文明

Chinese

		language; culture; writing language; culture; writing; formal; literary; gentle	clear; bright; to understand clear; bright; to understand; next; the Ming dynasty
simp. and trad. (文明)		文	明
anagram		明文

Etymology

Wasei kango (和製漢語), orthographically borrowed from Japanese 文 (ぶん)明 (めい) (bunmei, “civilization”), which was in turn a semantic readaptation of Chinese 文明 (wénmíng, “elegance and brightness; being civilised and cultured”).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): wénmíng

(Zhuyin): ㄨㄣˊ ㄇㄧㄥˊ

(Dungan, Cyrillic): вынмин (vɨnmin, I-I)
Cantonese (Jyutping): man⁴ ming⁴
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): vùn-mìn
Min Dong (BUC): ùng-mìng
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): bûn-bêng

(Teochew, Peng'im): bhung⁵ mêng⁵
Wu (Wiktionary): ven min (T3)

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)
  - Pinyin: wénmíng
  - Zhuyin: ㄨㄣˊ ㄇㄧㄥˊ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wenming
  - Tongyong Pinyin: wúnmíng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /wən³⁵ miŋ³⁵/
  - Homophones:
    [Show/Hide]
    ^edit
    ^edit
    文名
    文明
    聞名／闻名
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic: вынмин (vɨnmin, I-I)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /və̃²⁴ mĩ²⁴/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: man⁴ ming⁴
  - Yale: màhn mìhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: man⁴ ming⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: men⁴ ming⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mɐn²¹ mɪŋ²¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: vùn-mìn
  - Hakka Romanization System: vunˇ minˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: vun² min²
  - Sinological IPA: /vun¹¹ min¹¹/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: ùng-mìng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /uŋ⁵³⁻³³ miŋ⁵³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bûn-bêng
  - Tâi-lô: bûn-bîng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: bunbeeng
  - IPA (Xiamen): /bun²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /bun²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /bun¹³⁻²² biɪŋ¹³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /bun²⁴⁻¹¹ biɪŋ²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /bun²³⁻³³ biɪŋ²³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: bhung⁵ mêng⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: bûng mêng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ meŋ⁵⁵/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: ven min (T3)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /v̻əɲ²² mɪɲ⁴⁴/

Middle Chinese: /mɨun mˠiæŋ/▼

Rime
Character	文	明
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	明 (4)	明 (4)
Final (韻)	文 (59)	庚 (111)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	無分切	武兵切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/mɨun/	/mˠiæŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/miun/	/mᵚiaŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/miuən/	/miaŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/mun/	/miajŋ/
Li Rong	/miuən/	/miɐŋ/
Wang Li	/mĭuən/	/mĭɐŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/mi̯uən/	/mi̯ɐŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	wén	míng

Old Chinese▼
(Baxter–Sagart): /*mə[n] mraŋ/

(Zhengzhang): /*mɯn mraŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	文	明
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	wén	míng
Middle Chinese	‹ mjun ›	‹ mjæng ›
Old Chinese	/*mə[n]/	/*mraŋ/
English	ornate	bright
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	文	明
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	13015	9188
Phonetic component	文	明
Rime group	文	陽
Rime subdivision	1	0
Corresponding MC rime	文	明
Old Chinese	/*mɯn/	/*mraŋ/

Noun

文明

civilization (Classifier: 個／个 m)
中華文明 / 中华文明 ― zhōnghuá wénmíng ― Chinese civilization

書是傳遞文明的工具。 [MSC, trad.]
书是传递文明的工具。 [MSC, simp.]
Shū shì chuándì wénmíng de gōngjù. [Pinyin]
Books are the way in which civilization is transmitted.

人與其他生物最大的不同，就是擁有文明。 [MSC, trad.]
人与其他生物最大的不同，就是拥有文明。 [MSC, simp.]
Rén yǔ qítā shēngwù zuìdà de bùtóng, jiùshì yōngyǒu wénmíng. [Pinyin]
The ability to develop civilizations is the biggest difference between humans and other living things.
civilized behaviour; manners
加強文明意識 / 加强文明意识 ― jiāqiáng wénmíng yìshí ― to improve people's awareness of civilized behaviour

Adjective

文明

civilized
文明行為 / 文明行为 ― wénmíng xíngwéi ― civilized behaviour

文明交往 ― wénmíng jiāowǎng ― to socialize in a civilized manner

舉止文明 / 举止文明 ― jǔzhǐ wénmíng ― to behave in a civilized manner
(dated) modern
(archaic) having literary talent
- 其德剛健而文明，應乎天而時行。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  其德刚健而文明，应乎天而时行。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: I Ching, 3^rd – 2^nd millennia BCE
  Qí dé gāngjiàn ér wénmíng, yìng hū tiān ér shí xíng. [Pinyin]
  The attributes (of its component trigrams) are strength and vigour with elegance and brightness. (The ruling line in it) responds to (the ruling line in the symbol of) heaven, and (consequently) its action is (all) at the proper times.

Antonyms

(civilized): 野蠻／野蛮 (yěmán)

Descendants

→ Japanese: 文 (ぶん)明 (めい) (bunmei)

Derived terms

政治文明 (zhèngzhì wénmíng)
文明人 (wénmíngrén)
文明國家／文明国家 (wénmíng guójiā)
文明戲／文明戏 (wénmíngxì)

文明棍兒／文明棍儿
文明觀球／文明观球 (wénmíngguānqiú)
物質文明／物质文明 (wùzhì wénmíng)
精神文明 (jīngshén wénmíng)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
文	明
ぶん Grade: 1	めい Grade: 2
kan’on

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Middle Chinese 文明 (MC mɨun mˠiæŋ).

Pronunciation

On’yomi: Kan’on
- (Tokyo) ぶんめー [bùńméé] (Heiban – [0])
- IPA^(key): [bɯ̟̃ᵝmːe̞ː]
Homophones: 分明, 文名

Noun

文明 (hiragana ぶんめい, rōmaji bunmei)

civilization

Derived terms

文 (ぶん)明 (めい)開 (かい)化 (か) (bunmeikaika)

Descendants

→ Chinese: : 文明 (wénmíng, “civilization”)
→ Korean: 문명 (munmyeong)
→ Vietnamese: : văn minh

Korean

Hanja in this term
文	明

Noun

文明 • (munmyeong) (hangeul 문명)

Hanja form^? of 문명 (“civilization”).

Vietnamese

Hán tự in this term
文	明

Adjective

文明

Hán tự form of văn minh (“civilized”).

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