Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵenh₁-

*ǵenh₁- (perfective) [1][2]

1. to produce, to beget, to give birth

• *ǵénh₁-ti (root present)
  • Celtic: *gniyeti (see there for further descendants)
  • Indo-Iranian: *ĵánati
    • Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́ánati
      • Sanskrit: जनति (jánati)
    • Iranian: *ĵánati [3]
      • Central Iranian:
        • Avestan: 𐬰𐬂‎ (zå, “to give birth”) , 𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌‎ (zaiiāiti)
      • Northeastern Iranian:
        • Ossetian: (“to bear, bring forth [usually of animals]; to be born, grow”)

          Digor: зайин (zajin)

          Iron: зайун (zajun)

        • Sogdo-Bactrian:
          • Bactrian: ζαδο (zado, “born (ppp)”)
          • Chorasmian: [script needed] (zʼd, “born (ppp)”)
          • Sogdian: (/zan-/)

            Manichaean: [Manichaean needed] (zn)

            Sogdian: [script needed] (zn)

            Syriac: ܙܢ‎ (zn)

          • Yagnobi: зан (zan-, “bear, give birth; to be born”), занта (zánta)
      • Southeastern Iranian:
        • Pashto: زوول‎ (zōwul, “to give birth to, to bear, to bring forth”)
      • Northwestern Iranian:
        • Baluchi: زات‎ (zát), زای‎ (zá(y)-)
        • Kurdish: (/zān, zāyīn, -zē-/)

          Central Kurdish: زان‎ (zan), زێ‎ (-zê-)

          Northern Kurdish: zayîn, zan, -zê-

        • Medo-Parthian: [Term?]
          • Caspian:
            • Gilaki: [script needed] (zaan), زاج‎ (zāj-)
          • Parthian: (/zāy-, zāyad/, “to give birth to; be born”) [4]

            Manichaean: [Manichaean needed] (zʾy-) , [script needed] (zʼyd)

          • Zaza-Gorani: [Term?]
            • Gurani: زای‎ (zāy) ز‎ (-z-)
            • Zazaki: zayene, za-
      • Southwestern Iranian:
        • Middle Persian: (/zādan, zāy-/, “to bear, give birth to; engender, be born, come forth”); [Term?] (/zāyēnīdan, zāyēn-/, “to bear, give birth to”)

          Book Pahlavi: [Book Pahlavi needed] (Y̠LYDWNtn'), [script needed] (zʾtn'), [script needed] (zʼ-)

          Manichaean: [Manichaean needed] (zʾd), [script needed] (zʾy-); [script needed] (zʾyn-) [5]

          • Classical Persian: زادن‎ (zādan), زاییدن‎ (zāyīdan), زای‎ (zāy-); زایانیدن‎ (zāyānīdan, “to be born”)
            • Dari: زادن‎ (zādan)
            • Iranian Persian: زادن‎ (zādan)
            • Tajik: зодан (zodan)
• *ǵn̥h₁-yé-tor (deponent ye-present)
  • Celtic: *ganyetor (see there for further descendants)
  • Indo-Iranian: *ĵaHyátay
    • Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́aHyátay
      • Sanskrit: जायते (jā́yate)
      • Sanskrit: जायति (jāyati) (Epic)
        • Assamese: জগা (zoga)
• *ǵénh₁-ye-tor (deponent ye-present)
  • Hellenic: *géňňomai
    • Ancient Greek: γείνομαι (geínomai)
  • Indo-Iranian:
    • Sanskrit: जन्यते (janyate)
• *ǵí-ǵn̥h₁-e-ti (reduplicated thematic present)
  • Indo-Iranian:
    • Sanskrit:
      • (Vedic) Sanskrit: जीज॑नत् (jī́janat)
    • Iranian:
      • Avestan: 𐬰𐬍𐬰𐬀𐬥𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬌‎ (zīzanəṇti)
      • Pashto: زېږېدل‎ (zēẓ̌ēdəl, “to be born”)
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: γίγνομαι (gígnomai)
  • Italic: *gignō
    • Latin: gignō
• *ǵn̥h₁-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)
  • Italic: *gnāskōr
    • Latin: gnāscor, nāscor
• *ǵonh₁-éh₂
  • Hellenic: *gonā́
    • Ancient Greek: γονή (gonḗ)
• *ǵénh₁-mn̥ ~ *ǵn̥h₁-mén-s (“seed, offspring”)
• *ǵónh₁-o-s
• *ǵénh₁-os ~ *ǵénh₁-es-os (“race, lineage”)
• *ǵénh₁-ti-s ~ *ǵn̥h₁-téy-s (“birth, production”)
• *ǵn̥h₁-tó-s (“produced, begotten”)
• *ǵénh₁-tōr ~ *ǵn̥h₁-tr-és (“parent”)
• *ǵénh₁-tr-ih₂ ~ *ǵénh₁-tr-yeh₂-es (“parent”)
• *ǵn̥h₁-yo-
  • Germanic: *kunją (“kin, family”)
    • Germanic: *kuningaz (“king”)
  • Italic:
    • Latin: genius
• *ǵn̥h₁-i-wo-
  • Italic:
    • Latin: naevus, Gnaeus
• *ǵenh₁-tl-eh₂
  • Old Armenian: ծնաւղ (cnawł, “parent”)
• *pro-ǵenh₁-ti-eh₂
  • Iranian: *frazanti- (“offspring, progeny”) [6]
    • Central Iranian:
      • Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬥𐬙𐬌‎ (frazanti, “offspring, progeny”)
    • Northeastern Iranian:
      • Sogdo-Bacterian:
        • Bactrian: φροζινδο (frozindo, “descendant”), φοροζινδο (forozindo)
        • Sogdian: (/fsāndē/, “child”) (from *frazantaka) [7]

          Sogdian: [script needed] (βsʾntʾk), [script needed] (βsʾntk)

    • Southeastern Iranian:
      • Shughni-Roshani: [Term?] (“daughter”)
        • Sarikoli: [script needed] (rajen)
        • Shughni: [script needed] (rizīn)
          • Bartangi-Oroshori: [Term?]
            • Bartangi: [script needed] (razen)
            • Oroshori: [script needed] (rizīn)
          • Roshani-Khufi: [Term?]
            • Khufi: [script needed] (rizoen)
            • Roshani: [script needed] (rizēn)
    • Northwestern Iranian:
      • Parthian: (/frazand/, “child, son”)

        Parthian: [script needed] (frzynd)

    • Southwestern Iranian:
      • Middle Persian: (/frazand/, “child, son”)

        Book Pahlavi: [Book Pahlavi needed] (prznd), [script needed] (prẕnd)

        Manichaean: [Manichaean needed] (frzynd), [script needed] (przynd)

        • Classical Persian: فرزند‎ (farzand)
          • Dari: فرزند‎ (farzand)
          • Iranian Persian: فرزند‎ (farzand)
          • Tajik: фарзанд (farzand)
          • → Pashto: فرزند‎ (farzánd, “(poetry) son; child”)
• Unsorted formations:
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: -γνητός (-gnētós), γνωτός (gnōtós, “kinsman”)
    • Ancient Greek: γέννα (génna, “descent, origin, race, genus; birth”)
  • Indo-Iranian:
    • Indian:
      • Sanskrit: ज (ja, já, “son of; father; birth”)
      • Sanskrit: जा (jā́, “race, tribe”)
      • Sanskrit: जान (jā́na, “birth, origin, birthplace”)
      • Sanskrit: जना (janā, “birth, origin”)
      • Sanskrit: जनि (jáni, “birth, production, birthplace”)
        • Sanskrit: जनी (jánī)
      • Sanskrit: जननी (jananī, “mother”)
      • Sanskrit: जन्तु (jantú, “offspring, kinsman”)
      • Sanskrit: ज्ञाति (jñātí, “kinsman”)
      • Sanskrit: जन्यु (janyu, “birth, creature”)
      • Sanskrit: जन्य (jánya, janyá, “people, community, nation”)
      • Sanskrit: जनुस् (janús, janū́s, “birth, production, descent, nativity; genus, class, kind”)
        • Sanskrit: जनुषा (januṣā, “necessarily, essentially, originally, by birth”)
        • Sanskrit: जनू (janū́, “birth, descent”)
          • Sanskrit: जनु (janu, “soul”)
      • Sanskrit: जेन्य (jénya, “of noble origin; genuine”)
      • Sanskrit: जातु (jā́tu, jātú, “at all, ever, perhaps”)
      • Sanskrit: जात्य (jā́tya, “legitimate; of a good family”)
      • Sanskrit: जनता (janátā, “people, folk; generation”)
      • Sanskrit: जनन (jánana, “progenitor, production, birth, race”)
      • Sanskrit: जज्ञि (jájñi, “germinating, shooting; seed”)
      • Sanskrit: जन्मिन् (janmin, “creature”)
      • Sanskrit: जानुका (jā́nukā, “bringing forth; woman”)
      • Sanskrit: जाया (jāyā́, “bringing forth”)
      • Sanskrit: जावन् (jā́van, “born, produced”)
    • Iranian:
      • Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬥𐬙𐬎‎ (zantu, “tribe, race”)