< Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian

Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/dušmánah

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *dušmánas, from Proto-Indo-European *dusménes. Equivalent to *duš- (“bad”) +‎ *mánah (“mind, thought”). Cognate with Sanskrit: दुर्मनास् m (durmanā́s, “ill-dispositioned”), दुर्मनस् n (durmanas, “sad, melancholy”).

Adjective

*dušmánah n [1]

  1. ill-dispositioned, hostile
  2. (substantive) enemy

Descendants
  • Central Iranian
    • Avestan: 𐬛𐬎𐬱𐬨𐬀𐬥𐬀𐬵‎ (dušmanah)
  • Northestern Iranian:
    • Bactrian: λρουμινο (lroumino), δρουμινο (droumino)
  • Northwestern Iranian:
    • Baluchi: دژمن‎ (dužman)
    • Kurdish: (/dižmin/)
      Central Kurdish: دژمن‎ (dižmin)
      Northern Kurdish: dijmin (dižmin)
      Southern Kurdish: دژمن‎ (dižmin), دژمەن‎ (dižman)
    • Medo-Parthian: [Term?]
      • Old Tati:
        Old Azari: دشمن‎ (dišman)
        • Harzani: dešmūn
      • Zaza-Gorani: [Term?]
        • Gurani: دژمەن‎ (dižman), دژمەنە‎ (dižamana)
        • Zazaki: dişmin (dišmin), dışmin (dešmin)
  • Southwestern Iranian:
    • Middle Persian: (/dušman, dušmen/)
      Manichaean: 𐫅𐫇𐫢𐫖𐫏𐫗‎ (dwšmyn), 𐫅𐫇𐫢𐫖𐫗‎ (dwšmn)
      Book Pahlavi: [Book Pahlavi needed] (dwšmn')
      Inscriptional Pahlavi: 𐭣𐭥𐭱𐭬𐭭𐭩‎ (dwšmny)
      Psalter Pahlavi: 𐮐𐮀𐮌𐮇‎ (ŠANH)
      • → Parthian: (/dušmen, dušman/)
        Manichaean: 𐫅𐫇𐫢𐫖𐫏𐫗‎ (dwšmyn), 𐫅𐫇𐫢𐫖𐫗‎ (dwšmn)
        • → Old Armenian: *թշման (*tʿšman)
      • Lurish
        Northern Luri: دشمه‎ (došme)
        Bakhtiari: دشمن‎ (došmen)
      • Classical Persian: دشمن‎ (dušman) (see there for further descendants)
        Dari: دشمن‎ (dušman)
        Iranian Persian: دشمن‎ (došman)
        Tajik: душман (dušman)

References
  1. Rastorgujeva, V. S.; Edelʹman, D. I. (2000), “*¹dauš-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume 1, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 410-419
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