窪む

Japanese
Kanji in this term
窪
くぼ
Jinmeiyō
kun’yomi

Etymology 1

Verb derived from noun 窪 / 凹 (kubo, “an indentation, a depression”)[1] + verbalizing suffix む (mu, “seeming like, becoming like”).

Pronunciation

Alternative forms

Verb

窪む (intransitive, godan conjugation, hiragana くぼむ, rōmaji kubomu)

  1. to become hollow, cave in, sink in
Conjugation
Conjugation of "窪む" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形) 窪ま くぼま kuboma
Continuative (連用形) 窪み くぼみ kubomi
Terminal (終止形) 窪む くぼむ kubomu
Attributive (連体形) 窪む くぼむ kubomu
Hypothetical (仮定形) 窪め くぼめ kubome
Imperative (命令形) 窪め くぼめ kubome
Key constructions
Passive 窪まれる くぼまれる kubomareru
Causative 窪ませる
窪ます		 くぼませる
くぼます		 kubomaseru
kubomasu
Potential 窪める くぼめる kubomeru
Volitional 窪もう くぼもう kubomō
Negative 窪まない くぼまない kubomanai
Negative continuative 窪まず くぼまず kubomazu
Formal 窪みます くぼみます kubomimasu
Perfective 窪んだ くぼんだ kubonda
Conjunctive 窪んで くぼんで kubonde
Hypothetical conditional 窪めば くぼめば kubomeba
Usage notes

The transitive form is 窪める / 凹める (kubomeru). Consequently, the potential form is the same as the passive form, くぼまれる (kubomareru), instead of くぼめる (kubomeru) as shown incorrectly in the table above.

The spelling 窪む is used more often for くぼむ, because the alternate spelling 凹む can also be read as へこむ.

Etymology 2
Kanji in this term
窪
いし
Jinmeiyō
kun’yomi

Appears in texts from the Muromachi period.[1]

Ultimate derivation unclear. May be derived from adjective 美しい (ishii), which was used ironically to mean the opposite of its usual positive connotations.

Pronunciation

Alternative forms
  • 窳む

Verb

窪む (intransitive, godan conjugation, hiragana いしむ, rōmaji ishimu)

  1. (archaic, possibly obsolete) to deform, to become deformed
  2. (archaic, possibly obsolete) to become cracked
Conjugation
Conjugation of "窪む" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形) 窪ま いしま ishima
Continuative (連用形) 窪み いしみ ishimi
Terminal (終止形) 窪む いしむ ishimu
Attributive (連体形) 窪む いしむ ishimu
Hypothetical (仮定形) 窪め いしめ ishime
Imperative (命令形) 窪め いしめ ishime
Key constructions
Passive 窪まれる いしまれる ishimareru
Causative 窪ませる
窪ます		 いしませる
いします		 ishimaseru
ishimasu
Potential 窪める いしめる ishimeru
Volitional 窪もう いしもう ishimō
Negative 窪まない いしまない ishimanai
Negative continuative 窪まず いしまず ishimazu
Formal 窪みます いしみます ishimimasu
Perfective 窪んだ いしんだ ishinda
Conjunctive 窪んで いしんで ishinde
Hypothetical conditional 窪めば いしめば ishimeba

References
  1. 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
  2. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
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