Timeline of women's suffrage

Women's suffrage – the right of women to vote – has been achieved at various times in countries throughout the world. In many nations, women's suffrage was granted before universal suffrage, so women and men from certain classes or races were still unable to vote. Some countries granted suffrage to both sexes at the same time. This timeline lists years when women's suffrage was enacted. Some countries are listed more than once, as the right was extended to more women according to age, land ownership, etc. In many cases, the first voting took place in a subsequent year.

Women's suffrage in the world in 1908
Suffrage parade, New York City, May 6, 1912
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Some women in the Isle of Man (geographically part of the British Isles but not part of the United Kingdom) gained the right to vote in 1881.[1]

New Zealand was the first self-governing country in the world in which all white women had the right to vote in, but not to stand for, parliamentary elections in 1893.

The colony of South Australia allowed women of European descent to vote and stand for election in 1894 (although Australian Aboriginal women did not obtain universal suffrage until 1962).[2] In Sweden, conditional women's suffrage was granted during the age of liberty between 1718 and 1772.[3]

The Australian Commonwealth Franchise Act of 1902 enabled women to vote at federal elections and also permitted women to stand for election to the Australian Parliament, making the newly-federated country of Australia the first in the modern world to do so. In 1906, the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland, which became the republic of Finland, was the second country in the world to implement both the right to vote and the right to run for office. Finland was also the first country in Europe to give women the right to vote.[4][5] The world's first female members of parliament were elected in Finland the following year. In Europe, the last jurisdiction to grant women the right to vote was the Swiss canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden (AI), in 1991; AI is the smallest Swiss canton with c. 14,100 inhabitants in 1990.[6] Women in Switzerland obtained the right to vote at federal level in 1971,[7] and at local cantonal level between 1959 and 1972, except for Appenzell in 1989/1990,[8] see Women's suffrage in Switzerland. In Saudi Arabia women were first allowed to vote in December 2015 in the municipal elections.[9]

For other women's rights, see timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting).

17th century

1689

18th century

1718

  •  Sweden: Female taxpaying members of city guilds are allowed to vote in local city elections (rescinded in 1758) and national elections (rescinded in 1772)[3]

1734

  •  Sweden: Female taxpaying property owners of legal majority are allowed to vote in local countryside elections (never rescinded).[3]

1755

1756

1776

19th century
Portrait of an unknown New Zealand suffragette, Charles Hemus Studio Auckland, c. 1880—the sitter wears a white camellia and has cut off her hair, both symbolic of support for advancing women's rights

1830s

1838

1840s

1840

1848

1850s

1853

1856

1860s

1861

1862

  •  Sweden: limited to local elections with votes graded after taxation; universal franchise achieved in 1919, which went into effect at the 1921 elections.[18]
  •  Argentina: limited to local elections, only for literate women in San Luis Province

1863

1864

Statue of Esther Hobart Morris in front of the Wyoming State Capitol
  •  Victoria – Australian colony of Victoria: women were unintentionally enfranchised by the Electoral Act (1863), and proceeded to vote in the following year's elections. The Act was amended in 1865 to correct the error.[19]
  •  Kingdom of Bohemia – Austrian Empire: limited to taxpaying women and women in "learned professions" who were allowed to vote by proxy and made eligible for election to the legislative body in 1864.[18]

1869

1870s

1870

  • United States – incorporated Utah Territory, which had previously granted women's suffrage: this was repealed as part of the Edmunds–Tucker Act in 1887.
  • May 10, 1872, New York City: Equal Rights Party nominates Victoria C. Woodhull as their candidate for US President.

1880s

1881

  •  Isle of Man (self-governing British Crown dependency, with its own parliament and legal system) (limited at first to women "freeholders"and then, a few years later, extended to include women "householders").[25] Universal suffrage / the franchise for all resident men and women was introduced in 1919. All men and women (with a very few exceptions such as clergy) could also stand for election from 1919.[1]

1884

  •  Ontario—Canadian province: limited to widows and spinsters to vote in municipal elections; later extended to other provinces.[26]

1888

  • United States: Proposed Constitutional Amendment to extend suffrage and the right to hold office to women (limited to spinsters and widows who owned property).[27]

1889

1890s

1893

Kate Sheppard National Memorial, Christchurch, New Zealand
  •  New Zealand: first self-governing colony in the world in which all women are given the right to vote in parliamentary elections. However, women were barred from standing for election until 1919.[2][29]
  •  Cook Islands (British protectorate) universal suffrage.[30]
  •  Colorado (US state) (first state in the union to enfranchise women by popular vote)[31]

1894

1895

  •  South Australia: South Australian women became the first in the world to stand for election.[32][33][34] This right had been granted the previous year in an act of the South Australian Parliament.

1896

1898

  •  Denmark: Danske Kvindeforeningers Valgretsforbund (Danish Women's Society's Suffrage Union) founded in Copenhagen

1899

20th century

1900s

1901

1902

1903

1905

1906

The first female MPs in the world were elected in Finland in 1907
The argument over women's rights in Victoria was lampooned in this Melbourne Punch cartoon of 1887

1908

  •  Denmark (limited to local elections)
  •  Victoria (Australian state): last Australian state to enact equal voting rights for women in state elections

1910s

1910

1911

  •  California (US state)
  •  Argentina: Julieta Lanteri, doctor and leading feminist activist, votes in the election for the Buenos Aires City Legislature. She had realized that the government did not make specifications regarding gender, and appealed to justice successfully, becoming the first South American woman to vote.
  •  Portugal: Carolina Beatriz Ângelo becomes the first Portuguese woman to vote due to a legal technicality; the law is shortly thereafter altered to specify only literate male citizens over the age of 21 had the right to vote.

1912

1913

1914

1915

This map appeared in the magazine Puck during the Empire State Campaign, a hard-fought referendum on a suffrage amendment to the New York State constitution—the referendum failed in 1915

1916

1917

1918

1919
See also: 1919 in women's history

1920s

1920

  • Albania
  •  Czechoslovakia (the newly adopted constitution guarantees universal suffrage incl. women and the first vote to the National Assembly is held; politically, the women's suffrage is guaranteed already in the Declaration of Independence from 1918, and women vote in local elections in 1919)
  •  Travancore Kingdom, Princely Indian State in the British Empire. It was the first place in India to grant women's suffrage, but did not grant the right to stand in elections.[46]
  •  Jhalawar State 2nd of the princely states in India to grant women enfranchisement.[46]
  •  United States (all remaining states by amendment to federal Constitution)

1921

  •  Azerbaijan SSR[47] (Soviet Union)
  •  British Raj, Madras Presidency was the first of the provinces in the British Raj to grant women's suffrage, though there were income and property restrictions and women were not allowed to stand for office.[48]
  •  British Raj, Bombay Presidency became the second of the provinces in British India to grant the right for women to vote with income and property restrictions and an inability to stand in elections.[49]
  • Federal Republic of Central America (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras) established in the 9 September 1921 federal constitution that married or widowed literate women of 21 or more, or single literate women of 25 or more could vote or hold office as long as they met any property requirements.[50] When the Federation fell apart the following year, women lost the right to vote.[51][52]

1922

1923

1924

1925

  •  British Raj, Bengal Presidency became the 6th province in British India to grant limited suffrage without the ability for women to stand in elections.[48]
  •  Dominion of Newfoundland (limited to women 25 and older; men can vote at age 21. Equal suffrage granted in 1946.)
  •  Italy (limited to local elections)

1926

  •  British Raj, Punjab Province became the 7th province in British India to grant limited suffrage without the ability for women to stand in elections.[57]
  •  British Raj was empowered by the British Parliament to amend the voting regulations and allow women to stand for office, if the province in which they resided granted women's suffrage.[48]

1927

1928

  •  United Kingdom (franchise made equal to that for men by the Representation of the People Act 1928)

1929

  •  British Raj Bihar and Orissa Province became the last of the provinces in British India to grant women's limited suffrage with income and property restrictions.[48]
  •  Ecuador (the right of women to vote is written into the Constitution)
  •  Puerto Rico (literate women given the right to vote. Equal suffrage granted in 1935.)
  •  Romania (limited to local elections only, with restrictions)[58]

1930s

1930

1931

  •  Ceylon
  •  Chile (limited to municipal level for female owners of real estate under Legislative Decree No. 320)
  •  Portugal (with restrictions following level of education)
  •  Spain (universal suffrage)

1932

Eighteen female MPs joined the Grand National Assembly of Turkey in 1935.

1934

  •  Chile (limited to municipal level under Law No. 5,357)
  •  Cuba
  •  Portugal (suffrage is expanded)
  •  Tabasco (Mexican state) (limited to regional and congress elections only)
  •  Turkey (parliamentary elections; full voting rights).[60]

1935

1937

1938

1939

  •  El Salvador (with restrictions requiring literacy and a higher age)[65]
  •  Romania (women are granted suffrage on equal terms with men with restrictions on both men and women; in practice the restrictions affected women more than men)[66][67]
  •  South-West Africa (white women)[68]

1940s

1940

  •  Quebec (Canadian province)
  •  Moldavian SSR (Soviet Union) (as part of Romania, partial suffrage from 1929, extended in 1939)

1941

1942

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950s

1950

1951

1952

1953

1954

1955

1956

1957

1958

1959

1960s

1960

1961

1962

1963

1964

1965

1966

1967

1968

1970s

1970

1971

1972

  •  Bangladesh (suffrage enshrined in constitution adopted after independence) (For pre 1971 rights see British Raj 1935 and East/West Pakistan 1947.)

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1980s

1980

1984

1985

1986

1989

1990s

1991

1996

1999

21st century

2000s

2001

2003

2005

2006

2010s

2015

Note: in some countries both men and women have limited suffrage. For example, in Brunei, which is a sultanate, there are no national elections, and voting exists only on local issues.[91] In the United Arab Emirates the rulers of the seven emirates each select a proportion of voters for the Federal National Council (FNC) that together account for about 12% of Emirati citizens.[89]

See also

References
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