Women in post-classical warfare

A variety of roles were played by women in post-classical warfare. James Illston says "the field of medieval gender studies is a growing one, and nowhere is this expansion more evident than the recent increase in studies which address the roles of medieval women in times of war....this change in research has been invaluable". He provides a 20-page bibliography of dozens of recent scholarly books and articles, most of them connected to the crusades.[1] See also Women in the Crusades.

Part of a series on
Women in society

Timeline
Lady Xian
Dihya
Lathgertha
Gülnar Hatun
Æthelflæd
Adelaide-Blanche of Anjou
Empress Xiao Yanyan
Matilda of Tuscany
Florine of Burgundy
Tomoe Gozen
Hōjō Masako
Hangaku Gozen
Hulagu Khan with Doquz Khatun
Rudrama Devi
Joanna of Flanders
Jadwiga of Poland
Philippa of England commands the defenders of Copenhagen (1428)
Joan of Arc
Jeanne Hachette
Caterina Sforza

5th century
  • 4th–6th century: Possible time period that the legendary woman warrior Hua Mulan may have lived.[2]
  • 450 – A Moche woman was buried with two ceremonial war clubs and twenty-eight spear throwers. The South American grave is discovered in 2006, and is the first known grave of a Moche woman to contain weapons.[3]
  • 451: Saint Genevieve is credited with averting Attila from Paris by rallying the people in prayer.[4]

6th century

7th century

8th century

9th century

10th century
  • 10th-century: According to legend, Saint Theodora of Vasta, in Arcadia of Peloponnesus, joined the army of Byzantine Empire in her father's stead dressed as a man, to spare her father from conscription, and had no brother who could take his place: when refusing to marry a woman who claimed to have been made pregnant by her, she is executed, resulting in the discovery of the biological gender of her corpse, and her status as a saint for the sacrifice she made for her father.[38]
  • 912–922: Reign of Æthelflæd, queen of Mercia. She commanded armies, fortified towns, and defeated the Danes. She also defeated the Welsh and forced them to pay tribute to her.[39]
  • 914: Queen Sugandha and her forces marched against the Tantrins. She was defeated and deposed.[40]
  • 960: Ethiopian queen Gudit laid waste to Axum and its countryside, destroyed churches and monuments, and attempted to exterminate the members of the ruling dynasty of the Kingdom of Aksum.[41][42]
  • 971: Sviatoslav I of Kiev attacked the Byzantine Empire in Bulgaria in 971. When the Varangians were defeated in the siege of Dorostolon, the victors were stunned to discover shieldmaidens among the fallen warriors.[43]
  • 975: Adelaide-Blanche of Anjou, acting for her sons Guy and Bertrand, led an army to aid Guy (a.k.a. Guido II), Count-Bishop of le Puy, in establishing the "Peace of God" in le Puy.[44]
  • 986: The Khitan Dowager Regent Empress Xiao Yanyan of the Khitan Liao state, regnal title Chengtian, assumes power at age 30 in 982. In 986, personally led her own army against the Song dynasty and defeated them in battle.[45][46][47][48][49]

11th century
  • Early 11th century: Freydís Eiríksdóttir, a Viking woman, sails to Vinland with Þorfinnr "Karlsefni" Þórðarson. When she faced hostile natives while pregnant, she exposed her breasts and beat her chest with a sword. This caused the natives to run away.[50]
  • 1016: Adela of Hamaland defend the fortress Uplade in the Netherlands in the absence of her spouse, and fills out the ranks of her defense force with women dressed as soldiers.[51]
  • 1047: Akkadevi, an Indian princess, besieges the fort of Gokage.[52]
  • 1050: Norwegian noblewoman Bergljot Håkonsdatter raise an army to kill the king for murdering her spouse and son: she takes the king's estate, but by then the king had manage to escape her.[53]
  • 1055: Defeat and execution of A Nong, Zhuang ruler, warrior, and shamaness. Alongside her son, father, and husband, she led the Zhuang and Nùng minorities of the Sino-Vietnamese frontier against Vietnamese and Chinese foes.[54]
  • 1058–1086: Sikelgaita of Salerno, second wife of Robert Guiscard, Duke of Apulia, accompanies her husband on military campaigns, and regularly puts on full armor and rides into battle at his side.[55]
  • 1071: Richilde, Countess of Hainaut is captured fighting in the Battle of Cassel.[56]
  • 1072: Urraca of Zamora, Infanta of the Kingdom of Castile, defends the city of Zamora against her brother, Sancho.[57]
  • 1087: Matilda of Tuscany personally leads a military expedition to Rome in an attempt to install Pope Victor, but the strength of the imperial counterattack soon convinced the pope to retire from the city.[58]
  • 1090: Norman woman Isabel of Conches rides on horseback, armed .[59]
  • 1097: Florine of Burgundy participates in the first crusade with her spouse, and fell participating in actual combat by his side while their army was attacked and destroyed in Anatolia.[60]

12th century

13th century
  • 1201: Japanese woman Hangaku Gozen defends a fort as an archer until she is wounded by an arrow.[76]
  • 1226: Yesui, one of the wives of Genghis Khan accompanies her husband as he set out on a punitive expedition to the Tangut kingdom.[77]
  • 1220s: Yang Miaozhen acts as war leader in China.[78][79]
  • 1236–1239: Reign of Razia Sultana.[80] She led her troops in battle.[81]
  • 1258: Doquz Khatun accompanies her husband Hulagu on campaigns. At the Sack of Baghdad in 1258, the Mongols massacred tens of thousands of inhabitants, but by the order of Doquz, the Christians were spared.[82]
  • 1261–1289: Reign of Indian queen Rudrama Devi. She leads her troops in battle, and may have been killed in battle in 1289.[83]
  • 1264: Eleanor of Provence raises troops in France for her husband during the Baron's War.[84]
  • 1270: Eleanor of Castile accompanies her husband on his crusade. According to legend, she saved his life by sucking poison from his wound when he was injured.[85]
  • 1271: Isabella of Aragon, Queen of France dies at Cosenza on the way back from the Crusades.[86]
  • 1285: Mercadera, dressed as a man, wounds and captures a French knight during the French siege of the Aragonese city of Peralada.[87]
  • 1290: Royal Armouries Ms. I.33 is written. It depicts fighters. An illustration of a woman named Walpurgis training in sword and buckler techniques is in the manuscript among others.[88]
  • 1296: Bertha van Heukelom defends Castle IJsselstein against Hubrecht van Vianen of Culemborg[89]
  • 1297: Joan I of Navarre, Countess of Champagne, leads an army against the Count of Bar when he invaded her domain Champagne.[90]
  • Late 13th century: Khutulun, a relative of Kublai Khan, is described as a superb warrior and accompanies her father Khaidu on military campaigns.[91]

14th century
  • 14th century: Urduja, a Filipino princess, takes part in several battles. Many historians believe that she was mythical, however.[92]
  • 14th century: Women of the Mississippian Culture in the Central Illinois River Valley Region participated in warfare, defending their camp, if needed, while men were out hunting.[93]
  • 1326: Isabella of France invades England with Roger de Mortimer, and overthrows Edward II of England, replacing him with her son Edward III of England, with her and de Mortimer acting as regents.[94]
  • 1335: During the Second War of Scottish Independence Christina Bruce commanded the garrison of Kildrummy Castle and successfully held the castle against pro-Baliol forces led by David III Strathbogie.[95]
  • 1335: The Scots defeat a company led by the Count of Namur. Amongst the Count's casualties was a female lancer who had killed her opponent, Richard Shaw, at the same moment that he had killed her. Her gender was only discovered when the bodies were being stripped of their armor at the end of the engagement. "The chronicler Bower seems to have been at least as impressed by the rarity of two mounted soldiers simultaneously transfixing one another with their lances as with the fact that one of them was a woman."[96]
  • 1338: Agnes Randolph successfully defends her castle against a siege by England's earl of Salisbury.[97]
  • 1342–1343: Joanna of Flanders conquers the city of Redon and defends the city of Hennebont during the Breton war.[98]
  • 1341-1347: Empress Irene Asanina commands the garrisson of Didymoteicho and defend the city during the Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347.[99]
  • 1348: Empress Irene Asanina organize the defense of Constantinople against the Geneuse.[100]
  • 1351–1363: Han E serves as a soldier in the Chinese army as a man under the name Han Guanbao, and is promoted to lieutenant.[101]
  • 1351–1357: Cia Ordelaffi née Marzia degli Ubaldini an Italian noblewoman from Forlì came in help of Lodovico Ordelaffi during the battle of Dovadola (part of the Guelphs and Ghibellines war). In 1357 she took part in the defense of Cesena during the Forlivesi crusade induced by Pope Innocent VI.[102]
  • 1353: Empress Irene Asanina organize the defense of Constantinople against the army of John V.[103]
  • 1354: Ibn Battuta reports seeing female warriors in Southeast Asia.[104]
  • 1358: Richardis of Schwerin defends Sönderborg Castle on Als against Valdemar IV of Denmark.[105]
  • 1364–1405: Timur uses female archers to defend baggage trains.[104]
  • 1387: Queen Jadwiga of Poland leads two military campaigns.[106]
  • 1389: Frisian regent Foelke Kampana leads armies to assist her spouse Ocko Kenisna tom Brok, chief of Auricherland: after finding him dead on the battlefield, she returns to Aurich, and upon finding it taken by an enemy during her absence, she retakes it by military force.[107]

15th century

See also
  • Timeline of women in ancient warfare
  • Timeline of women in early modern warfare

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  130. Brogi, Cecilia (1996). Caterina Sforza (in Italian). Arezzo: Alberti & C. Editori.

Further reading

Surveys
  • De Pauw, Linda Grant. Battle Cries and Lullabies: Women in War from Prehistory to the Present (University of Oklahoma Press, 1998), popular history by a leading scholar
  • Fraser, Antonia. The Warrior Queens (Vintage Books, 1990)

Medieval
  • Bauer, Susan Wise (2010). The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade (illustrated ed.). W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393078176.
  • Blythe, James M. "Women in the Military: Scholastic Arguments and Medieval Images of Female Warriors," History of Political Thought (2001), v.22 pp. 242–69.
  • Edgington, Susan B. and Sarah Lambert, eds. Gendering the Crusades (2002), 13 scholarly articles
  • Hacker, Barton C. "Women and Military Institutions in Early Modern Europe: A Reconnaissance," Signs (1981), v6 pp. 643–71.
  • Hay, David. "Canon Laws Regarding Female Military Commanders up to the Time of Gratian: Some Texts and their Historical Contexts", in A Great Effusion of Blood'? Interpreting Medieval Violence, eds. Mark D. Meyerson, et al. (University of Toronto Press, 2004), pp. 287–313.
  • Hay, David. The Military Leadership of Matilda of Canossa, 1046-1115 (Manchester University Press, 2008).
  • Hingley, Richard, and Unwin, Christina. Boudica: Iron Age Warrior Queen (2006).
  • Illston, James Michael. 'An Entirely Masculine Activity'? Women and War in the High and Late Middle Ages Reconsidered (MA thesis, University of Canterbury, 2009) full text online, with detailed review of the literature
  • Lourie, E. "Black women warriors in the Muslim army besieging Valencia and the Cid's victory: A problem of interpretation," Traditio, 55 (2000), 181–209
  • McLaughlin, Megan. "The Woman Warrior: Gender, Warfare and Society in Medieval Europe," Women's Studies 17 (1990), pp. 193–209.
  • Maier, C.T. "The roles of women in the crusade movement: a survey" Journal of medieval history (2004). 30#1 pp 61–82
  • Nicholson, Helen. "Women on the Third Crusade," Journal of Medieval History 23 (1997), pp. 335–49.
  • Solterer, Helen. "Figures of Female Militancy in Medieval France," Signs 16 (1991), pp. 522–49.
  • Tuotuo. Liaoshi [History of Liao]. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1974 (or Tuotuo, Liaoshi (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1974))
  • Verbruggen, J.F. "Women in Medieval Armies," Journal of Medieval Military History 4 (2006), pp. 119–36.

China
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