John N. Mitchell

John Newton Mitchell (September 5, 1913 – November 9, 1988) was the 67th Attorney General of the United States (1969–1972) under President Richard Nixon and a convicted criminal. Prior to that, he had been a municipal bond lawyer, chairman of Nixon's 1968 presidential campaign, and one of Nixon's closest personal friends.

John N. Mitchell
67th United States Attorney General
In office
January 21, 1969 – March 1, 1972
PresidentRichard Nixon
Preceded byRamsey Clark
Succeeded byRichard Kleindienst
Personal details
Born
John Newton Mitchell

(1913-09-05)September 5, 1913
Detroit, Michigan, U.S.
DiedNovember 9, 1988(1988-11-09) (aged 75)
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Political partyRepublican
Spouse(s)Martha Beall
EducationFordham University (BA, LLB)
Military service
Allegiance United States
Branch/service United States Navy
Rank Lieutenant Junior Grade
Battles/warsWorld War II
AwardsPurple Heart (2)
Silver Star
Watergate scandal
Events
People
CRP

After his tenure as U.S. Attorney General, he served as chairman of Nixon's 1972 presidential campaign. Due to multiple crimes he committed in the Watergate affair, Mitchell was sentenced to prison in 1977 and served 19 months. As Attorney General, he was noted for personifying the "law-and-order" positions of the Nixon Administration, amid several high-profile anti-war demonstrations.

Early life

Mitchell was born in Detroit, Michigan, to Margaret (McMahon) and Joseph C. Mitchell. He grew up in the New York City borough of Queens.[1][2] He earned his law degree from Fordham University School of Law[3][4] and was admitted to the New York bar in 1938. He served for three years as a naval officer (Lieutenant, Junior Grade) during World War II where he was a PT boat commander.

Except for his period of military service, Mitchell practiced law in New York City from 1938 until 1969 and earned a reputation as a successful municipal bond lawyer.

Mitchell's second wife, Martha Beall Mitchell, became a controversial figure in her own right, gaining notoriety for her late-night phone calls to reporters in which she accused President Nixon of participating in the Watergate cover-up and alleged that Nixon and several of his aides were trying to make her husband the scapegoat for the whole affair.

New York government

Mitchell devised a type of revenue bond called a "moral obligation bond" while serving as bond counsel to New York's governor Nelson Rockefeller in the 1960s. In an effort to get around the voter approval process for increasing state and municipal borrower limits, Mitchell attached language to the offerings that was able to communicate the state's intent to meet the bond payments while not placing it under a legal obligation to do so.[5] Mitchell did not dispute when asked in an interview if the intent of such language was to create a "form of political elitism that bypasses the voter's right to a referendum or an initiative."[6]

Political career
Mitchell is sworn in as Attorney General of the United States, January 22, 1969. Chief Justice Earl Warren administers the oath while President Richard Nixon looks on.

John Mitchell met Richard Nixon, former vice president to Dwight D. Eisenhower, when Nixon moved to New York after losing the 1962 California gubernatorial election. Nixon then joined the municipal bond law firm where Mitchell worked, Mudge, Rose, Guthrie, Alexander & Ferndon, and the two men became friends. For the period during which Nixon was a senior partner, the firm was renamed to Nixon, Mudge, Rose, Guthrie, Alexander & Mitchell.[7]

Nixon campaign manager

In 1968, with considerable trepidation, John Mitchell agreed to become Nixon's presidential campaign manager. During his successful 1968 campaign, Nixon turned over the details of the day-to-day operations to Mitchell.

Vietnam

Allegedly, Mitchell also played a central role in covert attempts to sabotage the 1968 Paris Peace Accords (see: Anna Chennault§Paris Peace Accords) which could have ended the Vietnam War.[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]

Attorney General
Mitchell, Richard Nixon, J. Edgar Hoover and John Ehrlichman in May 1971

After he became president in January 1969, Nixon appointed Mitchell as Attorney General of the United States while making an unprecedented direct appeal to FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover that the usual background investigation not be conducted.[32] Mitchell remained in office from 1969 until he resigned in 1972 to manage President Nixon's reelection campaign.

Law and order

Mitchell believed that the government's need for "law and order" justified restrictions on civil liberties. He advocated the use of wiretaps in national security cases without obtaining a court order (United States v. U.S. District Court) and the right of police to employ the preventive detention of criminal suspects. He brought conspiracy charges against critics of the Vietnam War, likening them to brown shirts of the Nazi era in Germany.

Mitchell expressed a reluctance to involve the Justice Department in some civil rights issues. "The Department of Justice is a law enforcement agency," he told reporters. "It is not the place to carry on a program aimed at curing the ills of society." However, he also told activists, "You will be better advised to watch what we do, not what we say."[33][34][35][36][37][38]

School desegregation

Near the beginning of his administration, Nixon had ordered Mitchell to go slow on desegregation of schools in the South as part of Nixon's "Southern Strategy," which focused on gaining support from Southern voters. After being instructed by the federal courts that segregation was unconstitutional and that the executive branch was required to enforce the rulings of the courts, Mitchell began to comply, threatening to withhold federal funds from those school systems that were still segregated and threatening legal action against them.

School segregation had been struck down as unconstitutional by a unanimous Supreme Court decision in 1954 (Brown v. Board of Education), but in 1955, the Court ruled that desegregation needed to be accomplished only with "all deliberate speed," [39] which many Southern states interpreted as an invitation to delay. It was not until 1969 that the Supreme Court renounced the "all deliberate speed" rule and declared that further delay in accomplishing desegregation was no longer permissible.[40] As a result, some 70% of black children were still attending segregated schools in 1968.[41] By 1972, this percentage had decreased to 8%. Enrollment of black children in desegregated schools rose from 186,000 in 1969 to 3 million in 1970.[42]

Public safety

From the outset, Mitchell strove to suppress what many Americans saw as major threats to their safety: urban crime, black unrest, and war resistance. He called for the use of "no-knock" warrants for police to enter homes, frisking suspects without a warrant, wiretapping, preventive detention, the use of federal troops to repress crime in the capital, a restructured Supreme Court, and a slowdown in school desegregation. "This country is going so far to the right you won't recognize it," he told a reporter.[43]

There had been national outrage over the 1969 burning Cuyahoga River. President Nixon had signed the National Environmental Policy Act on New Year's Day in 1970, establishing the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Nixon appointed William Ruckelshaus to head the agency, which opened its doors December 2, 1970. Mitchell gave a Press Conference December 18, 1970: “I would like to call attention to an area of activity that we have not publicly emphasized lately, but which I feel, because of the changing events, deserves your attention. I refer to the pollution control litigation, with particular reference to our work with the new Environmental Protection Agency, now headed by William Ruckelshaus.  As in the case of other government departments and agencies, EPA refers civil and criminal suits to the Department of Justice, which determines whether there is a base for prosecution and of course, if we find it so, we proceed with court action.... And today, I would like to announce that we are filing suit this morning against the Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation for discharging substantial quantities of cyanide into the Cuyahoga River near Cleveland. Mr. Ruckelshaus has said, when he asked the Department to file this suit, that the 180-day notice filed against the company had expired. We are filing a civil suit to seek immediate injunctive relief under the Refuse Act of 1899 and the Federal Water Pollution Act to halt the discharge of these deleterious materials into the river.”[44]

Dirty tricks

In an early sample of the "dirty tricks" that would later mark the 1971–72 campaign, Mr. Mitchell approved a $10,000 subsidy to employ an American Nazi Party faction in a bizarre effort to get Alabama Governor George Wallace off the ballot in California. The move failed.[43]

Committee to Re-elect the President scandal
Former Attorney General Mitchell enters the Senate caucus room to testify before the Senate Watergate Committee, 1973

John Mitchell's name was mentioned in a deposition concerning Robert L. Vesco, an international financier who was a fugitive from a federal indictment. Mitchell and Nixon Finance Committee Chairman Maurice H. Stans were indicted in May 1973 on federal charges of obstructing an investigation of Vesco after he made a $200,000 contribution to the Nixon campaign.[45] In April 1974, both men were acquitted in a New York federal district court.[46]

Watergate scandal
Main article: Watergate scandal

In the days immediately after the Watergate break-in of June 17, 1972, Mitchell enlisted former FBI agent Steve King to prevent his wife Martha from learning about the break-in or contacting reporters. While she was on a phone call with journalist Helen Thomas about the break-in, King pulled the phone cord from the wall. Mrs. Mitchell was held against her will in a California hotel room and forcefully sedated by a psychiatrist after a physical struggle with five men that left her needing stitches.[47][48] Nixon aides, in an effort to discredit her, told the press that she had a "drinking problem".[49] Nixon was later to tell interviewer David Frost in 1977 that Martha was a distraction to John Mitchell, such that no one was minding the store, and "If it hadn't been for Martha Mitchell, there'd have been no Watergate."

In 1972, when asked to comment about a forthcoming article[50] that reported that he controlled a political slush fund used for gathering intelligence on the Democrats, he famously uttered an implied threat to reporter Carl Bernstein: "Katie Graham's gonna get her tit[51] caught in a big fat wringer if that's published."[52][53][54]

One of Mitchell's former residences (left) in Georgetown, Washington, D.C.

On February 21, 1975, Mitchell, who was represented by the criminal defense attorney William G. Hundley, was found guilty of conspiracy, obstruction of justice, and perjury and sentenced to two and a half to eight years in prison for his role in the Watergate break-in and cover-up, which he dubbed the "White House horrors." As a result of the conviction, Mitchell was disbarred from the practice of law in New York.[55] The sentence was later reduced to one to four years by United States district court Judge John J. Sirica. Mitchell served only 19 months of his sentence at Federal Prison Camp, Montgomery (in Maxwell Air Force Base) in Montgomery, Alabama, a minimum-security prison, before being released on parole for medical reasons.[56]

Tape recordings made by President Nixon and the testimony of others involved confirmed that Mitchell had participated in meetings to plan the break-in of the Democratic Party's national headquarters in the Watergate Office Building.[57] In addition, he had met with the president on at least three occasions in an effort to cover up White House involvement after the burglars were discovered and arrested.[58]

He was never brought to trial for having his wife kidnapped.

Death

Around 5:00 pm on November 9, 1988, Mitchell collapsed from a heart attack on the sidewalk in front of 2812 N Street NW in the Georgetown area of Washington, D.C., and died that evening at George Washington University Hospital. He was buried with full military honors at Arlington National Cemetery, based on his World War II Naval service and his cabinet post of Attorney General.

Notes
  1. "United States Census 1930", United States Census, 1930; Queens, New York; page 4b, line 51, enumeration district 41-325.
  2. "United States Census 1940", United States Census, 1940; Queens, New York; page 5a, line 28, enumeration district 41-1147a.
  3. "John N. Mitchell biography". Department of Justice. October 24, 2014. Retrieved January 21, 2017.
  4. "John N. Mitchell Dies at 75; Major Figure in Watergate". New York Times. November 10, 1988. Retrieved January 21, 2017.
  5. Joseph Mysak and George Marlin. (1991). Fiscal Administration: Analysis and Applications for the Public Sector. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
  6. William P. Kittredge; David W. Kreutzer (2001). "We Only Pay the Bills: The Ongoing Effort to Disfranchise Virginia's Voters". Archived from the original on May 30, 2009. Retrieved December 12, 2009.
  7. "Milton C. Rose, 97, Lawyer At Firm of Nixon and Mitchell". The New York Times. March 21, 2002. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
  8. Robert "KC" Johnson. “Did Nixon Commit Treason in 1968? What The New LBJ Tapes Reveal”. History News Network, January 26, 2009. Transcript from audio recording on YouTube of President Johnson: "The next thing that we got our teeth in was one of his associates — a fellow named Mitchell, who is running his campaign, who's the real Sherman Adams (Eisenhower's chief of staff) of the operation, in effect said to a businessman that 'we're going to handle this like we handled the Fortas matter, unquote. We're going to frustrate the President by saying to the South Vietnamese, and the Koreans, and the Thailanders [sic], "Beware of Johnson."' 'At the same time, we're going to say to Hanoi, "I [Nixon] can make a better deal than he (Johnson) has, because I'm fresh and new, and I don't have to demand as much as he does in the light of past positions."'"
  9. Seymour M. Hersh. “The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House”. Summit Books, 1983, p. 21. "A few days before the election, she wrote, Mitchell telephoned with an urgent message. 'Anna,' (Chennault) she quotes him as saying. 'I'm speaking on behalf of Mr. Nixon. It's very important that our Vietnamese friends understand our Republican position and I hope you have made that clear to them.'".
  10. Jules Witcover. “The Making of an Ink-Stained Wretch: Half a Century Pounding the Political Beat”. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, p131. "I tracked down Anna Chennault (...) she insisted she had acted under instructions from the Nixon campaign in contacting the Saigon regime. 'The only people who knew about the whole operation,' she told me, 'were Nixon, John Mitchell and John Tower [senator from Texas and Nixon campaign figure], and they're all dead. But they knew what I was doing. Anyone who knows about these thing knows I was getting orders to do these thing. I couldn't do anything without instructions.'".
  11. Clark M. Clifford with Richard C. Holbrooke. Counsel to the President: A Memoir Archived November 26, 2005, at the Wayback Machine. Random House, 1991. p. 582. "It was not difficult for Ambassador Diem to pass information to Anna Chennault, who was in contact with John Mitchell, she said later, 'at least once a day.'"
  12. Diem Bui with David Chanoff. In the Jaws of History. Indiana University Press, 1999, p. 244."I began reviewing the cables I had written to (Nguyen Van) Thieu (...). Among them, I found a cable from October 23 (...) in which I had said, 'Many Republican friends have contacted me and encouraged us to stand firm. They were alarmed by press reports to the effect that you had already softened your position.' In another cable, from October 27, I wrote, 'I am regularly in touch with the Nixon entourage,' by which I meant Anna Chennault, John Mitchell, and Senator (John) Tower."
  13. Diem Bui with David Chanoff. In the Jaws of History. Indiana University Press, 1999, p. 237. "Waiting for me in the lobby was Anna Chennault. A few minutes later I was being introduced to Nixon and john Mitchell, his law partner and adviser. (...) Nixon (...) added that his staff would be in touch with me through john Mitchell and Anna Chennault."
  14. Forslund, Catherine (July 22, 2017). Anna Chennault: Informal Diplomacy and Asian Relations. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780842028332. Retrieved July 22, 2017 – via Google Books.
  15. Bundy, William P. (July 22, 1998). A Tangled Web: The Making of Foreign Policy in the Nixon Presidency. Macmillan. ISBN 9780809091515. Retrieved July 22, 2017 – via Google Books.
  16. Fulsom, Don (June 5, 2015). Treason: Nixon and the 1968 Election. Pelican Publishing Company. ISBN 9781455619504. Retrieved July 22, 2017 – via Google Books.
  17. Rosen, James (May 20, 2008). The Strong Man: John Mitchell and the Secrets of Watergate. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 9780385525466. Retrieved July 22, 2017 – via Google Books.
  18. McKean, David (July 22, 2017). Tommy the Cork: Washington's Ultimate Insider from Roosevelt to Reagan. Steerforth Press. ISBN 9781586420680. Retrieved July 22, 2017 – via Google Books.
  19. McLendon, Winzola (May 12, 1979). Martha: the life of Martha Mitchell. Random House. Retrieved July 22, 2017 – via Internet Archive.
  20. Dean, John W. (July 29, 2014). The Nixon Defense: What He Knew and When He Knew It. Penguin. ISBN 9780698163461. Retrieved July 22, 2017 – via Google Books.
  21. An, Tai Sung (July 22, 1998). The Vietnam War. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 9780838637654. Retrieved July 22, 2017 – via Google Books.
  22. Small, Melvin (July 22, 1999). The Presidency of Richard Nixon. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 9780700609734. Retrieved July 22, 2017 – via Internet Archive.
  23. "I.F. Magazine". Media Consortium. July 22, 1997. Retrieved July 22, 2017 – via Google Books.
  24. "The New Yorker". F-R Publishing Corporation. May 1, 1991. Retrieved July 22, 2017 – via Google Books.
  25. Freedman, Mitchell J. (July 22, 2017). A Disturbance of Fate. Seven Locks Press. ISBN 9781931643221. Retrieved July 22, 2017 – via Google Books.
  26. Fulsom, Don (January 31, 2012). Nixon's Darkest Secrets: The Inside Story of America's Most Troubled President. Macmillan. ISBN 9781429941365. Retrieved July 22, 2017 – via Google Books.
  27. Prados, John (July 22, 2017). "Vietnam: The History of an Unwinnable War, 1945-1975". University Press of Kansas. Retrieved July 22, 2017 – via Google Books.
  28. "The Washingtonian". Washington Magazine, Incorporated. July 1, 1983. Retrieved July 22, 2017 – via Google Books.
  29. Berger, R. N. W. (July 22, 1972). The Washington Pay-off: An Insider's View of Corruption in Government. L. Stuart. Retrieved July 22, 2017 – via Internet Archive.
  30. Locker, Ray (October 1, 2015). "Nixon's Gamble: How a President's Own Secret Government Destroyed His Administration". Rowman & Littlefield. Retrieved July 22, 2017 – via Google Books.
  31. Cohen, Michael A. (July 15, 2015). "American Maelstrom: The 1968 Election and the Politics of Division". Oxford University Press. Retrieved July 22, 2017 – via Google Books.
  32. Gentry, Curt (1991). J. Edgar Hoover: The Man And The Secrets. New York: W. W. Norton. p. 616. ISBN 0-393-02404-0.
  33. William Safire (November 14, 1988). "Watch What We Do". The New York Times. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
  34. James H. Billington, Library of Congress (2010). "Respectfully Quoted: A Dictionary of Quotations". Courier Corporation. Retrieved July 22, 2017 – via Google Books.
  35. Bartlett, Bruce (January 8, 2008). "Wrong on Race: The Democratic Party's Buried Past". Palgrave Macmillan. Retrieved July 22, 2017 – via Google Books.
  36. Smith, Robert Charles (July 22, 1996). "We Have No Leaders: African Americans in the Post-Civil Rights Era". SUNY Press. Retrieved July 22, 2017 – via Google Books.
  37. Rosen, James (May 20, 2008). "The Strong Man: John Mitchell and the Secrets of Watergate". Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. Retrieved July 22, 2017 – via Google Books.
  38. Rawson, Hugh; Miner, Margaret (2006). "The Oxford Dictionary of American Quotations". Oxford University Press, USA. Retrieved July 22, 2017 – via Google Books.
  39. Brown v. Board of Education, 349 U.S. 294 (1955)
  40. See, e.g., Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education, 396 U.S. 19 (1969)
  41. Karl, Jonathan (May 24, 2008). "Reconsidering John Mitchell". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
  42. Marlin, George (May 9, 2008). "Reviewing The Strong Man: John Mitchell and the Secrets of Watergate". Human Events. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
  43. "John N. Mitchell Dies at 75; Major Figure in Watergate". The New York Times. November 10, 1988.
  44. "Press Conference Attorney John Mitchell 12-18-1970" (PDF).
  45. Bernstein, Carl; Woodward, Bob (1974). All The President's Men. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 284n, 335.
  46. Woodward, Bob; Carl Bernstein (1976). The Final Days. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 138. ISBN 0-671-22298-8.
  47. Reeves, Richard (2002). President Nixon : alone in the White House (1st Touchstone ed. 2002. ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 511. ISBN 0-7432-2719-0.
  48. McLendon, Winzola (1979). Martha: The Life of Martha Mitchell.
  49. Olson, Keith (2003). Watergate: The Presidential Scandal That Shook America.
  50. "WashingtonPost.com: Mitchell Controlled Secret GOP Fund". www.washingtonpost.com.
  51. The words "her tit" were not included in the newspaper article.
  52. Graham, Katharine (July 22, 1997). Personal History. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 465. ISBN 9780394585857. Retrieved July 22, 2017 – via Internet Archive.
  53. Graham, Katharine (January 28, 1997). "The Watergate Watershed -- A Turning Point for a Nation and a Newspaper". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
  54. Bernstein, Carl; Woodward, Bob (1974). All The President's Men. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 105.
  55. See Mitchell v. Association of the Bar, 40 N.Y.2d 153, 351 N.E.2d 743, 386 N.Y.S.2d 95 (1976)
  56. "John N. Mitchell, Principal in Watergate, Dies at 75". The Washington Post. December 4, 1997. Retrieved May 7, 2010.
  57. United States Congress House Comm on the Judiciary (January 31 – July 23, 1974). Impeachment Inquiry Books I-III:. U.S. Government Printing Office.
  58. | John Mitchell | Attorney General of the United States | The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica |

Further reading
Legal offices
Preceded by
Ramsey Clark		 United States Attorney General
1969–1972		 Succeeded by
Richard Kleindienst
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