膏肓

Chinese

		ointment; paste	region between heart and diaphragm
simp. and trad. (膏肓)		膏	肓

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): gāohuāng

(Zhuyin): ㄍㄠㄏㄨㄤ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gou¹ fong¹
Min Nan (POJ): ko͘-hong / ko͘-bông / ko-hong

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: gāohuāng
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄠㄏㄨㄤ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gauhuang
  - IPA ^(key): /kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: gou¹ fong¹
  - Yale: gōu fōng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gou¹ fong¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: gou¹ fong¹
  - IPA ^(key): /kou̯⁵⁵ fɔːŋ⁵⁵/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ko͘-hong
  - Tâi-lô: koo-hong
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ko'hofng
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔ³³ hɔŋ³³/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ko͘-bông
  - Tâi-lô: koo-bông
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ko'boong
  - IPA (Taipei): /kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ bɔŋ²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ bɔŋ²³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ko-hong
  - Tâi-lô: ko-hong
  - Phofsit Daibuun: koi'hofng
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ko⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

Middle Chinese: /kɑu hwɑŋ/▼

Rime
Character	膏	肓
Reading #	1/2	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	曉 (32)
Final (韻)	豪 (89)	唐 (102)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	古勞切	呼光切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɑu/	/hwɑŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/kɑu/	/hʷɑŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/kɑu/	/xuɑŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kaw/	/hwaŋ/
Li Rong	/kɑu/	/xuɑŋ/
Wang Li	/kɑu/	/xuɑŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/kɑu/	/xwɑŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gāo	huāng

Old Chinese▼
(Zhengzhang): /*kaːw hmaːŋ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	膏	肓
Reading #	1/2	1/1
No.	3727	12650
Phonetic component	高	亡
Rime group	宵	陽
Rime subdivision	1	0
Corresponding MC rime	髙	荒
Old Chinese	/*kaːw/	/*hmaːŋ/

Noun

膏肓

(traditional Chinese medicine) the fat region between the heart and the diaphragm, near the apex of the heart, which is regarded in traditional Chinese medicine as being unreachable by medicament; vital organs
(figuratively) incurable disease; terminal illness
(literary, figuratively) suffering of the masses; hardships of the populace

Derived terms

泉石膏肓
病入膏肓
病在膏肓

病染膏肓
膏肓之疾

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
膏	肓
こう Jinmeiyō	こう Hyōgaiji
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 膏肓 (MC kɑu hwɑŋ).

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) こーこー [kòókóó] (Heiban – [0])[1]
IPA^(key): [ko̞ːko̞ː]

Noun

膏肓 (hiragana こうこう, rōmaji kōkō, historical hiragana かうくわう)

vital organs

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
膏	肓
こう Jinmeiyō	もう Hyōgaiji
on’yomi

Misreading of the 肓 kanji.

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) こーもー [kòómóó] (Heiban – [0])[1]
IPA^(key): [ko̞ːmo̞ː]

Noun

膏肓 (hiragana こうもう, rōmaji kōmō, historical hiragana かうまう)

Same as above.

References

2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

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