 2006 – a man from Grand Lake, Colorado was killed by a moose.[119]
  • 2006 – a man was attacked in Grand Lake, Colorado.[120]
  • 2008 – a Swedish woman was killed by a moose during an evening walk.[121]
  • 2011 – a six-year-old boy was attacked and became unconscious after the attack.[118]
  • 2011 – an Alaskan girl was attacked while riding her bike.[118]
  • 2011 – An Alaskan women was attacked while clearing brush on her property.[118]
  • 2012 – a Vermont man woke to find a moose walking on his car.[122]
  • 2012 – a Canadian man ended up in the intensive care unit after being attacked.[123]
  • 2014 – in the city of Black Hawk, Colorado two women were walking their dogs and were injured from an attacking moose.[124]
  • 2014 – two hikers were attacked in Colorado.[125]
  • 2014 – a woman walking down a sidewalk in Smithers, British Columbia was attacked from behind by a moose.[126]
  • 2017 – Utah hikers, backpackers, and skiers were attacked multiple times.[127]
  • 2017 – snowboarders near Aspen, Colorado were attacked shortly after being caught in an avalanche. They were able to escape the avalanche with some injuries but then were attacked by a moose.[128]

White-tailed and mule deer

  • 2003 – a man in Rancho Santa Fe, Calif. was injured and subsequently died from antler wounds to the face when he was picking tomatoes in his garden.[129]
  • 2005 – a woman from Clearlake, California received head injuries outside her home. Her husband was also injured when he tried to rescue his wife.[129]
  • 2017 – a woman was attacked in Preston, Idaho.[130]
  • 2017 – a deer attacked students in Southern Illinois University at Carbondale and other people in the area in a series of attacks.[131]

Elephants

Wild elephants have attacked, harmed and killed people.[132][133] Jacky Boxberger, an Olympic athlete, Bùi Thị Xuân, a Vietnamese woman general and Allen Campbell, a professional elephant trainer were attacked and killed by Asian elephants. Elephants have attacked people in villages in India.[134][135]

In a very rare case, according to The Huffington Post, a 7-year old girl died on Tuesday, July 27, 2016, after an elephant at the Rabat-Temara Zoo accidentally threw a stone at her.[136]

There's no way this following fact is true, given that there are only about 300 Asian elephants in China: Between 2010 and 2015 there were 37,512 cases of wild elephant attacks with 54 casualties in Pu'er, south China's Yunnan Province.[137]

Ian Gibson, 55 and a pro big game hunter, was charged by an elephant he had been tracking and trampled to death.[63][138]

Felids

Cheetahs

A boy vacationing in South Africa was bitten by a cheetah.[139]

Cougars

In 2005, a British man was attacked by what he described as a black panther.[140]

House cats

Though very rare, cats have attacked and killed people.[141] Cat bites may be under reported.[142] Cats also can attack other animals and cause significant injuries.[143]

Jaguars

A jaguar at the John Ball Zoo fatally mauled a pregnant employee on December 9, 1985.[144] A jaguar at the Denver Zoo killed a young female employee on February 24, 2007.[145][146] A jaguar in Belize killed a young American man on October 25, 2010. It escaped after a tree fell on its cage during Hurricane Richard one night earlier.[147][148]

Leopards

Leopard attacks remain a danger in some areas.[149] One leopard in India killed over 200 people.[149] Leopard attacks usually occur at night.

  • A wild leopard wandered into an Indian village and attacked at least 11 people in 2011.[150][151]

Lions

Lions enter areas occupied by humans.[152] Lion attacks in Tanzania increased from 1990 to 2005. At least 563 villagers were attacked and many devoured over this period. Researchers argue that conservation policy contributes directly to human deaths. Lions have taken people from the center of large villages. Estimates stand at 550–700 people attacked by lions every year.[153]

  • On July 24, 1976 at Kings Island, a lion mauled a 20-year-old park employee to death. His body was found 15 to 20 feet from his vehicle, which was protected by iron bars, in a section of the park's 1000-acre wildlife preserve where about 50 lions lived. The ranger had a history of violating park rules. Investigators believed the ranger left the vehicle to relieve himself.
  • On May 26, 1982 at Kings Island, a lion attacked a 34-year-old park employee who was cleaning in the area. After climbing to a rooftop, he was rescued and taken to a hospital where he was treated for a punctured trachea and other cuts.
  • Katherine Chappell, a 29 year old was killed by a lion while on a safari vacation in South Africa. It had jumped through an open window in a vehicle and killed her on June 1, 2015.[63]

Tigers

Tigers kill more people than any other big cat, and tigers have been responsible for more human deaths through direct attack than any other wild mammal.[154] One hundred and twenty-nine people were killed by tigers in the Sundarbans from 1969–71.[154][152] The Sundarbans are occupied by 600 Bengal tigers[155] who before modern times used to "regularly kill fifty or sixty people a year". Attacks continue to increase.[156][157]

  • Maqsood, a 22 year old man who had a fascination with tigers, was killed on September 24, 2014, in New Delhi when he entered a tiger's enclosure. He is believed to have been intoxicated at the time.[63][158]

Well-known and documented tigers

Fish

In 2016, Piranha attacked a group of swimmers in Rio de Janeiro.

A Goonch fish in India was thought to have killed many people [159]

Hippopotamus

Egyptian tomb relief showing a hippopotamus attacking a Nile crocodile

The hippopotamus is often cited as the most dangerous large animal in the world, killing an estimated 500 people a year in Africa.[160] However, there are no academic or formal studies providing support for this claim, and its continued persistence seems to be dependent on the repetition of a well established folk narrative as opposed to actual reports or numbers.

Hyenas

Attacks on humans by spotted hyenas are underreported.[161] A pair of hyenas were responsible for killing 27 people in Mulanje, Malawi in 1962.[162] In 1910 spotted hyenas were observed to kill sufferers of African sleeping sickness as they slept outside in camps.[163]

Komodo dragons

Komodo Dragon

A man was bitten and subsequently lost his big toe to a Komodo dragon.[164][165] Attacks occur infrequently in Indonesia.[166]

  • 2007 – an eight-year-old boy was killed by a Komodo dragon on Komodo Island[167]
  • 2008 – 2008, a group of SCUBA divers washed up on Rinca Island which is populated by 1,300 of the lizards and were attacked repeatedly while awaiting rescue.[167]

Primates

Some studies cite encroachment as the cause of attacks by primates resulting in injuries and deaths to humans. Many African states offer government sponsored insurance programs that will dispense payments to those who are attacked (unprovoked) or killed by large primates. In some instances "...local people feel that the needs or values of wildlife are given priority over their own needs..." Gorillas often raid the crops of some villages. Villagers are sometimes hurt or killed defending their crops against gorillas. Women and children are more likely to be attacked by a raiding gorilla than men.[168] Domestic animals are also attacked by gorillas.[169]

Chimpanzees

Generally, chimpanzees are aggressive in the wild. Males are more aggressive than females. Male chimpanzees will attack other chimpanzees sometimes engaging in 'warfare'. They are capable of causing serious injury and death.[170]

In 2009 in Stamford, Connecticut, Travis attacked a 55-year-old woman named Charla Nash, ripping her face and hands off.

In 2012, villagers living near Virunga National Park were attacked by common chimpanzees. One girl was killed.[171]

Macaque

A six-week-old infant was killed in her home while sleeping by a macaque that entered through the window. The animal had escaped from a zoo.[172]

Rhinoceros

In May 2003, Mark Crozier and his brother Sean were on a game walk with a group of safari hikers led by two armed rangers when a black rhinoceros attacked them during their walk at Hluhluwe–Imfolozi Park in South Africa. Two game rangers fired warning shots at the rhinoceros while the tourists hid in a dense bush. Both of the Crozier brothers had severe wounds.[173][174]

On April 15, 2004, a white rhinoceros at Kruger National Park charged and lifted up safari guide Elias Chauke with its horn before he was able to pull his trigger at it. His colleague, Dumisani Zwane, hit the rhinoceros as it passed him, making it drop Chauke. Meanwhile another black rhinoceros charged at the group of five tourists, injuring one man, Botha from Vereeniging, in the buttocks and the back.[175]

A black rhinoceros gored a female wildlife researcher in a holding pen at Hluhluwe–Imfolozi on September 21, 2004. A month later, another black rhinoceros struck a young male Zululand contractor in the right side of the chest and he fell screaming to the ground to attract the attention of his colleagues.[176]

Seals and sea lions

Seal and sea lion attacks are rare on humans, but coming to close to them can be very unsafe. Many seals and sea lions attack to protect themselves or their young because they feel threatened even if the humans around them have no intention of harming them. Human presence and human recreational activities can cause sea lions to engage in violent and aggressive actions. When humans come closer than 15 meters of a sea lion, the sea lions' vigilance increases because of the disturbance of humans. These disturbances can potentially cause sea lions to have psychological stress responses that cause the sea lions to retreat, sometimes even abandon their locations, and decreases the amount of time sea lions spend hauling out.

  • 1985 – Gareth Wood was bitten twice on his leg by a leopard seal.
  • 2003 – Kirsty Brown was dragged underwater by a leopard seal.
  • 2007 – a sea lion attacks a 13-year-old-girl surfing behind a speedboat in Australia. The sea lion appeared to be preparing for a second attack when the girl was rescued. An Australian marine biologist suggested that the sea lion may have viewed the girl "like a rag doll toy" to be played with.
  • 2015 – a sea lion attacks a 62-year-old man who was boating with his wife in San Diego. The attack left the man with a punctured bone.
  • 2017 – a sea lion dragged a small girl by her dress into the water while she was sitting on a pier side around the time tourists in British Columbia were illegally feeding the sea lions. She was pulled out of the water with minor injuries and received antibiotic prophylactic treatment for seal finger infection from the superficial bite injury.

Sharks

Out of the four hundred eighty shark species, only three are responsible for the majority of fatal, unprovoked attacks on humans: the great white, tiger and bull.[177] The oceanic whitetip has likely killed castaways, not recorded in the statistics.[178]

Snakes

The World Health Organization has determined that up to five million people get bitten by snakes yearly with 94,000 to 125,000 deaths. Other consequences include infection, tetanus, scarring, psychoses, and 400,000 amputations. Other severe health consequences occur such as infection, tetanus, scarring, contractures, and psychological sequelae. Snake bites occur most frequently in South-East Asia and Africa among those who live in less affluent areas, farming communities.[5] The National Health and Human Services agency in the United States reported 66 fatalities between 1979 and 1990 from snakes.[179]

Pythons

Species of python have attacked people and caused human fatalities. These include:

  • Early 19th century – Two people in Indonesia[180]
  • 1910 or 1927 – a man on a hunting trip from Burma.[181]
  • 1932 – a Filipino teenager was consumed by his pet.[182]
  • 1995 – a 29-year-old tapper from southern Malaysia[182]
  • 2008 – a 25-year-old woman.[183]
  • 2009, a 3-year-old Las Vegas boy was attacked but rescued before being asphyxiated.[184]
  • 2009, a two-year-old Orlando area girl was killed[185]

African Rock pythons

An African rock python allegedly killed two boys in Campbellton, New Brunswick in 2013.[186]

Squirrels

Squirrels will attack unprovoked,[187] sometimes even in packs.[188]

  • 2002 – A grandfather killed a squirrel that attacked his grand-daughter. Others in the village were afraid to let their children outdoors to play.[189]
  • In 2016, a squirrel attacked a group of people in Deltona, Florida in a Senior Care facility. Three people were injured by the squirrel and required medical care.[190]
  • A couple in San Francisco suffered an attack by a squirrel.[191]
  • An outspoken critic of aggressive squirrels in New York city was attacked by a squirrel himself while riding his bicycle.[192]
  • Joey, a crime-fighting squirrel from Idaho, scared off a burglar that entered his owner's home.[193]
  • Other instances of squirrel attacks have occurred.[194][190][188][191][192]

Stingrays

Stingray injuries are caused by the venomous tail spines, stingers or dermal denticles of rays in the order Myliobatiformes, most significantly those belonging to the families Dasyatidae, Urotrygonidae, Urolophidae, and Potamotrygonidae. Stingrays generally do not attack aggressively or even actively defend themselves. When threatened, their primary reaction is to swim away. However, when attacked by predators or stepped on, the stinger in their tail is whipped up. This is normally ineffective against sharks, their main predator.[195]

Depending on the size of the stingray, humans are usually stung in the lower limb region.[196] Stings usually occur when swimmers or divers accidentally step on a stingray,[197] but a human is less likely to be stung by simply brushing against the stinger. Surfers and those who enter waters with large populations of stingrays have learned to slide their feet through the sand rather than taking steps, as the rays detect this and swim away.[198]

There are reports of stingers breaking off in wounds, but this may be rare.[199] This would not be fatal to the stingray as it will be regrown at a rate of about 1.25 to 2 centimetres (0.49 to 0.79 in) per month (though with significant variations depending on the size of the stingray and the exact species). Contact with the stinger causes local trauma (from the cut itself), pain, swelling, and muscle cramps from the venom, and possible later infection from bacteria[197] or fungi.[200] Immediate injuries to humans include, but are not limited to: poisoning, punctures, severed arteries and veins, and occasionally death.[201][202][203] Fatal stings are very rare, but can happen,[197] infamously including Steve Irwin. In Irwin's case, the stinger penetrated his thoracic wall, causing massive trauma.[204]

Whales

In Western cultures, killer whales were historically feared as dangerous, savage predators.[205] The first written description of a killer whale was given by Pliny the Elder circa AD 70, who wrote, "Orcas (the appearance of which no image can express, other than an enormous mass of savage flesh with teeth) are the enemy of [other whales]... they charge and pierce them like warships ramming."[206]

Killer whale silhouette, with two projections above shown above the blowhole.
Male killer whale depicted in St Mary's in Greifswald, Germany, 1545[207]

Of the very few confirmed attacks on humans by wild killer whales, none have been fatal.[208] In one instance, killer whales tried to tip ice floes on which a dog team and photographer of the Terra Nova Expedition were standing.[209] The sled dogs' barking is speculated to have sounded enough like seal calls to trigger the killer whale's hunting curiosity. In the 1970s, a surfer in California was bitten, and in 2005, a boy in Alaska who was splashing in a region frequented by harbor seals was bumped by a killer whale that apparently misidentified him as prey.[210] Unlike wild killer whales, captive killer whales are reported to have made nearly two dozen attacks on humans since the 1970s, some of which have been fatal.[211][212]

Competition with fishermen also led to killer whales being regarded as pests. In the waters of the Pacific Northwest and Iceland, the shooting of killer whales was accepted and even encouraged by governments.[205] As an indication of the intensity of shooting that occurred until fairly recently, about 25% of the killer whales captured in Puget Sound for aquarium through 1970 bore bullet scars.[213] The U.S. Navy claimed to have deliberately killed hundreds of killer whales in Icelandic waters in 1956 with machine-guns, rockets, and depth charges.[214][215]

Wild orcas are not considered a real threat to humans, as there is no record of a wild Orca outright attacking or harming a human.[216][217] In captivity, however, there have been several non-fatal and fatal attacks on humans since the 1970s.[218] Experts are divided as to whether the injuries and deaths were accidental or deliberate attempts to cause harm.[219][220]

There are a few recorded cases of wild orcas threatening humans. However, there have been no fatalities. [216][221]

Wild boars

In 2014, a wild boar gored a woman several times while she was walking her dogs. After the initial attack, the woman mistakenly believed the boar had left, and attempted to stand. But the boar attacked again.[222][223]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The total number of deaths from this 20 year period due to the ant could be higher. One account reports of another fatality in Tasmania and one in New South Wales.[32]

References

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  4. ↑ Angelici, Francesco (2016). Problematic wildlife : a cross-disciplinary approach. Cham: Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-22246-2.
  5. 1 2 "Animal bites". World Health Organization. February 2013. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
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Bibliography

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  • CrocBITE
  • "Fatal Alligator Attacks". Southeastern Outdoors. Retrieved 31 March 2006.
  • "Alligator Attacks Fact sheet, p.4-5 (updated 11/29/05)" (PDF). Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 May 2006. Retrieved 12 April 2006.
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  • The Fear of Wolves – review of wolfs (sic) attacks on humans
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Media related to Animal attacks at Wikimedia Commons

  • "Fatal Mountain Lion Attacks". Southeastern Outdoors. Retrieved 31 August 2007.
  • "List of Mountain Lion Attacks on People in California". Retrieved 31 August 2007.
  • "List of Confirmed Cougar Attacks In the United States and Canada 1890–1990". Retrieved 2 September 2007.
  • "List of Confirmed Cougar Attacks In the United States and Canada 1991–2000". Retrieved 1 September 2007.
  • NCIPC bibliography of articles on dog bites
  • Dogs Bite but Balloons and Slippers are More Dangerous by Janis Bradley, 2005
  • CDC Dog Bite Factsheet
  • "List of Confirmed Cougar Attacks in the United States and Canada 2001–2010". Retrieved 5 May 2012.
  • Global Shark Attack File
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