2004 in spaceflight

2004 in spaceflight
	SpaceShipOne landing after Flight 15P, the first privately funded manned spaceflight
Orbital launches
First	11 January
Last	26 December
Total	54
Successes	50
Failures	1
Partial failures	3
Catalogued	53
Rockets
Maiden flights	Ariane 5G+; Delta IV Heavy; Soyuz-2.1a (suborbital)
Retirements	Ariane 5G+; Atlas IIAS; Atlas IIIA
Crewed flights
Orbital	2
Suborbital	3
Total travellers	8

This article outlines notable events occurring in 2004 in spaceflight, including major launches and EVAs. 2004 saw the flight of the first privately funded manned spaceflight.

Launches

Date and time (UTC)	Rocket		Launch site		LSP
	Payload (⚀ = CubeSat)	Operator	Orbit	Function	Decay (UTC)	Outcome
	Remarks

11 January 04:13	Zenit-3SL		Ocean Odyssey		Sea Launch
	Estrela do Sul 1 (Telstar 14)		Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Operational Partial spacecraft failure
	One of the payload's solar panels did not deploy, and several transponders were disabled. Its replacement, Telstar 14R, launched in 2011, suffered a similar issue.
29 January 11:58	Soyuz-U		Baikonur Site 1/5		Roskosmos
	Progress M1-11	Roskosmos	Low Earth (ISS)	Logistics	3 June	Successful
	ISS flight 13P

5 February 23:46	Atlas IIAS		Cape Canaveral SLC-36A		International Launch Services
5 February 23:46	AMC-10	SES Americom	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Operational
14 February 18:50	Titan IVB (402)/IUS		Cape Canaveral SLC-40		Lockheed Martin
14 February 18:50	DSP-22	US Air Force	Geosynchronous	Missile warning	In orbit	Operational
18 February 07:05	Molniya-M		Plesetsk Site 16/2		VKS
18 February 07:05	Kosmos 2405		Molniya	Missile warning	In orbit	Operational

2 March 07:17	Ariane 5G+		Kourou ELA-3		Arianespace
	Rosetta	ESA	Heliocentric	Comet probe	30 September 2016	Successful
	Philae	ESA	Heliocentric	Comet lander	9 July 2015	Successful
	Maiden flight of Ariane 5G+ Studied the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko and asteroids 2867 Šteins and 21 Lutetia
13 March 05:40	Atlas IIIA		Cape Canaveral SLC-36B		International Launch Services
	MBSat	MBSAT	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Operational
	Final flight of Atlas IIIA
15 March 23:06	Proton-M/Briz-M		Baikonur Site 81/24		International Launch Services
15 March 23:06	Eutelsat W3A	Eutelsat	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Operational
20 March 17:53	Delta II 7925		Cape Canaveral SLC-17B		Boeing IDS
20 March 17:53	GPS IIR-11	US Air Force	Medium Earth	Navigation	In orbit	Operational
27 March 03:30	Proton-K/DM-2		Baikonur Site 81/23		VKS
27 March 03:30	Kosmos 2406 (Raduga-1)	Russian military	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Operational

16 April 00:45	Atlas IIAS		Cape Canaveral SLC-36A		International Launch Services
16 April 00:45	Superbird 6	SCC	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Operational
18 April 15:59	Long March 2C		Jiuquan
	Tansuo 1 (Shiyan 1)	University of Harbin	Low Earth	Land resource mapping	In orbit	Operational
	Naxing 1	Tsinghua University	Low Earth	Earth imaging	In orbit	Operational
19 April 03:19	Soyuz-FG		Baikonur Site 1/5		Roskosmos
	Soyuz TMA-4	Roskosmos	Low Earth (ISS)	ISS Expedition 9	24 October	Successful
	Manned orbital flight with 3 cosmonauts
20 April 16:57	Delta II 7920		Vandenberg SLC-2W		Boeing IDS
20 April 16:57	Gravity Probe B	NASA	Low Earth	Test Einstein's Theory of relativity	In orbit	Successful
26 April 20:37	Proton-K/DM-2M		Baikonur Site 200/39
26 April 20:37	Ekspress AM11	RSCC	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Operational

4 May 12:42	Zenit-3SL		Ocean Odyssey		Sea Launch
4 May 12:42	DirecTV-7S	DirecTV	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Operational
17 May 11:12	GoFast		Black Rock Desert, Nevada, USA		CSXT
		CSXT	Suborbital	Test spacecraft	17 May	Successful
	First amateur space launch (apogee: 116 km)^[1]
19 May 22:22	Atlas IIAS		Cape Canaveral SLC-36B		International Launch Services
19 May 22:22	AMC-11	SES Americom	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Operational
20 May 17:47	Taurus 3120		Vandenberg LC-576E		Orbital Sciences
20 May 17:47	FORMOSAT-2 (ROCSAT-2)	NSPO	Low Earth	Earth imaging	In orbit	Operational
25 May 12:34	Soyuz-U		Baikonur Site 1/5		Roskosmos
	Progress M-49	Roskosmos	Low Earth (ISS)	Logistics	30 July	Successful
	ISS flight 14P
28 May 06:00	Tsyklon-2		Baikonur Site 90/20		VKS
28 May 06:00	Kosmos 2405	VMF	Low Earth	Reconnaissance	In orbit	Operational

10 June 01:28	Zenit-2		Baikonur Site 45/1		VKS
10 June 01:28	Kosmos 2406	VKS	Low Earth	Signals intelligence	In orbit	Operational
16 June 22:27	Proton-M/Briz-M		Baikonur Site 200/39		International Launch Services
16 June 22:27	Intelsat 10-02	Intelsat	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Operational
21 June 14:47	SpaceShipOne		White Knight, Mojave Spaceport		Scaled Composites
	Flight 15P	Scaled Composites	Suborbital	Test spacecraft	21 June	Successful
	Manned sub-orbital flight with 1 astronaut (Mike Melvill) First privately funded manned spaceflight Maiden flight of SpaceShipOne as a spacecraft
23 June 22:54	Delta II 7925		Cape Canaveral SLC-17B		Boeing IDS
23 June 22:54	GPS IIR-12	US Air Force	Medium Earth	Navigation	In orbit	Operational
29 June 03:59	Zenit-3SL		Ocean Odyssey		Sea Launch
	Telstar 18	Loral/Apstar	Intended: Geosynchronous Achieved: Medium Earth	Communications	In orbit	Partial launch failure
	Premature cutout left payload in useless orbit
29 June 06:30	Dnepr		Baikonur Site 109/95		ISC Kosmotras
	LatinSat D (AprizeSat 2)	Aprize	Low Earth	Communications	In orbit	Operational
	Demeter	CNES	Low Earth	Seismology	In orbit	Operational
	SaudiComsat 1	RSRI	Low Earth	Communications	In orbit	Operational
	SaudiComsat 2	RSRI	Low Earth	Communications	In orbit	Operational
	SaudiSat 2	RSRI	Low Earth	Earth imaging	In orbit	Operational
	LatinSat C (AprizeSat 1)	Aprize	Low Earth	Communications	In orbit	Operational
	Unisat 3	Sapienza University of Rome	Low Earth	Technology development	In orbit	Operational
	Amsat Echo	AMSAT	Low Earth	Communications	In orbit	Operational

15 July 10:02	Delta II 7920-10L		Vandenberg SLC-2W		Boeing IDS
15 July 10:02	Aura	NASA	Sun-synchronous (A-train)	Atmospheric research	In orbit	Operational
18 July 00:44	Ariane 5G+		Kourou ELA-3		Arianespace
18 July 00:44	Anik F2	Telesat	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Operational
22 July 17:46	Kosmos-3M		Plesetsk Site 132/1		VKS
22 July 17:46	Kosmos 2409 (Parus)		Low Earth	Navigation	In orbit	Operational
25 July 07:05	Long March 2C		Taiyuan
25 July 07:05	Tan Ce 2	CASC/ESA	High Earth (High-eccentricity)	Magnetosphere research	In orbit	Operational

3 August 07:18	Delta II 7925H		Cape Canaveral SLC-17B		Boeing IDS
	MESSENGER	NASA	Mercurian	Mercury probe	30 April 2015	Successful
	Became the first spacecraft to orbit Mercury on 4 April 2011
4 August 22:32	Proton-M/Briz-M		Baikonur Site 200/39		International Launch Services
4 August 22:32	Amazonas	Hispasat	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Operational
11 August 05:03	Soyuz-U		Baikonur Site 1/5		Roskosmos
	Progress M-50	Roskosmos	Low Earth (ISS)	Logistics	22 December	Successful
	ISS flight 15P
29 August 07:50	Long March 2C		Jiuquan
29 August 07:50	FSW-19 (FSW-2)		Geosynchronous	Earth imaging	7 November 23:55	Successful
31 August 23:17	Atlas IIAS		Cape Canaveral SLC-36A		International Launch Services
	SDS-3-4 (USA-179)	NRO	Geosynchronous	Classified	In orbit	Operational
	Final flight of Atlas IIAS

6 September 10:35	Shavit-1		Palmachim
	Ofeq-6		Intended: Low Earth (retrograde)	Reconnaissance	T+270	Launch failure
	Loss of control during third stage burn
8 September 23:14	Long March 4B		Taiyuan
	Shi Jian 6A	CASC	Low Earth	Technology demonstration	In orbit	Operational
	Shi Jian 6B	CASC	Low Earth	Technology demonstration	In orbit	Operational
20 September 10:31	GSLV		Satish Dhawan		ISRO
20 September 10:31	EDUSAT (GSAT-3)	ISRO	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Operational
23 September 15:07	Kosmos-3M		Plesetsk Site 132/1		VKS
	Kosmos 2408	Russian military	Low Earth	Communications	In orbit	Operational
	Kosmos 2409	Russian military	Low Earth	Communications	In orbit	Operational
24 September 16:50	Soyuz-U		Plestsk Site 16/2		VKS
	Kosmos 2410	Russian military	Low Earth	Reconnaissance	9 January 2005	Failure
	Re-entry capsule could not be located
27 September 08:00	Long March 2D		Jiuquan
27 September 08:00	FSW-20 (FSW-3)		Low Earth	Earth imaging	In orbit	Operational
29 September 15:12	SpaceShipOne		White Knight, Mojave Spaceport		Scaled Composites
	Flight 16P	Scaled Composites	Suborbital	Ansari X Prize qualification	29 September	Successful
	Manned sub-orbital flight with 1 astronaut (Mike Melvill)

4 October 14:49	SpaceShipOne		White Knight, Mojave Spaceport		Scaled Composites
	Flight 17P	Scaled Composites	Suborbital	Ansari X Prize qualification	4 October	Successful
	Manned sub-orbital flight with 1 astronaut (Brian Binnie) Final flight of SpaceShipOne
14 October 03:06	Soyuz-FG		Baikonur Site 1/5		Roskosmos
	Soyuz TMA-5	Roskosmos	Low Earth (ISS)	ISS Expedition 10	24 April 2005	Successful
	Manned orbital flight with 3 cosmonauts
14 October 21:23	Proton-M/Briz-M		Baikonur Site 200/39		International Launch Services
14 October 21:23	AMC-15	SES Americom	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Operational
19 October 01:20	Long March 3A		Xichang
19 October 01:20	Feng Yun 2C		Geosynchronous	Weather satellite	In orbit	Operational
29 October 22:11	Proton-K/DM-2M		Baikonur Site 200/39
29 October 22:11	Ekspress AM-1	RSCC	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Operational

6 November 03:10	Long March 4B		Taiyuan
6 November 03:10	Zi Yuan 2C		Geosynchronous	Earth imaging	In orbit	Operational
6 November 05:39	Delta II 7925		Cape Canaveral SLC-17B		Boeing IDS
6 November 05:39	GPS IIR-13	US Air Force	Medium Earth	Navigation	In orbit	Operational
8 November 18:30	Soyuz-2.1a		Plesetsk Site 43/4
	Zenit-8 (Obilik)		Suborbital	Test carrier rocket	8 November	Successful
	Maiden flight of Soyuz-2.1a
18 November 10:45	Long March 2C		Xichang
18 November 10:45	Shiyan Weixing 2		Low Earth	Earth observation	In orbit	Operational
20 November 17:16	Delta II 7320		Cape Canaveral SLC-17A		Boeing IDS
20 November 17:16	Swift	NASA	Low Earth	Gamma-ray research	In orbit	Operational

14 December	Sounding Rocket IV		Jiu Peng Air Base		NSPO
		NSPO	Suborbital	Ionospheric research	14 December	Successful
	Apogee: ~280 km (174 mi)
17 December 12:07	Atlas V 521		Cape Canaveral SLC-41		International Launch Services
17 December 12:07	AMC-16	SES Americom	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Operational
18 December 16:26	Ariane 5G+		Kourou ELA-3		Arianespace
	Helios 2A	DGA	Low Earth	Reconnaissance	In orbit	Operational
	Nanosat 01	INTA	Low Earth	Technology demonstration	In orbit	Operational
	Essaim 1	DGA	Low Earth	ELINT	In orbit	Operational
	Essaim 2	DGA	Low Earth	ELINT	In orbit	Operational
	Essaim 3	DGA	Low Earth	ELINT	In orbit	Operational
	Essaim 4	DGA	Low Earth	ELINT	In orbit	Operational
	Parasol	CNES	Sun-synchronous (A-train)	Aeronomy	In orbit	Operational
	Final flight of Ariane 5G+
21 December 21:50	Delta IV Heavy 9250H		Cape Canaveral SLC-37B		Boeing IDS
	DemoSat (USA-181)	US Air Force	Intended: Subsynchronous Actual: Medium Earth	Test launch vehicle	In orbit	Partial launch failure
	Sparkie (3CSat1)	US Air Force	Low Earth	Cloud imaging	22 December	Satellite failure
	Ralphie (3CSat2)	US Air Force	Low Earth	Cloud imaging	22 December	Satellite failure
	Maiden flight of Delta IV Heavy Premature cut-off of second stage (burn one) left all payloads in wrong orbits. Both nanosats failed to contact ground after separation
22 December	R-36		Dombarovskiy		RVSN
22 December	Dummy warhead	RVSN	Suborbital	Missile test	22 December	Successful
23 December 22:19	Soyuz-U		Baikonur Site 1/5		Roskomsos
	Progress M-51	Roskosmos	Low Earth (ISS)	Logistics	9 March 2005	Successful
	ISS flight 16P
24 December 11:20	Tsyklon-3		Plesetsk Site 32/2		VKS
	Sich-1M	NKAU	Low Earth	Earth observation	In orbit	Partial launch failure
	MK-1TS	NKAU	Low Earth	Earth observation		Partial launch failure
	Both satellites placed into incorrect orbits due to premature third stage cutoff
26 December 13:53	Proton-K/DM-2		Baikonur Site 200/39		VKS
	Kosmos 2411 (GLONASS)	KNITs	Medium Earth	Navigation	In orbit	Operational
	Kosmos 2412 (GLONASS)	KNITs	Medium Earth	Navigation	In orbit	Operational
	Kosmos 2413 (GLONASS)	KNITs	Medium Earth	Navigation	In orbit	Operational

Deep Space Rendezvous

Date (GMT)	Spacecraft	Event	Remarks
2 January	Stardust	Flyby of 81P/Wild (Wild 2)	Dust collection (samples returned to Earth in 2006)
3 January	Spirit	Landing on Mars	Gusev Crater
24 January	Opportunity	Landing on Mars	Meridiani Planum
4 February	Ulysses	2nd flyby of Jupiter
19 May	Hayabusa	Flyby of the Earth
11 June	Cassini	Flyby of Phoebe	Closest approach: 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi)
1 July	Cassini	First orbiter of Saturn	Saturnian orbit injection
8 September	Genesis	Capsule crash-landing on Earth	0.4 milligrams (0.0062 gr) of solar sample aboard
26 October	Cassini	Flyby of Titan	Closest approach: 1,200 kilometres (750 mi)
15 November	SMART-1	Selenocentric orbit injection	First European Lunar mission
13 December	Cassini	Flyby of Titan	Closest approach: 2,336 kilometres (1,452 mi)

EVAs

Start Date/Time	Duration	End Time	Spacecraft	Crew	Function	Remarks
26 February 21:17	3 hours 55 minutes	27 February 01:12	Expedition 8 ISS Pirs	/Michael Foale Alexander Kaleri	Replaced microgravity experiment cassette containers, attached the Russian experiment Matryoshka to Zvezda, and removed a JAXA micro-meteor impact experiment.^[2]	Reduced duration due a cooling system malfunction in Kaleri's spacesuit.
24 June 21:56	14 minutes	22:10	Expedition 9 ISS Pirs	Gennady Padalka Michael Fincke	Spacewalk cut short due to a pressure problem in Fincke's prime oxygen tank in his spacesuit.^[3]^[4]	Rescheduled for 30 June.
30 June 21:19	5 hours 40 minutes	1 July 02:59	Expedition 9 ISS Pirs	Gennady Padalka Michael Fincke	Replaced a Remote Power Controller (RPC) that failed in late April, causing a loss of power in Control Moment Gyroscope No. 2 (CMG 2).^[3]^[5]
3 August 06:58	4 hours 30 minutes	11:28	Expedition 9 ISS Pirs	Gennady Padalka Michael Fincke	Removed laser retro reflectors from the Zvezda assembly compartment, and installed three updated laser retro reflectors and one internal videometer target in preparation for the Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV). Installed two antennas, and removed and replaced Kromka experiment packages.^[3]^[6]
3 September 16:43	5 hours 20 minutes	22:04	Expedition 9 ISS Pirs	Gennady Padalka Michael Fincke	Replaced the Zarya Control Module flow control panel, installed four safety tether fairleads on Zarya's handrails, installed three communications antennas, and removed covers from the antennas.^[3]^[7]

Orbital launch summary

By country

Country		Launches	Successes	Failures	Partial failures	Remarks
	China	8	8	0	0
	Europe	3	3	0	0
	India	1	1	0	0
	International	3	2	0	1	Sea Launch
	Israel	1	0	1	0
	Russia / CIS	22	21	0	1
	United States	16	15	0	1
World		54	50	1	3

By rocket

Rocket	Country	Launches	Successes	Failures	Partial failures	Remarks
Ariane 5G+	Europe	3	3	0	0	Maiden and final flights
Atlas II	United States	4	4	0	0	Final flight
Atlas III	United States	1	1	0	0
Atlas V	United States	1	1	0	0
Delta II	United States	7	7	0	0
Delta IV	United States	1	0	0	1
Dnepr	Ukraine	1	1	0	0
GSLV Mk I(b)	India	1	1	0	0
Kosmos-3M	Russia	2	2	0	0
Long March 2C	People's Republic of China	4	4	0	0
Long March 2D	People's Republic of China	1	1	0	0
Long March 3A	People's Republic of China	1	1	0	0
Long March 4B	People's Republic of China	2	2	0	0
Molniya-M	Russia	1	1	0	0
Proton-K	Russia	4	4	0	0
Proton-M	Russia	4	4	0	0
Shavit-1	Israel	1	0	1	0
Soyuz-FG	Russia	2	2	0	0
Soyuz-U	Russia	5	5	0	0
Taurus-XL	United States	1	1	0	0
Titan IVB	United States	1	1	0	0
Tsyklon-2	Ukraine	1	1	0	0
Tsyklon-3	Ukraine	1	0	0	1
Zenit-2	Ukraine	1	1	0	0
Zenit-3SL	International	3	2	0	1

By orbit

Orbital regime	Launches	Successes	Failures	Accidentally Achieved	Remarks
Low Earth orbit	26	25	1	0	6 to ISS
Medium Earth orbit	4	4	0	2
Geosynchronous/transfer	20	18	2	0
High Earth orbit	2	2	0	0	Molniya orbits
Heliocentric orbit	2	2	0	0	Including planetary transfer orbits

References

Bergin, Chris. "NASASpaceFlight.com".
Clark, Stephen. "Spaceflight Now".
Kelso, T.S. "Satellite Catalog (SATCAT)". CelesTrak.
Krebs, Gunter. "Chronology of Space Launches".
Kyle, Ed. "Space Launch Report".
McDowell, Jonathan. "Jonathan's Space Report".
Pietrobon, Steven. "Steven Pietrobon's Space Archive".
Wade, Mark. "Encyclopedia Astronautica".
Webb, Brian. "Southwest Space Archive".
Zak, Anatoly. "Russian Space Web".
"ISS Calendar". Spaceflight 101.
"NSSDCA Master Catalog". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.
"Space Calendar". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
"Space Information Center". JAXA.
"Хроника освоения космоса" [Chronicle of space exploration]. CosmoWorld (in Russian).

Generic references:

Footnotes

↑ "GoFast". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 5 January 2009. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
↑ NASA (2004). "Expedition 8 Spacewalks". NASA. Archived from the original on 6 November 2008. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
1 2 3 4 NASA (2004). "Expedition 9 Spacewalks". NASA. Archived from the original on 6 November 2008. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
↑ NASA (2004). "International Space Station Status Report #04-32". NASA. Archived from the original on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
↑ NASA (2004). "International Space Station Status Report #04-36". NASA. Archived from the original on 6 November 2008. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
↑ NASA (2004). "International Space Station Status Report #04-43". NASA. Archived from the original on 6 November 2008. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
↑ NASA (2004). "International Space Station Status Report #04-50". NASA. Archived from the original on 6 November 2008. Retrieved 7 October 2008.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[1] "GoFast". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 5 January 2009. Retrieved 12 March 2016.

[2] NASA (2004). "Expedition 8 Spacewalks". NASA. Archived from the original on 6 November 2008. Retrieved 7 October 2008.

[exp9-1-3] 1 2 3 4 NASA (2004). "Expedition 9 Spacewalks". NASA. Archived from the original on 6 November 2008. Retrieved 7 October 2008.

[4] NASA (2004). "International Space Station Status Report #04-32". NASA. Archived from the original on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 7 October 2008.

[5] NASA (2004). "International Space Station Status Report #04-36". NASA. Archived from the original on 6 November 2008. Retrieved 7 October 2008.

[6] NASA (2004). "International Space Station Status Report #04-43". NASA. Archived from the original on 6 November 2008. Retrieved 7 October 2008.

[7] NASA (2004). "International Space Station Status Report #04-50". NASA. Archived from the original on 6 November 2008. Retrieved 7 October 2008.

Timeline of spaceflight
1940s	1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949
1950s	1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
1960s	1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
1970s	1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
1980s	1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
1990s	1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
2000s	2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
2010s	2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
2020s	2020 2021 2022

Timeline of spaceflight
1940s	1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949
1950s	1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
1960s	1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
1970s	1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
1980s	1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
1990s	1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
2000s	2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
2010s	2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
2020s	2020 2021 2022