Visa requirements for Canadian citizens

Visa requirements for Canadian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Canada. As of 1 October 2019, Canadian citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 184 countries and territories, ranking the Canadian passport 6th in terms of travel freedom (tied with the passports from Belgium, Greece, Ireland, Norway, Switzerland, the UK and the USA) according to the Henley & Partners Passport Index.[1][2]

Visa requirements map
Visa requirements for Canadian citizens
  Canada
  Visa not required
  Visa not required / eTA
  Electronic authorisation or online payment required / eVisa
  Visa available both on arrival or online
  Visa required prior to arrival

COVID-19 travel restrictions
Current Travel restriction for Canadian citizens[3]
  Canada
  Entry Ban
  Airport Closure/Flight Suspension
  No current travel restriction

Visa requirements
Country Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes (excluding departure fees) Reciprocity
 Afghanistan Visa required[4][5]
  • Due to safety concerns, Canadian government advises its citizens not to visit Afghanistan.[6]
 √
 Albania Visa not required[7] 90 days X
 Algeria Visa required[8][9] √
 Andorra Visa not required[10] √
 Angola eVisa[11][12] 30 days
  • Visitors who have been granted an online pre-visa or have requested such pre-visa from the consulates of Angola abroad, are then issued with a visa on arrival at the country's border check points.
  • For a maximum total stay of 90 days within a one year period.[13]
  • Besides having printed confirmation that a visa will be issued upon arrival, passengers must: have a return/onward ticket, and have a hotel reservation confirmation.[14]
 X
 Antigua and Barbuda Visa not required[15] 6 months X
 Argentina Visa not required[16] 90 days X
 Armenia eVisa / Visa on arrival[17][18] 180 days within 1 year X
 Australia and external territories Electronic Travel Authority[19] 90 days
  • 90 days on each visit in 12-month period
  • Can use the Smartgate system.
 √
 Austria Visa not required[20] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers.[21][22]
 √
 Azerbaijan eVisa[23][24] 30 days[25] X
 Bahamas Visa not required[26] 8 months √
 Bahrain eVisa / Visa on arrival[27] 14 days [28] X
 Bangladesh Visa on arrival[29] 30 days X
 Barbados Visa not required[30] 6 months √
 Belarus Visa not required[31] 30 days
  • 30 day visa free access available to travellers that arrive and depart via Minsk International Airport and are not arriving from or planning to depart to a Russian Federation airport.[32] Otherwise a visa is required. Visas can be issued on arrival at the Minsk International Airport if the support documents are submitted at least 3 business days before arrival.[33]
 X
 Belgium Visa not required[34] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers.[21][22]
 √
 Belize Visa not required[35] X
 Benin eVisa / Visa on arrival[36][37][38] 30 days / 8 days
  • Must have an international vaccination certificate.
 X
 Bhutan Visa required[39] √
 Bolivia Visa not required[40] 90 days X
 Bosnia and Herzegovina Visa not required[41] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 6-month period
 X
 Botswana Visa not required[42] 90 days X
 Brazil Visa not required[43][44] 90 days
  • Up to 90 days per visit, but no more than 180 days per year.
 X
 Brunei Visa not required[45] 14 days √
 Bulgaria Visa not required[46] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period. Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers.[21][22]
 √
 Burkina Faso Visa on arrival[47] 1 month X
 Burundi Visa required[48] √
 Cambodia eVisa / Visa on arrival[49][50] 30 days
  • Visa is also obtainable online.[51]
 X
 Cameroon Visa required[52][53] √
 Cape Verde Visa not required[54] 30 days
  • Must register online at least five days prior to arrival.[55]
 X
 Central African Republic Visa required[56][57] √
 Chad Visa required[58][59] √
 Chile Visa not required[60] 90 days √
 China Visa required[61]
  • 72-hour visit without a visa when in transit at Changsha, Chengdu, Chongqing, Guangzhou, Guilin, Harbin, Kunming, Qingdao, Wuhan, Xi'an and Xiamen.
  • 144-hours visit without a visa when in transit through Beijing Capital International Airport,[57] Dalian, Hangzhou, Shijiazhuang Zhengding International Airport in Hebei,[58] Nanjing, Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport and Shanghai Pudong International Airport, Shanghai Railway Station and the Port of Shanghai; Shenyang and Tianjin Binhai International Airport[59]
 √
 Colombia Visa not required[62] 90 days
  • Extendable up to 180-days stay within a one-year period
 X
 Comoros Visa on arrival[63] X
 Republic of the Congo Visa required[64][65] √
 Democratic Republic of the Congo Visa required[66][67] √
 Costa Rica Visa not required[68] 90 days X
 Côte d'Ivoire eVisa[69] 3 months
  • eVisa holders must arrive via Port Bouet Airport.
 X
 Croatia Visa not required[70] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period. Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers.[21][22]
 √
 Cuba Tourist Card required[71] 90 days
  • Tourist Card can be purchased from the airline transporting the passenger into Cuba and must be obtained before taking a flight that will land in Cuba.
  • Tourist Card is valid up to 90 days stay for Canadian citizens
 √
 Cyprus Visa not required[72] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period. Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers.[21][22]
 √
 Czech Republic Visa not required[73] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers.[21][22]
 √
 Denmark and territories Visa not required[74] 90 days √
 Djibouti eVisa[76] 31 days X
 Dominica Visa not required[77] 6 months X
 Dominican Republic Visa not required[78] 90 days X
 Ecuador Visa not required[79] 90 days X
 Egypt eVisa / Visa on arrival[80][81] 30 days X
 El Salvador Visa not required[82] 3 months X
 Equatorial Guinea Visa required[83][84] X
 Eritrea Visa required[85] X
 Estonia Visa not required[86] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers.[21][22]
 √
 Eswatini Visa not required[87] 30 days X
 Ethiopia eVisa / Visa on arrival[88] up to 90 days
  • Visa on arrival is obtainable only at Addis Ababa Bole International Airport.[89]
  • eVisa holders must arrive via Addis Ababa Bole International Airport.
    • eVisas are available for 30 or 90 days.[90]
 X
 Fiji Visa not required[91] 4 months X
 Finland Visa not required[92] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers.[21][22]
 √
 France and territories Visa not required[93] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area (in Regions of France)
  • A Canadian passport is not required for visa-free travel to the French overseas territory of Saint Pierre et Miquelon; instead, an identification document (e.g. driver's licence or Secure Certificate of Indian Status) can be used[94][95]
 √
 Gabon eVisa / Visa on arrival[96] 90 days
  • Electronic visa holders must arrive via Libreville International Airport.[97]
 X
 Gambia Visa not required[98] 90 days X
 Georgia Visa not required[99] 360 days[100] X
 Germany Visa not required[101] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers.[21][22]
 √
 Ghana Visa required[102][103] √
 Greece Visa not required[104] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers.[21][22]
 √
 Grenada Visa not required[105] 3 months
  • May enter on an ID card if not departing from the United States.
 X
 Guatemala Visa not required[106] 90 days X
 Guinea eVisa[107] up to 5 years X
 Guinea-Bissau eVisa / Visa on arrival[108] 90 days X
 Guyana Visa not required[109] 3 months X
 Haiti Visa not required[110] 3 months X
 Honduras Visa not required[111] 3 months X
 Hungary Visa not required[112] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period regardless of previous time spent in other Schengen countries.[113] Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers.[21][22]
 √
 Iceland Visa not required[114] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers.[21][22]
 √
 India e-Visa[115] 60 days
  • e-Visa holders must arrive via 26 designated airports[Note 1] or 3 designated seaports.[Note 2][116]
  • An Indian e-Tourist Visa can only be obtained twice in one calendar year.
 X
 Indonesia Visa not required[117] 30 days X
 Iran Visa required[118] √
 Iraq Visa required[119] 15 days
  • Visa on arrival for 15 days at Erbil and Sulaymaniyah airports.
 √
 Ireland Visa not required[120] 90 days √
 Israel Visa not required[121] 3 months
  • Entry refused to anyone who "knowingly issues a public call for boycotting Israel."[122]
 √
 Italy Visa not required[123] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers.[21][22]
 √
 Jamaica Visa not required[124] 90 days
  • 90 days (business), 6 months (tourist)
 X
 Japan Visa not required[125] 90 days √
 Jordan Visa on arrival[126] X
 Kazakhstan Visa not required[128][129] 30 days X
 Kenya eVisa / Visa on arrival[130] 3 months X
 Kiribati Visa not required[131] 30 days X
 North Korea Visa required[132][133]
  • Due to uncertain security issues, Canadian government advises its citizens not to visit North Korea.[134]
 √
 South Korea Visa not required[135] 6 months √
 Kuwait eVisa / Visa on arrival[136] 3 months X
 Kyrgyzstan Visa not required[137] 60 days X
 Laos eVisa / Visa on arrival[138][139] 30 days
  • Visa on arrival is available at international airports Luangphabang, Pakse, Savannakhet and Vientiane, and at 4 land borders Friendship Bridge,[Note 3] and at 13 border crossings[Note 4] as well as Tanalaeng train station in Vientiane, which connects to the train station in Nongkai, Thailand.[140] Visa on arrival facility will be gradually phased out at various border crossings starting January 2020.[141]
  • eVisa may be used to enter Laos through the following entry points — Wattay International Airport and the First Thai–Lao Friendship Bridge
  • Entry points Lalai, Lantui, Meuang mom, Pakxan, and Phoudou are open only to visa holders.
  • Visa on arrival is extendable up to 60 days.
 X
 Latvia Visa not required[142] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS electronic system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers.[21][22]
 √
 Lebanon Visa on arrival[143] 1 month
  • Extendable for 2 additional months; granted free of charge at Beirut International Airport or any other port of entry if there is no Israeli visa or seal, holding a telephone number, an address in Lebanon, and a non-refundable return or circle trip ticket.
 X
 Lesotho Visa not required[144] X
 Liberia Visa required[145][146] √
 Libya Visa required[147][148] √
 Liechtenstein Visa not required[149] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers.[21][22]
 √
 Lithuania Visa not required[150] 90 days √
 Luxembourg Visa not required[151] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers.[21][22]
 √
 Madagascar eVisa / Visa on arrival[152] 90 days X
 Malawi eVisa / Visa on arrival[153][154] X
 Malaysia Visa not required[155] 3 months X
 Maldives Free visa on arrival[156] 30 days
  • Extendable stay
 X
 Mali Visa required[157][158] √
 Malta Visa not required[159] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers.[21][22]
 √
 Marshall Islands Visa on arrival[160] 90 days X
 Mauritania Visa on arrival[161]
  • Available at Nouakchott–Oumtounsy International Airport.
 X
 Mauritius Visa not required[162] 90 days X
 Mexico Visa not required[163] 180 days √
 Micronesia Visa not required[164] 30 days X
 Moldova Visa not required[165] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period
 X
 Monaco Visa not required[166] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period (Monaco does not have a visa policy of its own and the Schengen Visa policy applies)
 √
 Mongolia Visa not required[167] 30 days X
 Montenegro Visa not required[168] 90 days X
 Morocco Visa not required[169] 3 months X
 Mozambique Visa on arrival[170] 30 days X
 Myanmar eVisa[172] 28 days
  • eVisa holders must arrive via Yangon, Nay Pyi Taw or Mandalay airports or via land border crossings with Thailand — Tachileik, Myawaddy and Kawthaung or India — Rih Khaw Dar and Tamu.
  • eVisa available for both tourism (allowed stay is 28 days) or business (allowed stay is 70 days) purposes.
 X
 Namibia Visa not required[173] 3 months X
 Nauru Visa required[174]
  • Criminal record and medical fitness certificates are not required for Canadian citizens.[175]
 √
   Nepal Visa on arrival[176] 90 days X
 Netherlands and territories Visa not required[177] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers.[21][22]
 √
 New Zealand Electronic Travel Authority[178] 90 days
  • May enter using eGate.[179]
  • International Visitor Conservation and Tourism Levy must be obtained alongside Electronic Travel Authority.[180]
 √
 Nicaragua Visa not required[181] 90 days X
 Niger Visa required[182] √
 Nigeria Visa required[183][184] √
 North Macedonia Visa not required[185] 90 days X
 Norway Visa not required[186] 3 months
  • 3 months within a 6 month period, regardless of previous time spent in other Schengen countries, but including time spent in other Nordic countries[187][188]
  • Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers.[21][22]
 √
 Oman eVisa[189] 30 days X
 Pakistan Online Visa[190]
  • Online Visa eligible.[191]
  • Electronic Travel Authorization to obtain a visa on arrival for business purposes.[192]
 X
 Palau Free visa on arrival[193] 30 days
  • Extendable stay by twice only with a fee
 X
 Panama Visa not required[194] 180 days X
 Papua New Guinea eVisa / Free visa on arrival[195] 60 days √
 Paraguay Visa on arrival[196] 90 days
  • Visa on arrival issued only at Silvio Pettirossi International Airport in Asunción for incoming travellers. Reciprocity fee of US$150 must be paid upon arrival.[197] Travellers arriving otherwise (e.g. at a land border) must have obtained their visa prior to arrival.
 X
 Peru Visa not required[198] 90 days X
 Philippines Visa not required[199] 30 days X
 Poland Visa not required[200] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers.[21][22]
 √
 Portugal Visa not required[201] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers.[21][22]
 √
 Qatar Visa not required[202] 30 days X
 Romania Visa not required[203] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period. Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers.[21][22]
 √
 Russia Visa required[204][205]
  • Cruise ship passengers cruising in and out of a Russian port within 72 hours, who spend each night on board, and who only leave the ship on tours organized by the cruise company, do not require a tourist visa.[206]
 √
 Rwanda eVisa / Visa on arrival[207] 30 days X
 Saint Kitts and Nevis Visa not required[208] 6 months X
 Saint Lucia Visa not required[209] 6 weeks X
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Visa not required[210] 6 month X
 Samoa Free Entry Permit on arrival[211] 60 days √
 San Marino Visa not required[212] √
 São Tomé and Príncipe Visa not required[213] 15 days X
 Saudi Arabia eVisa / Visa on arrival[214][215] 90 days X
 Senegal Visa not required[216] 90 days X
 Serbia Visa not required[217] 90 days X
 Seychelles Free Visitor's Permit on arrival[218] 3 months
  • Extendable up to a year with a fee
 X
 Sierra Leone Visa on arrival[219] X
 Singapore Visa not required[220] 30 days √
 Slovakia Visa not required[221] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers.[21][22]
 √
 Slovenia Visa not required[222] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers.[21][22]
 √
 Solomon Islands Free Visitor's permit on arrival[223] 3 months
  • 3 months with any year period
 √
 Somalia Visa on arrival[224]
  • Available at Berbera, Borama, Burao, Erigavo and Hargeisa airports.
  • 30 days, available at Bosaso Airport, Galcaio Airport and Mogadishu Airport.
 X
 South Africa Visa not required[225] 90 days X
 South Sudan Visa required[226] √
 Spain Visa not required[227] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers.[21][22]
 √
 Sri Lanka eVisa / Visa on arrival[228] 30 days X
 Sudan Visa required[229][230] √
 Suriname E-tourist card[231] 90 days
  • Multiple entry eVisa is also available.[232]
 X
 Sweden Visa not required[233] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers.[21][22]
 √
  Switzerland Visa not required[234] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers.[21][22]
 √
 Syria Visa required[235][236]
  • Due to safety concerns, Canadian government advises its citizens not to visit Syria.[237]
 √
 Tajikistan eVisa[238] 45 days
  • E-visa holders can enter through all border points.[239]
 X
 Tanzania eVisa / Visa on arrival[240][241] 3 months X
 Thailand Visa not required[242] 30 days
  • Maximum two visits annually if not arriving by air.
 X
 Timor-Leste Visa on arrival[243] 30 days X
 Togo Visa on arrival[244] 7 days X
 Tonga Free visa on arrival[245] 31 days X
 Trinidad and Tobago Visa not required[246] 90 days X
 Tunisia Visa not required[247] 4 months X
 Turkey eVisa[248] 3 months[249]
  • Cruise ship passengers cruising in and out of a Turkish port within a single day do not require a tourist visa.[250]
 X
 Turkmenistan Visa required[251] √
 Tuvalu Visa on arrival[252] 1 month X
 Uganda eVisa / Visa on arrival[253] X
 Ukraine Visa not required[255] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period
 X
 United Arab Emirates Free visa on arrival[256][257][258][259][260] 30 days (multiple)
  • Visa on arrival is obtained free of charge.[261]
 √
 United Kingdom
excluding some Overseas territories		 Visa not required[262] 6 months
  • Can use ePassport gates starting June 1, 2019 [263]
 √
 United States Visa not required[264] 6 months
  • Canadian Passport required and must be valid for the period of intended stay.[264]
  • Canadian Passport exemptions only for nationals of Canada with a NEXUS card embarking in Canada or USA.[264]
    For frequent travellers there is NEXUS card program designed to let pre-approved, low-risk travellers cross the Canada–United States border quickly.[265]
 √
 Uruguay Visa not required[266] 3 months X
 Uzbekistan Visa not required[267] 30 days X
 Vanuatu Visa not required[268] 30 days X
  Vatican City Visa not required[269] √
 Venezuela Visa required[270]
  • Due to the criminal and political issues, Canadian government advises its citizens not to visit Venezuela.[271]
 √
 Vietnam eVisa[272] 30 days X
 Yemen Visa required[273][274] √
 Zambia eVisa / Visa on arrival[275] 90 days
  • Also eligible for a universal visa allowing access to Zimbabwe.
 X
 Zimbabwe eVisa / Visa on arrival[276] 90 days
  • Also eligible for a universal visa allowing access to Zambia.
 X

Dependent, disputed, or restricted territories

Visa requirements for Canadian citizens for visits to various territories, disputed areas, partially recognized countries, and restricted zones:

Africa
Asia
  • Hainan — Visa on arrival for 15 days. Available at Haikou Meilan International Airport and Sanya Phoenix International Airport.
    Visa not required for 15 days for traveling as part of a tourist group (5 or more people)[285][286]
  •  Hong Kong — Visa not required for 3 months.[287]
  •  India — Protected Area Permit (PAP) required for all of Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Mizoram and parts of Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir and Uttarakhand. Restricted Area Permit (RAP) required for all of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep and parts of Sikkim. Some of these requirements are occasionally lifted for a year.[288][289][290][291]
  •  Macau — Visa not required for 30 days.[292]
  •  North Korea outside Pyongyang – People are not allowed to leave the capital city, tourists can only leave the capital with a governmental tourist guide (no independent moving)
  • Taiwan — Visa not required for 90 days.[293]
  • Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province — OIVR permit required (15+5 Tajikistani Somoni) and another special permit (free of charge) is required for Lake Sarez.[294][295][296]
  • Tibet Autonomous Region — Tibet Travel Permit required.
  • Korean Demilitarized Zone — restricted zone.
  • UNDOF Zone and Ghajar — restricted zones.
  •  Arab League — Certain countries will deny access to holders of Israeli visas or passport stamps of Israel because of the Arab League boycott of Israel.
  •  Saudi Arabia — Non-Muslims are not allowed in Mecca or Medina.
Caribbean and North Atlantic
Europe
  •  Abkhazia — Visa required.[309] Visa on arrival available if arriving from Russian border only by train or car and must possess a multi entry Russian visa to be eligible and must exit via Russian border only.
  • Mount Athos — Special permit required (4 days: 25 euro for Orthodox visitors, 35 euro for non-Orthodox visitors, 18 euro for students). There is a visitors' quota: maximum 100 Orthodox and 10 non-Orthodox per day and women are not allowed.[310][311]
  • Brest and Grodno — Visa not required for 10 days.[312]
  • Crimea — Visa issued by Russia is required.[313]
  •  Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus — Visa free access for 3 months. Passport required.[314][315]
  • UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus — Access Permit is required for travelling inside the zone, except Civil Use Areas.[316]
  •  Gibraltar — Visa not required.[317]
  • Jan Mayen — permit issued by the local police required for staying for less than 24 hours[318] and permit issued by the Norwegian police for staying for more than 24 hours.[319]
  •  Svalbard of  Norway — Right to live and work under the Svalbard Treaty.
  •  Kosovo — visa free for 90 days.[320]
  •  Artsakh — Visa required (issued for single entry for 21 days/1/2/3 months or multiple entry visa for 1/2/3 months).[321][322] Travellers with a visa (expired or valid) or evidence of travel to Republic of Artsakh (also known as Nagorno-Karabakh) will be permanently denied entry to Azerbaijan.[323]
  •  South Ossetia — Visa free. Multiple entry visa to Russia and three-day prior notification are required to enter South Ossetia.[324][325]
  •  Transnistria — Visa free. Registration required after 24h.[326][327]
Oceania
South America
  • Galápagos — Online pre-registration is required. Transit Control Card must also be obtained at the airport prior to departure.[345]
South Atlantic and Antarctica

Consular protection of Canadian citizens abroad
Countries that have a Canadian Embassy or High Commission are shown in blue. Canada is shown in green.

Canada has diplomatic and consular offices (including honorary consuls) in over 270 locations in approximately 180 foreign countries. In some countries Canadians may receive consular assistance from Australian missions under the Canada–Australia Consular Services Sharing Agreement.

Non-visa restrictions

Blank passport pages

Many countries require a minimum number of blank pages to be available in the passport being presented, typically one or two pages.[361] Endorsement pages, which often appear after the visa pages, are not counted as being available.

Vaccination
An International Certificate of Vaccination required to prove that someone has been vaccinated against yellow fever

Many African countries, including Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Uganda, and Zambia, require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination, as does the South American territory of French Guiana.[362]

Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area or has visited one recently.[363]

Passport validity length

In the absence of specific bilateral agreements, countries requiring passports to be valid for at least 6 more months on arrival include Afghanistan, Algeria, Anguilla, Bahrain,[364] Bhutan, Botswana, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Curaçao, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Fiji, Gabon, Guinea Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel,[365] Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, Laos, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Mongolia, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Oman, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Qatar, Rwanda, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Vanuatu, Venezuela, and Vietnam.[366]

Turkey requires passports to be valid for at least 150 days upon entry.

Countries requiring passports valid for at least 4 months on arrival include Micronesia and Zambia.

Countries requiring passports valid for at least 3 months on arrival include Albania, Honduras, North Macedonia, Panama, and Senegal.

Countries requiring passports with a validity of at least 3 months beyond the date of intended departure include Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Nauru, Moldova, and New Zealand. Similarly, the EEA countries of Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, all European Union countries (except the Republic of Ireland) together with Switzerland and the United Kingdom also require 3 months validity beyond the date of the bearer's intended departure unless the bearer is an EEA or Swiss national.

Bermuda requires passports to be valid for at least 45 days upon entry.

Countries that require a passport validity of at least one month beyond the date of intended departure include Eritrea, Hong Kong, Lebanon, Macau, and South Africa.

Other countries require either a passport valid on arrival or a passport valid throughout the period of the intended stay. Some countries have bilateral agreements with other countries to shorten the period of passport validity required for each other's citizens[367][368] or even accept passports that have already expired (but not been cancelled).[369]

Criminal record

Some countries, including Australia, Canada, Fiji, New Zealand and the United States,[370] routinely deny entry to non-citizens who have a criminal record.

Persona non grata

The government of a country can declare a diplomat persona non grata, banning their entry into that country. In non-diplomatic use, the authorities of a country may also declare a foreigner persona non grata permanently or temporarily, usually because of unlawful activity.

Israeli stamps
Israeli border control Entry Permit (issued as a stand-alone document rather than a stamp affixed in a passport)

Kuwait,[371] Lebanon,[372] Libya,[373] Sudan,[374] Syria,[375] and Yemen[376] do not allow entry to people with passport stamps from Israel or whose passports have either a used or an unused Israeli visa, or where there is evidence of previous travel to Israel such as entry or exit stamps from neighbouring border posts in transit countries such as Jordan and Egypt.

To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel, the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel. Since 15 January 2013, Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport. Passports are still (as of 22 June 2017) stamped at Erez when travelling into and out of Gaza. Also, passports are still stamped (as of 22 June 2017) at the Jordan Valley/Sheikh Hussein and Yitzhak Rabin/Arava land borders with Jordan.

The Saudi Commission for Tourism and National Heritage claims that having an Israeli stamp does not disqualify someone from visiting Saudi Arabia.[377]

Iran refuses admission to holders of passports containing an Israeli visa or stamp that is less than 12 months old.

Armenian ethnicity

Due to a state of war existing between Armenia and Azerbaijan, the government of Azerbaijan not only bars entry of Armenian citizens, but also all citizens and nationals of any other country who are of Armenian descent, into the Republic of Azerbaijan.[378][379]

Azerbaijan also strictly bans any visit by foreign citizens to the separatist region of Nagorno-Karabakh[380] (the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh), its surrounding territories, and the Azerbaijani exclaves of Karki, Yuxarı Əskipara, Barxudarlı, and Sofulu which are de jure part of Azerbaijan but under the control of Armenia, without the prior consent of the government of Azerbaijan. Foreign citizens who enter these territories will be permanently banned from entering the Republic of Azerbaijan[381] and will be included in their "list of personae non gratae".[382] As of 2 September 2019, the list mentioned 852 people.

Upon request, the authorities of the largely unrecognised Republic of Artsakh may attach their visa and/or stamps to a separate piece of paper in order to avoid detection of travel to their territory.

Biometrics
A fingerprint scanner at Dulles International Airport collects biometric data on visitors, which can be used for confirming identities.

Several countries mandate that all travellers, or all foreign travellers, be fingerprinted on arrival and will refuse admission to or even arrest travellers who refuse to comply. In some countries, such as the United States, this may apply even to transit passengers who merely wish to quickly change planes rather than go landside.[383]

Fingerprinting countries include Afghanistan,[384][385] Argentina,[386] Brunei, Cambodia,[387] China,[388] Ethiopia,[389] Ghana, Guinea,[390] India, Japan,[391][392] Kenya (fingerprints and photo),[393] Malaysia upon entry and departure,[394] Paraguay, Saudi Arabia,[395] Singapore, South Korea,[396] Taiwan, Thailand,[397] Uganda[398] and the United States.

Many countries also require a photo be taken of people entering the country. The United States, which does not fully implement exit control formalities at its land frontiers (although long mandated by its legislature),[399] [400] [401] intends to implement facial recognition for passengers departing from international airports to identify people who overstay their visa.[402]

Together with fingerprint and face recognition, iris scanning is one of three biometric identification technologies internationally standardised since 2006 by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) for use in e-passports[403] and the United Arab Emirates conducts iris scanning on visitors who need to apply for a visa.[404][405] The United States Department of Homeland Security has announced plans to greatly increase the biometric data it collects at US borders.[406] In 2018, Singapore began trials of iris scanning at three land and maritime immigration checkpoints.[407][408]

Visa requirements amendment log

Visa requirements for Canadian citizens were lifted by Austria in 1956,[409] Finland in 1958,[409] Japan (20 September 1964),[410] Micronesia (18 December 1980),[411] Taiwan (1 January 1994),[412] Ukraine (1 August 2005),[413] Kyrgyzstan (27 July 2012),[414] Mongolia (1 January 2014), Kazakhstan (1 January 2017), Argentina (1 January 2018),[415] Armenia (10 July 2018),[416][417][418][419] and Brazil (17 June 2019).[420]

Canadian citizens were made eligible for eVisas by India (1 May 2015),[421] Brazil (25 January 2018, visa free since 17 June 2019)[422] and Angola (30 March 2018).[423]

Foreign travel statistics

According to the statistics these are the numbers of Canadian visitors to various countries per annum in 2015 (unless otherwise noted):

  1. Data for 2016
  2. Data for 2017
  3. Data for 2014
  4. Counting only guests in tourist accommodation establishments.
  5. Data for 2013
  6. Data for 2011
  7. Data for arrivals by air only.
  8. Data for 2012
  9. Excluding an one-day visits
  10. Data for 2010
  11. Data for 2007
  12. Data for 2009
  13. Total number includes tourists, business travelers, students, exchange visitors, temporary workers and families, diplomats and other representatives and all other classes of nonimmigrant admissions (I-94).

See also

References and Notes
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Notes
    • Cochin
    • Goa
    • Mangalore
    • Vientiane
    • Savannakhet
    • Khammuan
    • Bokeo
    • Panghok - Taichang (Vietnam)
    • Samliemkham - (Thailand and Myanmar)
    • Nonghaed - Nam kanh (Vietnam)
    • Nam phao - Cau treo (Vietnam)
    • Na pao - Cha lo (Vietnam)
    • Daensavan - Lao bao (Vietnam)
    • Veunkham - Nong nok khian (Cambodia)
    • Vang tao - Chongmek (Thailand)
    • Boten - Bo han (China)
    • Nam ngeun - Huay konl (Thailand)
    • Namheuang - Nakaseng (Thailand)
    • Nam soy - Na meo (Vietnam)
    • Phoukeua - Kontoum (Vietnam)
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