Belgium national football team

The Belgium national football team[upper-alpha 3] officially represents Belgium in men's international football since their maiden match in 1904. The squad is under the global jurisdiction of FIFA and is governed in Europe by UEFA—both of which were co-founded by the Belgian team's supervising body, the Royal Belgian Football Association. Periods of regular Belgian representation at the highest international level, from 1920 to 1938, from 1982 to 2002 and again from 2014 onwards, have alternated with mostly unsuccessful qualification rounds. Most of Belgium's home matches are played at the King Baudouin Stadium in Brussels.

Belgium
Nickname(s)De Rode Duivels
Les Diables Rouges
Die Roten Teufel
(The Red Devils)
AssociationRoyal Belgian Football Association (KBVB/URBSFA/KBFV)[upper-alpha 1]
ConfederationUEFA (Europe)
Head coachRoberto Martínez
CaptainEden Hazard
Most capsJan Vertonghen (118)[upper-alpha 2]
Top scorerRomelu Lukaku (52)[upper-alpha 2]
Home stadiumVarious
FIFA codeBEL
First colours
Second colours
FIFA ranking
Current 1 (9 April 2020)[6]
Highest1 (November 2015 – March 2016, September 2018 – present[6])
Lowest71 (June 2007[6])
Elo ranking
Current 1 2 (2 April 2020)[7]
Highest1 (16 November 2019 – present)
Lowest70 (14 October 2009, 7 September 2010)
First international
 Belgium 3–3 France 
(Uccle, Belgium; 1 May 1904)
Biggest win
 Belgium 10–1 San Marino 
(Brussels, Belgium; 28 February 2001)
Biggest defeat
 England Amateurs 11–2 Belgium 
(London, England; 17 April 1909)
World Cup
Appearances13 (first in 1930)
Best resultThird place (2018)
European Championship
Appearances6 (first in 1972)
Best resultRunners-up (1980)

Belgium's national team have participated in three quadrennial major football competitions. It appeared in the end stages of thirteen FIFA World Cups and five UEFA European Championships, and featured at three Olympic football tournaments, including the 1920 Olympic tournament which they won. Other notable performances are victories over four reigning world champions—West Germany, Brazil, Argentina and France—between 1954 and 2002. Belgium has long-standing football rivalries with its Dutch and French counterparts, having played both teams nearly every year from 1905 to 1967. The squad has been known as the Red Devils since 1906; its fan club is named "1895".

During the national player career of forward Paul Van Himst, the most-praised Belgian footballer of the 20th century, Belgium took third place at UEFA Euro 1972. After that, they experienced two golden ages with many gifted players. In the first period, which lasted from the 1980s to the early 1990s, the team finished as runners-up at UEFA Euro 1980 and fourth in the 1986 World Cup. In the second, under guidance of Marc Wilmots and later Roberto Martínez in the 2010s, Belgium topped the FIFA World Rankings for the first time in November 2015 and finished third at the 2018 World Cup.

History

Belgium was one of the first mainland European countries to play association football.[8] Its practice in Belgium began on 26 October 1863, after an Irish student walked into the Josephites College of Melle with a leather ball.[9] Initially an elitist pastime,[10] during the following decades association football supplanted rugby as Belgium's most popular football sport.[11] On 1 September 1895, ten clubs for football, athletics, cricket and cycling founded the Belgian sports board Union Belge des Sociétés de Sports Athlétiques (UBSSA);[11][12] a year later UBSSA organised the first annual league in Belgian football.[11]

The first Belgium A-squad in 1901 featured four Englishmen.

On 11 October 1900, Beerschot AC honorary president Jorge Díaz announced that Antwerp would host a series of challenge matches between Europe's best football teams.[13] After some organisational problems, on 28 April 1901, Beerschot's pitch hosted its first tournament, in which a Belgian A-squad and a Dutch B-team contested the Coupe Vanden Abeele.[14][15] Belgium won,[16] and beat the Netherlands in all three follow-up matches;[17] FIFA does not recognise these results because Belgium fielded some English players.[17] On 1 May 1904, the Belgians played their first official match, against France at the Stade du Vivier d'Oie in Uccle; their draw left the Évence Coppée Trophy unclaimed.[18] Twenty days later, the football boards of both countries were among the seven FIFA founders.[19][20] At that time, the Belgian squad was chosen by a committee drawn from the country's six or seven major clubs.[21] In 1906, the national team players received the nickname Red Devils because of their red jerseys,[22] and four years later, Scottish ex-footballer William Maxwell replaced the UBSSA committee as their manager.[23] From 1912, UBSSA governed football only and was renamed UBSFA.[upper-alpha 4][1][11] During the Great War, the national team only played unrecognised friendlies, with matches in and against France.[24][25]

At the 1920 Summer Olympics, in their first official Olympic appearance, the Red Devils won the gold medal on home soil after a controversial final in which their Czechoslovak opponents left the pitch.[26] In the three 1920s Summer Olympics, they achieved fair results (four wins in seven matches), and played their first intercontinental match, against Argentina.[24] However, over the following decade, Belgium lost all of their matches at the first three FIFA World Cup final tournaments.[24] According to historian Richard Henshaw, "[t]he growth of [football] in Scandinavia, Central Europe, and South America left Belgium far behind".[27] Although World War II hindered international football events in the 1940s, the Belgian team remained active with unofficial matches against squads of other allied nations.[28]

In the 1920 Olympic football final at the Olympisch Stadion in Antwerp, Robert Coppée scored for Belgium with a penalty kick.

Belgium qualified for only one of eight major tournaments during the 1950s and the 1960s: the 1954 World Cup. The day before the tournament began, the RBFA was among the three UEFA founders.[29] Dutch journalists considered the draw of the 1954 Belgian team in their opener against England to be the most surprising result of that match day, even more than Switzerland's victory over the Italian "football stars".[30] However, Belgium were eliminated after a loss to Italy in the second (and last) group match.[31] Two bright spots in these decades were wins against World Cup holders: West Germany in 1954, and Brazil in 1963.[24] Between these, Belgium defeated Hungary's Golden Team in 1956.[24] The combination of failure in competitive matches, and success in exhibition matches, gave the Belgians the mock title of "world champion of the friendlies".[32][33]

The team's performance improved during the early 1970s, under manager Raymond Goethals. Fully dressed in white, as the White Devils,[34] Belgium had their first victories at World and European Championships at the 1970 World Cup and Euro 1972.[35][36] En route to that Euro appearance, their first, they eliminated reigning European champions Italy by winning the two-legged quarter-final on aggregate. At the end stage, they finished third by winning the consolation match against Hungary.[36] In 1973, the denial of a match-winning goal in their last 1974 FIFA World Cup qualification match for UEFA Group 3 cost Belgium their appearance at the finals,[37] causing Belgium to become the only nation ever to miss a World Cup final round despite not allowing a goal during the qualifiers.[38] The next two attempts to reach a major finals were also fruitless.[39][40]

Beginning with a second-place finish at Euro 1980,[41] the 1980s and the early 1990s are generally considered as Belgium's first golden age.[42] Coached by Guy Thys, they achieved their spot in the 1980 final with an unbeaten record in the group phase; in the final, they narrowly lost the title to West Germany with the score 1–2.[41] Starting with the 1982 World Cup, and ending with the 2002 World Cup, the national team qualified for six consecutive World Cup end stages and mostly progressed to the second round.[43] During this period, managers Guy Thys, Paul Van Himst and Robert Waseige each guided a Belgian selection past the first round.[44][45][46] In addition to receiving individual FIFA recognitions,[47][48] the team reached the semi-finals of the 1986 World Cup.[49] After reaching the Euro 1980 final, they were unsuccessful at subsequent European Championships, with early exits from their appearances in 1984 and in 2000.[50][51] During the late 1990s, they played three friendly tournaments in Morocco, Cyprus and Japan,[52][53] sharing the 1999 Kirin Cup with Peru in the latter.[54] The greatest talents of the Belgian team during this golden age were retired from international football by 2000.[55] During the World Cup in 2002, Belgium defeated Russia and tied with co-hosts Japan and Tunisia to reach the round of 16.[46]

Belgium (in red) playing Algeria at the Mineirão at the 2014 World Cup.

After the 2002 World Cup, the team weakened with the loss of more veterans and coach Waseige.[56][57] They missed out five successive major finals from UEFA Euro 2004 until UEFA Euro 2012, and went through an equal number of head coaches.[58] A 2005 win over reigning European champions Greece meant nothing but a small comfort.[24] In between, a promising new generation was maturing at the 2007 European U-21 Championship; Belgium's squad qualified for the following year's Summer Olympics in Beijing,[59] where the Young Red Devils squad finished fourth.[60] Seventeen of them appeared in the senior national team,[55] albeit without making an immediate impact. Belgium finished in second (and last) place at the Kirin Cup in May 2009,[61] and lost against the 125th FIFA-ranked Armenian team in September 2009.[6] After Georges Leekens' second stint as national manager,[62][63] his assistant Marc Wilmots became the caretaker in May 2012.[64]

After two matches as interim coach, Wilmots agreed to replace Leekens as manager.[65] Following his appointment, the team's results improved,[66] such that some foreign media regarded it as another Belgian golden generation.[67][68][69] The young Belgian squad qualified as unbeaten group winners for the 2014 World Cup finals,[70] and earned Belgium's second-ever place in a World Cup quarter-finals with a four-match winning streak.[71] Belgium qualified for UEFA Euro 2016 with a match to spare in October 2015,[72] and took the top spot in the FIFA World Rankings for the first time in November 2015,[73] to stay first for five months.[6][74] In the following year, Belgium could not confirm their role as outsider at the European Championship with a quarter-final elimination by the 26th FIFA-ranked Welsh team.[6][75] This prompted the RBFA to dismiss Wilmots.[76] In the 2018 World Cup qualifying allocation, they were seeded first in their group,[77][78] and made the final tournament under Spanish manager Roberto Martínez, becoming the first European team besides hosts Russia to do so.[79] The team reached an all-time high third place in the World Football Elo Ratings after their win in the round of 16.[7] Belgium was eliminated in the semi-finals by eventual champions France, but won the third place play-off against England.[80]

Kits
Traditional red jersey worn by the team which placed third at the 2018 World cup, and the stylised lion emblem (1948–80)

In home matches, the team's outfield players traditionally wear the colours of the Belgian flag: black, yellow and red.[81][82][83] Red dominates the strip and is often the sole jersey colour.[82][83] The away colours are usually white, black or both;[84] in 2014, the squad introduced a third, yellow kit.[85] Their shirts are often trimmed with tricolores at the margins.[83][86] Since 1981, the RBFA emblem has been the national team's badge;[83][87] the previous badge was a yellow lion on a black shield,[82][83] similar to the escutcheon of the national coat of arms.[88] On 8 November 2019, the Royal Belgian Football Association revealed a new logo, which preserved the main elements of the previous one: the royal crown, the wreath and the Belgian tricolor.[89]

For their first unofficial match in 1901, the Belgian team wore white jerseys with tricoloured bands on the upper arms.[14] Around their third unofficial match in 1902, the choice was made for a "shirt with national colours ... [that would indicate,] with a stripe, the number of times every player has participated in an encounter".[16] Since 1904, Belgium's classic all-red jersey design has been altered twice. In 1904–05, the squad briefly wore satin shirts with three horizontal bands in red, yellow and black; according to sports journalist Victor Boin, the shirts set "the ugliness record".[21] During the 1970s, manager Raymond Goethals chose an all-white combination to improve the team's visibility during evening matches.[34][90]

In 1905, a Dutch journalist wrote a post-match report that described three Belgian footballers to "work as devils".[91] A year later, inspired by Belgium's red-coloured jerseys and three successive victories, Léopold FC manager Pierre Walckiers nicknamed the Belgian players "Red Devils".[22][24] Because of the white home shirts Belgium wore in the 1970s, they were temporarily known as the White Devils.[34]

Six clothing manufacturers have supplied the official team strip. Since 2014, it has been produced by Adidas,[92] who was also the supplier from 1974 to 1980, and from 1982 to 1991.[93] Former kit manufacturers are Umbro (early 1970s),[90][93] Admiral (1981–1982),[upper-alpha 5][93] Diadora (1992–1999),[93] Nike (1999–2010) and Burrda (2010–2014).[upper-alpha 6][93][95]

Home stadium
The national stadium at the Heysel Plateau in 1935 (left) and in 2013

Numerous former and current venues in 11 urban areas have hosted Belgium's home matches.[24] Most of these matches have been played in Brussels at the Heysel Plateau, on the site of the present-day King Baudouin Stadium—a multipurpose facility with a seating capacity of 50,122.[96] Its field also hosts the team's final trainings before domestic matches. Since 2007, most physical preparation takes place at the National Football Centre in Tubize,[97] or at Anderlecht's training ground in the Neerpede quarter.[98][99] Apart from Belgian home friendlies, at the international level Belgium's national stadium has also hosted six European Championship matches.[100][101]

In 1930, for the country's centennial, the venue was inaugurated as the Jubilee Stadium with an unofficial match between Belgium and the Netherlands.[102] At that time, the stadium had a capacity of 75,000.[103] In 1946, it was renamed Heysel Stadium after its city quarter. This new name became associated with the tragedy preceding the 1985 European Cup Final between Juventus and Liverpool; 39 spectators died after riots in the then antiquated building.[104][105] Three years after the disaster, plans were unveiled for a renovation;[106] in 1995, after two years of work, the modernised stadium was named after the late King Baudouin.[107] In May 2013, the Brussels-Capital Region announced that the King Baudouin Stadium would be replaced by Eurostadium, elsewhere on the Heysel Plateau;[108] in 2018, however, the plans for the new stadium were cancelled definitively.[109]

Team image

Media coverage
Gust De Muynck's live coverage during Belgium–Netherlands in 1931

The first live coverage of a Belgian sporting event occurred on 3 May 1931, when journalist Gust De Muynck commentated on the football match between Belgium and the Netherlands on radio.[110] Later, football broadcasts were also televised. As 60 per cent of Belgians speak Dutch and 40 per cent French,[111] commentaries for the national team matches are provided in both languages. The matches are not broadcast in German—Belgium's third official language.[111] During Belgium's tournament appearances in the 1980s and the early 1990s, Rik De Saedeleer crowned himself the nation's most famous football commentator with his emotional and humorous reports.[112]

Initially the matches were transmitted mainly on public television channels: the former Vlaamse Radio- en Televisieomroeporganisatie in Dutch, and the RTBF in French. Since 1994, commercial channels such as vtm and its sister channel Kanaal 2, and VIER in Flanders, have purchased broadcasting rights.[1] The Euro 2016 round-of-16 match against Hungary was the most-watched programme in Belgian television history, with an audience of over four million viewers out of 11.3 million Belgian citizens.[111][113][114]

In April 2014, the VRT started transmitting a nine-piece, behind-the-scenes documentary about the national team filmed during the 2014 World Cup qualifiers, titled Iedereen Duivel (Everybody Devil).[115] Cable broadband provider Telenet broadcast an eight-part documentary about individual players titled Rode Helden (Red Heroes).[116]

2 weeks before 2018 FIFA World Cup, all international fixtures featuring Belgium are currently broadcast by VTM (in Dutch), RTBF and RTL Group (both in French) until 2022.

Side activities
Illustration of Belgium's game against France in April 1918. Some of these unofficial wartime matches served as charity fundraisers.

Multiple events were organised for the fans during the squad's peak popularity in the 2010s. During the 2014 World Cup qualifiers, a string of interactive events called the Devil Challenges were organised.[117] The premise was that small groups of international players would do a favour in return for each of the five comprehensive chores their supporters completed ("colour Belgium red", "gather 500,000 decibels", etc.), all of which were accomplished.[118] In June 2013, the Belgian national team's first ever Fan Day attracted over 20,000 supporters;[119] a second was held after the 2014 World Cup.[120] On the days of Belgium's 2014 World Cup group matches, large dance events titled Dance with the Devils took place in three Belgian cities.[121] This type of happening was repeated during Belgium's Euro 2016 group matches.[122]

Occasionally, the Belgian team directly supported charity. Between 1914 and 1941 they played at minimum five unofficial matches of which the returns were for charitable purposes: two against France,[25][123] and three against the Netherlands.[102][124] In mid-1986, when the Belgian delegation reached the Mexico World Cup semi-finals, the squad started a project titled Casa Hogar, an idea of delegation leader Michel D'Hooghe.[125] Casa Hogar is a home for street children in the Mexican industrial city of Toluca, to which the footballers donated part of their tournament bonuses.[126] In August 2013, the national team supported four social projects through the charity fund Football+ Foundation, by playing an A-match with a plus sign on the shoulders of their jerseys and auctioning the shirts.[127]

In the 21st century, several national team players acted up against discrimination. In 2002, the national squad held its first anti-racism campaign in which they posed with slogans.[128] A home Euro 2012 qualifier was given the theme of respect for diversity in 2010; this UEFA-supported action was part of the European FARE Action Week.[129] Ex-Red Devil Dimitri Mbuyu—the first black Belgium player (in 1987)[55][130]—was engaged as godfather, and other foreign, current, and former footballers who played in the Belgian top division participated.[131] In 2018, four national team players spoke up against homophobic violence, in a video clip made by organisation Kick It Out.[132]

Logo and mascot

Since 2012, the team logo is a red trident (or three-pronged pitchfork),[133] an item that is often associated with the devil.[134] Apart from that, the national squad has also had four official anthropomorphous mascots. The first was a lion in team kit named Diabolix,[135] a reference to the central symbol in the Belgian coat of arms that appeared on the team jerseys from 1905 to 1980.[83][136] In accordance with their epithet, the next mascots were a red super-devil and two fan-made modern devils; the most recent one, since 2018, was named "Red".[135][137]

Supporters
"Cycling is the traditional national sport of Belgium, but soccer is the most popular."

—Historian Richard Henshaw, 1979[11]

Fans of the Belgian national team display the country's tricolour national flag, usually with an emphasis on the red element. In 2012, local supporter clubs merged into one large Belgian federation named "1895" after the foundation year of the RBFA. One year later, 1895 had 24,000 members.[138] The nationwide interest in the football squad has also been reflected by the occasional presence of Belgian monarchs at their matches since 1914.[139][140][141] One of the greatest moments for the Belgian team and their 12th man was in mid-1986 when the Belgian delegation at the Mexico World Cup received a warm "welcome home". When the World Cup semi-finalists appeared on the balcony of Brussels Town Hall, the adjoining Grand Place square was filled with an ecstatic crowd that cheered as though their squad had won a major tournament.[142]

Crowd of Belgian fans in Kaliningrad Stadium at the 2018 World Cup

The team's deterioration after the 2002 World Cup lead to their absence from the end stages of the next five major tournaments, and strained their popularity. Between 2004 and 2010, local journalists called the Belgian footballing nation "mortally ill".[143][144] Of the fans that kept supporting their squad in bad times, Ludo Rollenberg was one of the most loyal. He attended the team's matches worldwide since 1990, missing only the 1999 Japanese Kirin Cup and two other matches by 2006,[145] and was the only supporter to attend their matches in Armenia in 2009.[146]

Just before the kick-off of a 2014 World Cup home qualifier, Belgium's footballers saw a first tifo banner, sized 10.5 by 11.5 metres (34 by 38 ft) depicting a devil in the national colours.[147] The presence of many Belgian players in top leagues abroad, such as the Premier League,[148] and promising results under Marc Wilmots, increased fans' enthusiasm and belief in a successful World Cup campaign.[119][149] Because of this popularity peak, two Belgian monuments were decorated in national colours for the 2014 FIFA World Cup event; the Manneken Pis statue received a child-sized version of the new Belgian uniform,[150] and facets of the Atomium's upper sphere were covered in black, yellow and red vinyl.[151]

Rivalries
Illustration of a Netherlands–Belgium cup match at Rotterdam's Schuttersveld pitch in 1905

Belgium's main football rivals are its neighbours the Netherlands and France, with which it shares close cultural and political relations.[152][153] The matchup between the Belgian and Dutch team is known as the Low Countries derby, as of May 2018 they have played each other in 126 official matches.[102][154] Belgium won the first four—unofficial—matches against the Netherlands,[16] but lost their first FIFA-recognised contest.[24] The two national teams played each other biannually between 1905 and 1964, except during the World Wars.[24] They have met 18 times in major tournament campaigns, and have played at least 35 friendly cup matches: in Belgium for the Coupe Vanden Abeele, and in the Netherlands for the Rotterdamsch Nieuwsblad-Beker.[15][91] The overall balance favours the Netherlands, with 55 wins against 41 Belgian victories.[154] The Low Countries' squads co-operated in fundraising initiatives between 1925 and 1941; they played five unofficial matches for charity, FIFA and the Belgian Olympic Committee.[102][124][155]

The clash between the Belgian and French sides is nicknamed le Match Sympathique in French ("the Friendly Match");[156] they have contested 73 official matches as of May 2018.[154] The first match between Belgium and France, the Évence Coppée Trophy played in 1904, was the first official match for both teams and the first official football match between independent countries on the European continent.[157] Until 1967, the sides met almost annually.[24] As of May 2018, France has played most often against Belgium in international football.[154]

Management
Roberto Martínez, Belgium's current head coach (since 2016)

Since 1904, the RBFA, 24 permanent managers and two caretaker managers have officially been in charge of the national team;[upper-alpha 7][23][58] this includes one national footballer selector.[23] As of June 2016, a crew of over 20 RBFA employees guides the player group,[160] including their Spanish manager Roberto Martínez, and goalkeeping coaches Erwin Lemmens and Iñaki Bergara.[161][162] Under Marc Wilmots, Belgium reached the top FIFA ranking spot in 2015, which earned him the title of Best Coach of the Year at the 2015 Globe Soccer Awards.[163] Under Guy Thys, the squad achieved record results at World and European championships; World Soccer magazine accordingly proclaimed him Manager of the Year in 1986.[164]

Rather than developing innovative team formations or styles of play, Belgium's managers applied conventional tactics. At the three 1930s World Cups, the Red Devils were aligned in a contemporary 2–3–5 "pyramid".[165][166][167] In 1954, Doug Livingstone's squad played in a 3–2–5 "WM" arrangement during World Cup matches.[31] Throughout most of their tournament matches in the 1970s, the 1980s and the 1990s, the team played in a 4–4–2 formation.[35][44][45] Since Raymond Goethals' stint in the 1970s, a key strength of the Belgian squad has been their systematic use of the offside trap,[168] a defensive tactic that was already intensively applied in the 1960s by Anderlecht coach Pierre Sinibaldi.[169] According to football journalist Wim De Bock, "master tactician" Goethals represented the "conservative, defensive football of the Belgian national team"; he added that in the 1970s, the contrast between the Belgian playing style and the Total Football of their Dutch rivals "could not be bigger".[170]

In an attempt to win a match at the 1998 World Cup, Georges Leekens chose a 4–3–3 arrangement for Belgium's second and third group matches.[171] Robert Waseige, Belgium coach around 2000, said that "above all, [his] 4–4–2 system [was] holy", in the sense that he left good attackers on the bench to keep his favourite formation.[172] Wilmots opted for the 4–3–3 line-up again,[173] with the intention of showing dominant football against any country.[174]

Players

Current squad

The following 29 players were called up for the UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying matches against Russia and Cyprus on 16 and 19 November 2019, respectively.[175]
Caps, goals and player numbers are correct as of 19 November 2019 after the match against Cyprus.

No. Pos. Player Date of birth (age) Caps Goals Club
1 1GK Thibaut Courtois (1992-05-11) 11 May 1992 79 0 Real Madrid
12 1GK Simon Mignolet (1988-03-06) 6 March 1988 23 0 Club Brugge
13 1GK Matz Sels (1992-02-26) 26 February 1992 0 0 Strasbourg
1GK Hendrik Van Crombrugge (1993-04-30) 30 April 1993 0 0 Anderlecht
2 2DF Toby Alderweireld (1989-03-02) 2 March 1989 98 5 Tottenham Hotspur
2DF Thomas Vermaelen (1985-11-14) 14 November 1985 78 2 Vissel Kobe
2DF Dedryck Boyata (1990-11-28) 28 November 1990 17 0 Hertha BSC
5 2DF Jason Denayer (1995-06-28) 28 June 1995 13 0 Lyon
21 2DF Timothy Castagne (1995-12-05) 5 December 1995 7 2 Atalanta
15 2DF Elias Cobbaut (1997-11-24) 24 November 1997 1 0 Anderlecht
3 2DF Brandon Mechele (1993-01-28) 28 January 1993 1 0 Club Brugge
6 3MF Axel Witsel (1989-01-12) 12 January 1989 105 9 Borussia Dortmund
7 3MF Kevin De Bruyne (Vice-captain) (1991-06-28) 28 June 1991 74 19 Manchester City
3MF Nacer Chadli (1989-08-02) 2 August 1989 59 8 Anderlecht
11 3MF Yannick Carrasco (1993-09-04) 4 September 1993 41 6 Atlético Madrid
8 3MF Youri Tielemans (1997-05-07) 7 May 1997 28 2 Leicester City
4 3MF Leander Dendoncker (1995-04-15) 15 April 1995 9 0 Wolverhampton Wanderers
19 3MF Dennis Praet (1994-05-14) 14 May 1994 6 0 Leicester City
18 3MF Hans Vanaken (1992-08-14) 14 August 1992 4 0 Club Brugge
22 3MF Yari Verschaeren (2001-07-12) 12 July 2001 3 1 Anderlecht
3MF Maxime Lestienne (1992-06-17) 17 June 1992 0 0 Standard Liège
10 4FW Eden Hazard (Captain) (1991-01-07) 7 January 1991 106 32 Real Madrid
14 4FW Dries Mertens (1987-05-06) 6 May 1987 90 18 Napoli
9 4FW Romelu Lukaku (1993-05-13) 13 May 1993 84 52 Internazionale
20 4FW Christian Benteke (1990-12-03) 3 December 1990 37 15 Crystal Palace
23 4FW Michy Batshuayi (1993-10-02) 2 October 1993 29 16 Chelsea
17 4FW Divock Origi (1995-04-18) 18 April 1995 28 3 Liverpool
16 4FW Thorgan Hazard (1993-03-29) 29 March 1993 26 4 Borussia Dortmund
4FW Leandro Trossard (1994-12-04) 4 December 1994 0 0 Brighton & Hove Albion

Recent call-ups

The following footballers were part of a national selection in the past twelve months,[176][177] but are not part of the current squad.[178][179][180]

Pos. Player Date of birth (age) Caps Goals Club Latest call-up
GK Jens Teunckens (1998-01-30) 30 January 1998 0 0 Antwerp v.  Kazakhstan, 13 October 2019
GK Koen Casteels INJ (1992-06-25) 25 June 1992 0 0 VfL Wolfsburg v.  San Marino, 6 September 2019
DF Jan Vertonghen INJ (1987-04-24) 24 April 1987 118 9 Tottenham Hotspur v.  Kazakhstan, 13 October 2019
DF Thomas Meunier INJ (1991-09-12) 12 September 1991 40 7 Paris Saint-Germain v.  Kazakhstan, 13 October 2019
DF Vincent Kompany INJ (1986-04-10) 10 April 1986 89 4 Anderlecht v.  Scotland, 11 June 2019
MF Adnan Januzaj (1995-02-05) 5 February 1995 12 1 Real Sociedad v.  Kazakhstan, 13 October 2019
FW Benito Raman (1994-11-07) 7 November 1994 1 0 Schalke 04 v.  Scotland, 9 September 2019

INJ = Withdrew from this squad due to injury
OTH = Other reason
PRE = Preliminary squad / standby
RET = Retired from international football
SUS = Serving suspension

Notable
Paul Van Himst

Between 1904 and 1980, mainly attacking Belgium players were recognised as talented footballers. In the team's first decade, striker Robert De Veen was very productive with 26 goals in 23 international appearances.[181] Richard Henshaw described Alphonse Six as "Belgium's greatest player in the prewar period ... [who] was often called the most skillful forward outside Great Britain".[27] The key player of the victorious 1920 Olympic squad was Robert Coppée, who scored a hat-trick against Spain's Ricardo Zamora,[182] and the penalty in the final.[183] Other outstanding Belgian strikers in the interwar period were former top scorer Bernard Voorhoof and "Belgium's football grandmaster" Raymond Braine,[55][184] considered "one of the greatest players of the era".[185]

Gifted players in the 1940s and the 1950s included centre-back Louis Carré and attackers Jef Mermans, Pol Anoul and Rik Coppens;[27] at the 1954 World Cup, Anoul shone with three goals,[31] and newspaper L'Équipe named Coppens the event's best centre forward.[186] The 1960s and the early 1970s were the glory days of forward and four-time Belgian Golden Shoe Paul Van Himst,[187] later elected Belgian UEFA Golden Player of 1954–2003 and Belgium's Player of the Century by IFFHS.[188][189] At the 1965 Ballon d'Or, Van Himst ranked fourth, achieving Belgium's highest ever position at the European football election.[190] Decades after Coppens and Van Himst had retired from playing football, a journalist on a Flemish television show asked them "Who [from both of you] was the best, actually?". Coppens replied: "I will ask Paul that ... If Paul says it was me, then he's right".[191] In 1966, striker Raoul Lambert and defending midfielder Wilfried Van Moer joined the national team;[55] while the UEFA praised Lambert for his skills at Euro 1972,[192] Van Moer won three Golden Shoes and equalled Van Himst's fourth rank at the 1980 Ballon d'Or.[187][193]

Belgium has seen two talented waves since 1980, from which several players in defensive positions gained international fame. In the 1980s and the early 1990s, goalkeepers Jean-Marie Pfaff and Michel Preud'homme were elected best custodians at FIFA World Cups,[47][48] while FIFA recognised midfielders Jan Ceulemans and Enzo Scifo as the propelling forces of Belgium's 1986 FIFA World Cup squad.[47][194] In 2002, after all players of this generation had retired,[55] Marc Wilmots became Belgium's top scorer at the World Cup with five goals.[46][171]

During the 12 years from 2002 to 2014 in which Belgium failed to qualify for major tournaments (and 16-year absence from Euro Cup), another golden generation matured, most of whom gaining both prime individual and team awards in foreign European top clubs and competitions[upper-alpha 8] including defender Vincent Kompany and midfielder Kevin De Bruyne, playing for the current English Premier League's champion Manchester City[195][196][197], and most notably, winger Eden Hazard, who is widely considered one of the greatest players in Chelsea F.C.'s history[198] and the world’s best footballers of his era[199] (placed the 8th twice at Ballon d’Or in 2015 and 2018), and ranked only after Romelu Lukaku on Belgium's all-time scoring leaderboard.[200][201] Honorable mentions of this golden generation are Thibaut Courtois, Jan Vertonghen, Dries Mertens, Toby Alderweireld and Lukaku.[202] These players helped Belgium finish at the third place of 2018 FIFA World Cup, the team's best result at the tournament and reach number one on FIFA ranking twice, since 2015.[203][204]

Competitive record
Overview
Event 1st place 2nd place 3rd place 4th place
World Cup 0 0 1 1
European Championship 0 1 1 0
Olympic Games 1 0 1 1
Nations League 0 0 0 0

FIFA World Cup

Belgium failed to progress past the first round of their earliest five World Cup participations. After two scoreless defeats at the inaugural World Cup in 1930,[165] the team scored in their first-round knockout matches in the 1934 and 1938 editions—but only enough to save their honour.[166][167] In 1954, they tied with England (4–4 after extra time),[31] and in 1970, they won their first World Cup match, against El Salvador (3–0).[35]

From 1982 until 2002, Belgium qualified for six successive World Cups, and in the tournament finals they advanced beyond the first round five times.[43] In the 1982 FIFA World Cup opener, Belgium beat defending champions Argentina 1–0. Their tournament ended in the second group stage, after a Polish hat-trick by Zbigniew Boniek and a 0–1 loss against the Soviet Union.[44]

United States–Belgium in 1930 was the joint first ever World Cup match.

At Mexico 1986, the Belgian team achieved their then best-ever World Cup run at the time. In the knockout phase as underdogs they beat the Soviets after extra time (3–4);[205] the unnoticed offside position of Jan Ceulemans, during the initial ninety minutes, allowed him to equalise (2–2) and force the match into extra time.[206] They also beat Spain, in a penalty shoot-out after a 1–1 draw, but lost to eventual champions Argentina in the semi-final 2–0, and France in the third-place match (4–2).[49]

In the 1990 FIFA World Cup, Belgium dominated periods of their second-round match against England;[207] Enzo Scifo and Jan Ceulemans hit the woodwork.[208] David Platt's volley in the final minute of extra time, described as "nearly blind" by Richard Witzig,[209] avoided an apparently goalless draw and led to the sudden elimination of the Belgians.[210]

In 1994, a 3–2 defeat to defending champions Germany saw Belgium go out in the second round again.[45] Afterwards, the entire Belgian delegation criticised referee Kurt Röthlisberger for not awarding a penalty for a foul on Belgian Josip Weber.[211] Three draws in the group stage of the 1998 World Cup were insufficient for Belgium to reach the knockout stage.[171] With two draws, the 2002 FIFA World Cup started poorly for Belgium, but they won the decisive group match against Russia 3–2. In the second round, they faced eventual World Cup winners Brazil; Belgium lost 2–0 after Marc Wilmots' headed opening goal was disallowed due to a "phantom foul" on Roque Júnior, as Witzig named it.[46][212]

In 2014, Belgium beat all their group opponents with a single-goal difference.[71] Thereafter, they played an entertaining round of 16 match against the United States,[213] in which American goalkeeper Tim Howard made 15 saves.[upper-alpha 9] However, they defeated the United States 2–1 in extra time.[71] In a balanced quarter-final, Argentina eliminated Belgium, after a 1–0 victory.[215]

At the 2018 World Cup, Belgium started with five consecutive victories (including group wins over Panama, Tunisia and England). In the fourth, in the round of 16 match against Japan, they suffered a major setback in the second half by being led 0–2, but goals from Jan Vertonghen and late substitutes Marouane Fellaini and Nacer Chadli led to an unlikely and historical comeback to 3–2. Belgium then defeated World Cup favourites Brazil 2–1 on the back of an early Fernandinho own goal and a goal by Kevin De Bruyne,[216][217] so Belgium reached the semifinals.[218] Belgium lost to France 0-1 in the Semi-Final thus losing the chance to play in the final of the FIFA 2018 World Cup. They rebounded to win 2–0 in their second victory over England in the tournament to secure third place and the best ever World Cup result for the Belgian national team, with notable contribution from captain Eden Hazard, who later received the Silver Ball as the second best player of the tournament.[219]

Belgium's FIFA World Cup record Qualification record
Host nation(s)
and year		 Round Pos Pld W D* L GF GA Squad Outcome Pld W D L GF GA
1930 Round 1 11th of 13 2 0 0 2 0 4 Squad Qualified as invitees
1934 15th of 16 1 0 0 1 2 5 Squad 2nd of 4 2 0 1 1 6 8
1938 13th of 15 1 0 0 1 1 3 Squad 2nd of 4 2 1 1 0 4 3
1950 Withdrew[220] Withdrew
1954 Group stage 12th of 16 2 0 1 1 5 8 Squad 1st of 3 4 3 1 0 11 6
1958 Did not qualify 2nd of 3 4 2 1 1 16 11
1962 3rd of 3 4 0 0 4 3 10
1966 1st of 4, playoff loss 5 3 0 2 12 5
1970 Group stage 10th of 16 3 1 0 2 4 5 Squad 1st of 4 6 4 1 1 14 8
1974 Did not qualify 2nd of 4 6 4 2 0 12 0
1978 2nd of 4 6 3 0 3 7 6
1982 Group stage 2 10th of 24 5 2 1 2 3 5 Squad 1st of 5 8 5 1 2 12 9
1986 Fourth place 4th of 24 7 2 2* 3 12 15 Squad 2nd of 4, playoff win 8 4 2 2 9 5
1990 Round of 16 11th of 24 4 2 0 2 6 4 Squad 1st of 5 8 4 4 0 15 5
1994 11th of 24 4 2 0 2 4 4 Squad 2nd of 6 10 7 1 2 16 5
1998 Group stage 19th of 32 3 0 3 0 3 3 Squad 2nd of 5, playoff win 10 7 1 2 23 13
2002 Round of 16 14th of 32 4 1 2 1 6 7 Squad 2nd of 5, playoff win 10 7 2 1 27 6
2006 Did not qualify 4th of 6 10 3 3 4 16 11
2010 4th of 6 10 3 1 6 13 20
2014 Quarter-finals 6th of 32 5 4 0 1 6 3 Squad 1st of 6 10 8 2 0 18 4
2018 Third place 3rd of 32 7 6 0 1 16 6 Squad 1st of 6 10 9 1 0 43 6
2022 To be determined
2026 To be determined
Total Best: third place 13/21 48 20 9 19 68 72 — Total 133 77 25 31 277 141
     Champions       Runners-up       Third place       Fourth place
* Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks.

UEFA European Championship
Line-ups of the Euro 1980 final: Belgium (red) against West Germany

With four successful qualification campaigns out of thirteen, Belgium's performance in the European Championship does not compare to their World Cup record. Belgium has hosted or co-hosted the event twice; they were chosen to accommodate the UEFA Euro 1972 from three candidates,[upper-alpha 10] and hosted UEFA Euro 2000 with the Netherlands.[51]

At Euro 1972, Belgium finished third after losing 1–2 against West Germany and beating Hungary 2–1.[36] The team's best continental result is their second place at Euro 1980 in Italy. By finishing as group winners, Belgium reached the final, to face West Germany. The West German Horst Hrubesch scored first, but René Vandereycken equalised courtesy of a penalty. Two minutes before the regular playing time ended, Hrubesch scored again denying Belgium a first European title.[41]

At Euro 1984, in their last and decisive group match against Denmark, the Belgian team took a 0–2 lead, but the Danes won the match 3–2.[50] Sixteen years later, Belgium automatically reappeared at UEFA's national team tournament as co-hosts. After winning the Euro 2000 opener against Sweden 2–1,[222] two 2–0 losses against eventual runners-up Italy and Turkey eliminated the Belgians from the tournament by the end of the group stage.[51]

In spite of winning with broad margins against the Republic of Ireland (3–0) and Hungary (0–4) at Euro 2016,[223][224] Belgium's second very talented generation disappointed with a quarter-final exit. As during the tournament's qualifiers, Wales got the better of Belgium, with a 3–1 win.[75]

Belgium's UEFA European Championship record Qualification record
Host nation(s)
and year		 Round Pos Pld W D L GF GA Squad Outcome Pld W D L GF GA
1960 Did not enter Did not enter
1964 Did not qualify Preliminary loss 2 0 0 2 2 4
1968 2nd of 4 6 3 1 2 14 9
1972 Third place 3rd of 4 2 1 0 1 3 3 Squad Quarter-finals win 8 5 2 1 13 4
1976 Did not qualify 1st of 4, playoff loss 8 3 2 3 7 10
1980 Runners-up 2nd of 8 4 1 2 1 4 4 Squad 1st of 5 8 4 4 0 12 5
1984 Group stage 6th of 8 3 1 0 2 4 8 Squad 1st of 4 6 4 1 1 12 8
1988 Did not qualify 3rd of 5 8 3 3 2 16 8
1992 3rd of 4 6 2 1 3 7 6
1996 3rd of 6 10 4 3 3 17 13
2000 Group stage 12th of 16 3 1 0 2 2 5 Squad Qualified as hosts
2004 Did not qualify 3rd of 5 8 5 1 2 11 9
2008 5th of 8 14 5 3 6 14 16
2012 3rd of 6 10 4 3 3 21 15
2016 Quarter-finals 7th of 24 5 3 0 2 9 5 Squad 1st of 6 10 7 2 1 24 5
2020 Qualified 1st of 6 10 10 0 0 40 3
2024 To be determined
Total Best: runners-up 5/15 17 7 2 8 22 25 — Total 114 59 26 29 210 115
     Champions       Runners-up       Third place/semi-finalists  

Summer Olympic Games
Hectic phase during the goal-rich Olympic win against Luxembourg in 1928 (5–3)

Football tournaments for senior men's national teams took place in six Summer Olympics between 1908 and 1936. The Belgian squad participated in all three Olympic football tournaments in the 1920s and kept the gold medal at home at the 1920 edition.[24][225] Apart from the proper national team, two other Belgian delegations appeared at the Olympics. At the 1900 Summer Olympics, a Belgian representation with mainly students won bronze,[226] and at the 2008 edition, Belgium's U-23 selection placed fourth.[60]

Belgium's 1920 Olympic squad was given a bye into the quarter-finals, where they won 3–1 against Spain, and reached the semi-finals, where they beat the Netherlands 3–0. In the first half of their final against Czechoslovakia, the Belgians led 2–0.[225] Forward Robert Coppée converted a disputed early penalty, and the action in which attacker Henri Larnoe doubled the score was also a matter of debate.[26][182] After the dismissal of the Czechoslovak left-back Karel Steiner, the discontented visitors left the pitch in the 40th minute. Afterwards, the away team reported their reasons for protest to the Olympic organisation;[26] these complaints were dismissed and the Czechoslovaks were disqualified.[27] The 2–0 score was allowed to stand and Belgium were crowned the champions.[27]

Belgium's Summer Olympic Games record
Host nation,
city and year		 Round Pld W D L GF GA Squad
Athens 1896 No association football competition took place
Paris 1900 Third place100126Squad
St. Louis 1904 Did not enter
London 1908
Stockholm 1912
Antwerp 1920 Winners330081Squad
Paris 1924 Round 2100118Squad
Amsterdam 1928 Quarter-finals3102912Squad
Los Angeles 1932 No association football competition took place
Berlin 1936 Did not enter
London 1948
Helsinki 1952
Melbourne 1956
Rome 1960
Tokyo 1964
Mexico City 1968
Munich 1972
Montreal 1976
Moscow 1980 Did not qualify
Los Angeles 1984
Seoul 1988 Did not enter
Barcelona 1992 Did not qualify
Atlanta 1996
Sydney 2000
Athens 2004
Beijing 2008 Fourth place6303710Squad
London 2012 Did not qualify
Rio de Janeiro 2016
Tokyo 2020
Total 1 title 13 7 0 6 26 34 —
     Gold       Silver       Bronze
Editions in italics indicate that no actual national football teams competed.

Football at the Summer Olympics has been an under-23 tournament since 1992 (with three players of over 23 years of age allowed in the squad).

UEFA Nations League
UEFA Nations League record
Year Division Round Pos Pld W D* L GF GA
2018–19 A Group stage5th430196
2020–21 A To be determined
Total Group stage
League A		 1/3 4 3 0 1 9 6

Records and fixtures

As of 14 July 2018, the complete official match record of the Belgian national team comprises 768 matches: 324 wins, 164 draws and 280 losses.[upper-alpha 2][24] During these matches, the team scored 1,337 times and conceded 1,246 goals. Belgium's highest winning margin is nine goals, which has been achieved on three occasions: against Zambia in 1994 (9–0), against San Marino in 2001 (10–1) and against Gibraltar in 2017 (9–0).[24] Their longest winning streak is seven wins in two periods, and their unbeaten record is 23 consecutive official matches.[upper-alpha 11][24]

The entire match record can be examined on the following articles:

  • Results in chronological order lists all individual matches.
  • Record per opponent shows the head-to-head record against other footballing nations.
  • Statistics per manager compiles an overview per managerial period.

Upcoming fixtures are listed on the 2020s results page.

Records

Most capped players
Romelu Lukaku (left) is Belgium's all-time record goalscorer, and Jan Vertonghen is their most capped player.[upper-alpha 2]

The top 10 most capped players - players with an equal number of caps are ranked in chronological order of reaching the milestone.

# Name Belgium career Caps Goals Position
1 Jan Vertonghen 2007– 118[upper-alpha 12] 9 DF
2 Eden Hazard 2008– 106[upper-alpha 13] 32 MF/FW
3 Axel Witsel 2008– 105[upper-alpha 14] 9 MF
4 Toby Alderweireld 2009– 98[upper-alpha 14] 5 DF
5 Jan Ceulemans 1977–1991 96 23 MF/FW
6 Timmy Simons 2001–2016 94 6 DF/MF
7 Dries Mertens 2011– 90[upper-alpha 13] 18 FW
8 Vincent Kompany 2004– 89[upper-alpha 12] 4 DF
9 Marouane Fellaini 2007–2018 87[upper-alpha 12] 18[upper-alpha 15] MF
10 Eric Gerets 1975–1991 86 2 DF
Franky Van der Elst 1984–1998 86 1 MF

As of 19 November 2019. The records are collected based on data from FIFA and RSSSF.
Highlighted names denote a player still playing or available for selection.

As of 7 September 2018, the RBFA lists 684 players who appeared on the men's senior national team.[upper-alpha 16][55] With 113 caps according to the RBFA, Jan Vertonghen has the most appearances for Belgium.[upper-alpha 2][181] Jan Ceulemans started the most matches as captain (48).[227] Hector Goetinck had the longest career as an international footballer: 17 years, 6 months and 10 days.[55]

Top goalscorers
# Name Belgium career Goals Caps Position Goals per game
1 Romelu Lukaku 2010– 52[upper-alpha 17] 84[upper-alpha 12] FW 0.62
2 Eden Hazard 2008– 32 106[upper-alpha 13] MF/FW 0.3
3 Bernard Voorhoof 1928–1940 30 61 FW 0.49
Paul Van Himst 1960–1974 30 81 FW 0.37
5 Marc Wilmots 1990–2002 29 70 MF 0.41
6 Joseph Mermans 1945–1956 27 56 FW 0.48
7 Ray Braine 1925–1939 26 54 FW 0.48
Robert De Veen 1906–1913 26 23 FW 1.13
9 Wesley Sonck 2001–2010 24 55 FW 0.44
10 Jan Ceulemans 1977–1991 23 96 MF/FW 0.24
Marc Degryse 1984–1996 23 63 FW 0.37

As of 19 November 2019. The records are collected based on data from FIFA and RSSSF.
Highlighted names denote a player still playing or available for selection.

Romelu Lukaku is the highest-scoring Belgium player with 52 goals.[upper-alpha 2][181] Those who scored the most goals in one match are Robert De Veen, Bert De Cleyn and Josip Weber (5);[55] De Veen also holds the record for the most hat-tricks with three.[55] Belgium's fastest goal after the initial kick-off was scored by Christian Benteke, 8.1 seconds into the match against Gibraltar on 10 October 2016.[227][228]

See also
  • Belgium national football team results – unofficial matches
  • Belgian Congo national football team (1948–60)
  • Belgium national football B team
  • Belgium national youth football team (U-15 – U-21 squads)
  • Belgian First Division A
  • Sport in Belgium

Footnotes
  1. The acronyms KBVB, URBSFA and KBFV come from the organisation's respective Dutch, French and German names: Koninklijke Belgische Voetbalbond, Union Royale Belge des Sociétés de Football-Association and Königliche Belgische Fußballverband.
    The title of "Royal Union" was awarded on its 25th anniversary in 1920.[1]
  2. Caps and goals against Romania on 14 November 2012, against Luxembourg on 26 May 2014 and against Czech Republic on 5 June 2017 were counted by RBFA but are not officially recognised by FIFA – the former two due to an excessive number of substitutions according to the Laws of the Game,[2][3][4] the latter because the Belgian and Czech football federations were too late in requesting an official match.[5]
  3. Dutch: Belgisch nationaal voetbalelftal
    French: Équipe nationale Belge de football
    German: Belgische Fußballnationalmannschaft
  4. UBSFA was the acronym for the organisation's French name: Union Belge des Sociétés de Football-Association.
    In 1920 it received the title of "Royal Union" for its 25th year of existence, and hence became the Royal Belgian Football Association.[12]
  5. Even in their last match of 1980, against Cyprus on 21 December, Belgium played in an Adidas outfit.[94] This suggests that Admiral's sponsorship started in 1981, contrary to what the 2014 article stated.
  6. The timeline in the 2014 overview article stated the switch from Diadora to Nike happened in 1998. However, the 1999 article focused on this kit sponsor change which took place in mid-1999.
  7. The interim managers were Louis Nicolay and Franky Vercauteren.[158][159]
  8. Prime individual awards include being elected the season's or year's best player of a competition; prime team awards equal winning a competition. National top divisions, main national cup competitions, UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League are considered.
  9. FIFA's initial match statistics showed 16 saves, and many news sources continue to use this number. The official FIFA statistics were updated on 5 July 2014 to show 15 saves.[214]
  10. The other bids were from England and Italy,[221] whose teams did not reach the semi-finals.[36]
  11. This streak started in September 2016 and does not include the friendly win against Czech Republic on 5 June 2017; this match is not FIFA-recognised since the Belgian and Czech football federations were too late in asking that it would be official.[5]
  12. This includes 3 caps in the FIFA unrecognised friendlies
  13. This includes 1 cap in the FIFA unrecognised friendly
  14. This includes 2 caps in the FIFA unrecognised friendlies
  15. This includes 1 goal in a FIFA unrecognised friendly
  16. Note that the RBFA does not count caps earned in the Belgian seven Summer Olympics matches, and that it does include Belgium's friendlies on 14 November 2012, 26 May 2014 and 5 June 2017 that are not FIFA-recognised – the former two due to an excessive number of substitutions according to the Laws of the Game,[4] the latter because of a lacking official request.[5]
  17. This includes 3 goals in a FIFA unrecognised friendly

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Bibliography

Further reading
  • Aerts, Bart; Buyse, Frank; Colin, François; Cornez, Pierre; Decoster, Gilles; Deferme, Dirk; et al. (2013). De Rode Duivels. Het officiële boek [The Red Devils. The official book] (in Dutch). Veurne: Uitgeverij Kannibaal. ISBN 978-94-91376-66-5.
  • Colin, François (2014). De Rode Duivels 1900–2014 [The Red Devils 1900–2014] (in Dutch). Veurne: Uitgeverij Kannibaal. ISBN 978-94-91376-77-1.
  • Hubert, Christian (1994). De Montevideo à Orlando [From Montevideo to Orlando] (in French). Brussels: Labor. ISBN 978-2-8040-1009-6.
  • Hubert, Christian (2006). Le siècle des Diables Rouges [The century of the Red Devils] (in French). Brussels: Luc Pire. ISBN 978-2-87415-684-7.
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