Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/tǫga

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Equivalent to the o-grade of *tęgti (“to pull”) +‎ *-a.

Noun

*tǭgà f

sadness, melancholy

Inflection

Declension of *tǭgà (hard a-stem, accent paradigm b)

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*tǭgà	*tǫ̃dzě	*tǭgỳ
Accusative	*tǭgǫ̀	*tǫ̃dzě	*tǭgỳ
Genitive	*tǭgỳ	*tǭgù	*tǫ̃gъ
Locative	*tǭdzě̀	*tǭgù	tǭgàsъ, tǭgàxъ^*
Dative	*tǭdzě̀	*tǭgàma	*tǭgàmъ
Instrumental	tǭgòjǫ, tǫ̃gǫ^**	*tǭgàma	*tǭgàmī
Vocative	*tǫgo	*tǫ̃dzě	*tǭgỳ

^* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
^** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Related terms

*tędzati (“to pull, extract”)
*tęgnǫti (“to pull”)
*tęgъ / *tęga (“traction, weight”)
*tęžьkъ (“heavy”)

*tęťi (“to pull”)
*tęželъ
*tǫgъ (“tight, solid, tough”)

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: туга (tuga)
  - Belarusian: ту́га (túha)
  - Russian: туга́ (tugá), ту́га (túga) (dialectal)
  - Ukrainian: ту́га (túha)
South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
  Old Cyrillic: тѫга (tǫga)
  
  Glagolitic: ⱅⱘⰳⰰ (tǫga)
- Bulgarian: тъга́ (tǎgá)
- Macedonian: тага (taga)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic: ту́га
  
  Latin: túga
  - Chakavian (Novi): tūgȁ, tȗga
  - Chakavian (Vrgada): tūgȁ, tȗga
- Slovene: toga
West Slavic:
- Czech: touha
- Polish: tęga
- Slovak: túha
- Sorbian:
  - Upper Sorbian: tuha

References

Derksen, Rick (2008), “*tǭgà”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 495
Vasmer (Fasmer), Max (Maks) (1964–1973), “туга́”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), translated from German and supplemented by Trubačóv Oleg, Moscow: Progress

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