Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/rъďa

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewdʰ-. Morphologically *rъd- +‎ *-ja.

Noun

*rъďa f

rust

Inflection

Declension of *rъďa (soft a-stem)

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*rъďa	*rъďi	*rъďę̇
Accusative	*rъďǫ	*rъďi	*rъďę̇
Genitive	*rъďę̇	*rъďu	*rъďь
Locative	*rъďi	*rъďu	rъďasъ, rъďaxъ^*
Dative	*rъďi	*rъďama	*rъďamъ
Instrumental	rъďejǫ, rъďǫ^**	*rъďama	*rъďami
Vocative	*rъďe	*rъďi	*rъďę̇

^* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
^** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Derived terms

*rъďavъ

Related terms

*rudъ (“red; ginger; brown”, adj.)
- *ruda (“ore”)
*rusъ < *rudsъ (adj.)

*ruměnъ < *rudměnъ (adj.)
*rъděti (“to be red; redden”)
*rъdrъ (“red, red-haired”, adj.)

*rъďa (“rust”)
*ryďь (“ginger”, adj.)

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: ръжа (rŭža)
  - Belarusian: іржа́ (iržá)
  - Russian: ржа (rža), аржа́ (aržá), иржа́ (iržá)
  - Ukrainian: ржа (rža), іржа́ (iržá)

South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
  Cyrillic: ръжда (rŭžda)
  
  Glagolitic: ⱃⱏⰶⰴⰰ (rŭžda)
- Bulgarian: ръжда́ (rǎždá)
- Macedonian: ‘рѓа (‘rǵa)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic: рђа, хрђа
  
  Latin: rđa, hrđa
- Slovene: rjȁ, rǝjȁ (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:
- Old Czech: rzě
  - Czech: rez
- Polish: rdza
- Slovak: hrdza
- Sorbian:
  - Upper Sorbian: zerz, zra
  - Lower Sorbian: rza

References

Vasmer (Fasmer), Max (Maks) (1964–1973), “ржа”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), translated from German and supplemented by Trubačóv Oleg, Moscow: Progress
Sreznevskij, I. I. (1912), “ръжа”, in Materialy dlja slovarja drevne-russkago jazyka po pisʹmennym pamjatnikam [Materials for the Dictionary of the Old Russian Language According to Written Monuments] (in Russian), volume 3, Saint Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences, page 203
Šanskij, N. M. (2004), “ржавый”, in Školʹnyj etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka [School Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Drofa

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