Ancient Armenia

Ancient Armenia refers the history of Armenia during Antiquity. It covers a period of approximately one thousand years after Prehistoric Armenia, beginning at the end of the Iron Age with the events that led to the dissolution of the Kingdom of Urartu, and the emergence of the first geopolitical entity called Armenia in the 6th century BC. It's during this period that Armenia rises as one of the great kingdoms in Western Asia in the 4th century BC, becomes an empire under the Great King Tigranes II, and converts to Christianity. This is also the period when the Armenian alphabet is created. It concludes with its demise and partition of Armenia in the 5th century AD, marking the beginning of Medieval Armenia.

Prehistory

The region known today as the Armenian Highlands was known during the Iron Age as Urartu (from the same etymological root as Ararat). Several geopolitical entities, such as tribal confederations and kingdoms, emerged in the highlands of Urartu, of which some are Hayasa-Azzi, Shupria, Nairi, the Mushki, and possibly a group retroactively referred to as Armeno-Phryigians.[1] In the 9th century BC, tribes from the vicinity of Lake Van established the Kingdom of Van (Urartian: Bianili) to defend the highlands from Assyria, effectively uniting the disparate tribes of the highlands into one realm and beginning the process of amalgamation of its peoples.[2] The kingdom ultimately collapsed in the 6th century BC at the hands of invading Medes, and a realm called "Armenia" emerged from the territory of the fallen kingdom shortly after.[3]

Satrapy of Armenia

It is unclear where the exonym Armenia derived from; the earliest ever record that can confidently be considered Armenia appears in a trilingual Persian inscription as Armina in the Old Persian language and as Harminuya in the Elamite language, whereas the older name for the region, Urartu, was used in the Babylonian translation (see: Name of Armenia).

Orontid Dynasty

Armenia emerged as a kingdom under the Orontid dynasty (Armenian: Երվանդունի Yervanduni) in 570 BC, but had become a subject of the Persian Empire in 553 BC, as a satrapy. This period was marked with several Armenian revolts and struggles to gain independence from the Persian Empire.

Kingdom of Armenia

The satrapy of Armenia became an independent kingdom in 321 BC, after the conquests of Alexander the Great, but soon became incorporated as one of the Hellenistic kingdoms of the Seleucid Empire.

Artaxiad Dynasty

The Artaxiad dynasty (Armenian: Արտաշեսյան Artashesian) rose to power and replaced the Orontids as rulers of Armenia in 189 BC.

During this time, Armenia was divided into several regions and kingdoms ruled by Armenian dynasties:

Armenian Empire

During the eastern expansion of the Roman Empire, the Kingdom of Armenia, under Tigranes II (Armenian: Տիգրան Բ Tigran B), extinguished the Seleucid Empire, and between 84 BC to 59 BC, extended Armenia to reach the largest size it would ever become in its history, stretching from the Caspian sea in the east to the Mediterranean Sea in the west. Tigranes' empire was short-lived, however, as it would be defeated by Rome, after which the succeeding kings of Armenia ruled as Roman clients.

Arsacid Dynasty

Following the fall of the Armenian Empire, Armenia was contested between Rome and Parthia. For centuries, Armenia would find itself alternating between being independent, under Roman rule, and under Parthian rule (later Byzantine and Sassanian, respectively). During this period, the Artaxiad dynasty was overthrown by the Romans in 12 AD, and the Arsacid dynasty (Armenian: Արշակունի Arshakuni) rose to take their place as the rulers of Armenia in 54. Although the Arsacid dynasty ruled Armenia, it would continue to be contested between the Roman and Iranian empires.

Conversion to Christianity

In 301, Tiridates III (Armenian: Տրդատ Գ Trdat G) proclaimed Christianity as the state religion of Armenia, making Armenia the first state to embrace Christianity as the official state religion.

Creation of the Armenian Alphabet

Until this time, Armenians were using Greek, Persian, and Syriac scripts to write. The rise of Christianity in Armenia brought the need to express the Armenian language more clearly, but as these scripts were not well suited for the Armenian language, it made preaching the Gospel difficult. This motivated a Christian theologian named Mesrop Mashtots (Armenian: Մեսրոպ Մաշտոց) to invent the Armenian alphabet in 405 and facilitate the spread of Christianity within Armenia and the neighboring kingdoms which Armenia had influence over (Iberia and Albania).

Fall of Armenia

After the division of the Roman Empire into Western and Eastern empires, and the rise of the Sassanian dynasty in Iran, Armenia would be on the frontier of the Roman–Sasanian wars. This would ultimately lead to the partitioning of Armenia into Byzantine Armenia in 387 and Sassanian Armenia in 428, which would bring an end to the history of ancient Armenia, and begin the period of Medieval Armenia.

References

  1. ↑ Kurkjian, Vahan M. (1958). "A History of Armenia". University of Chicago. Retrieved 2018-05-18.
  2. ↑ Armen Asher The Peoples of Ararat. 2009, p. 290-291. ISBN 978-1-4392-2567-7.
  3. ↑ "Armenians" in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, edited by J. P. Mallory and Douglas Q. Adams, published in 1997 by Fitzroy Dearborn.
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