Canton of Geneva
The Republic and canton of Geneva (French: République et canton de Genève; Arpitan: Rèpublica et canton de Geneva; German: Republik und Kanton Genf; Italian: Repubblica e Cantone di Ginevra; Romansh: Republica e chantun Genevra) is the French-speaking westernmost canton or state of Switzerland, surrounded on almost all sides by France (Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes). As is the case in several other Swiss cantons (canton of Ticino, canton of Neuchâtel, and canton of Jura), this canton is referred to as a republic within the Swiss Confederation.
République et canton de Genève | |
|---|---|
 Coat of arms | |
Location in Switzerland
Map of Geneva  | |
| Coordinates: 46°2′N 6°7′E | |
| Capital | Geneva |
| Subdivisions | 45 municipalities |
| Government | |
| • Executive | Conseil d'État (7) |
| • Legislative | Grand Council (100) |
| Area | |
| • Total | 282.49 km2 (109.07 sq mi) |
| Population (December 2018)[2] | |
| • Total | 499,480 |
| • Density | 1,800/km2 (4,600/sq mi) |
| ISO 3166 code | CH-GE |
| Highest point | 516 m (1,693 ft): Les Arales |
| Lowest point | 332 m (1,089 ft): Rhône at Chancy |
| Joined | 1815 |
| Languages | French |
| Website | www |
The canton of Geneva is located in the southwestern corner of Switzerland and is considered one of the most cosmopolitan areas of the country. As a center of the Calvinist Reformation, the city of Geneva has had a great influence on the canton, which essentially consists of the city and its hinterlands.
History
Allobroges (until 121 BC)
Geneva was controlled by the Allobroges tribe until 121 BC.
Roman Empire (121 BC – 443 AD)
It was annexed to the Roman Empire in 121 BC and remained part of it until 443.
Burgundians (443–532)
In 443, Burgundians took over Geneva.
Francia (532–888)
In 532, the land controlled by Burgundians became part of the Frankish Empire.
Kingdom of Burgundy (888–1032)
Geneva became a part of the Kingdom of Burgundy in 888.
Holy Roman Empire (1032–1648)
Geneva became a part of the Holy Roman Empire in 1032 and officially remained in it until the Peace of Westphalia.
Prince-Bishopric of Geneva, political struggles and the Grand Council (1154–1541)
The Prince-Bishopric of Geneva was a Prince-Bishopric of the Holy Roman Empire from 1154, but from 1290, secular authority over the citizens was divided from the bishop's authority, at first only lower jurisdiction, the office of vidame given to François de Candie in 1314, but from 1387 the bishops granted the citizens of Geneva full communal self-government.
As from 1416, the Dukes of Savoy attempted to annex the city, both by claiming secular authority and by installing members of the Savoy dynasty as bishops, the city sought assistance in allying itself with the Old Swiss Confederacy.
Republic of Geneva (1534 or 1541–1798, 1813–1815)
The Republic of Geneva existed, depending on sources, either from 1534 [3], or from November 30, 1541[4], when the General Council ratified the ecclesiastical ordinances of John Calvin, until April 26, 1798, when it was annexed by France, and then from December 31, 1813, until May 19, 1815, during the Restauration of the Republic. It was given a constitution (Édits civils) in 1543, and it effectively functioned as a Protestant theocracy. The Republic of Geneva reinforced its alliance to the Protestant cantons of the Swiss Confederacy, becoming an "everlasting ally" in 1584.
The French Revolution reached Geneva in 1792, and in February 1794, the Republic gave itself a new, revolutionary constitution which proclaimed the equality of all citizens. After the death of Robespierre in July of the same year, there was a counter-revolution, which gained the upper hand by 1796.
French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars (1798–1813)
Robespierre's death prompted the French invasion of 1798, and the annexation of Geneva which became the capital of the French département du Léman.
The Napoleonic army left Geneva on December 30, 1813, and on the next day the return of the Republic (Restauration de la République) was proclaimed.
Republic and canton of Geneva (1815–present)
Geneva finally joined the Swiss Confederation in 1815 as the 22nd canton, having been enlarged by French and Savoyard territories at the Congress of Vienna (see Restoration and Regeneration).
Geography
The area of the canton of Geneva is 282 square kilometers (108.9 sq mi). The canton is surrounded on almost all sides by France (Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes) and bordered by the Swiss canton of Vaud on the northeast. The adjoining French départements are Ain (to the west) and Haute-Savoie (to the south and east). The current boundaries of the canton were established in 1815.
Politics
Municipalities
There are 45 municipalities in the canton (As of 2017).[5]
Geneva does not have any administrative districts. There are 13 cities with a population of over 10,000 as of 2018:[2]
- Genève, 201,818 residents
- Vernier, 34,791 residents
- Lancy, 32,851 residents
- Meyrin, 25,255 residents
- Carouge, 22,458 residents
- Onex, 18,964 residents
- Thônex, 14,122 residents
- Versoix, 13,432 residents
- Le Grand-Saconnex, 12,167 residents
- Chêne-Bougeries, 12,215 residents
- Veyrier, 11,612 residents
- Plan-les-Ouates, 10,657 residents
- Bernex, 10,234 residents
Government
The constitution of the canton was established in 1847 and has, since then, been amended several times. The cantonal executive government (Conseil d'État) has seven members, who are elected for five years.
The last regular election for the legislation 2018-2023 were held on 15 April 2018 and 6 May 2018.[6]
| Councillor (M. Conseiller d'Etat/ Mme Conseillère d'Etat) | Party | Head of Office (Département, since) of | elected since |
|---|---|---|---|
| Antonio Hodgers[CE 1] | Les Verts (PES) | Département du territoire (DT), 2018 | 2013 |
| Serge Dal Busco[CE 2] | PDC | Département des infrastructures (DI), 2018 | 2013 |
| Anne Emery-Torracinta | PS | Département de l'instruction publique, de la formation et de la jeunesse (DIP), 2013 | 2013 |
| Thierry Apothéloz | PS | Département de la cohésion sociale (DCS), 2018 | 2018 |
| Nathalie Fontanet | LPR | Département des finances et des ressources humaines (DF), 2018 | 2018 |
| Pierre Maudet | LPR | Département du développement économique (DDE), 2019 | 2012 |
| Mauro Poggia | MCG | Département de la sécurité, de l’emploi et de la santé (DSES), 2019 | 2013 |
- President (Président du Conseil d'Etat (PRE)) since 2019
- Vice President (Vice-président) 2019/20
Michèle Righetti is the chancellor of the canton (Chancilière d'Etat) since 2018.
Parliament
Le Grand Conseil of canton of Geneva for the mandate period of 2018-2023[8]
The legislature, the Grand Council (Grand Conseil), has 100 seats, with deputies elected for four years at a time.[9]
The last election was held on 15 April 2018.[10]
In a similar way to what happens at the Federal level, any change to the Constitution is subject to compulsory referendum. In addition, any law can be subject to a referendum if it is demanded by 7,000 persons entitled to vote,[11] and 10,000 persons may also propose a new law.[12]
Federal elections
National Council
The Republique and canton of Geneva has 11 seats in the National Council. On 18 October 2015, in the federal election the most popular party was The Liberals (PLR/FDP) which received three seats with 20.5% of the votes. The next two most popular parties were the Social Democratic Party (PS/SP) with also 3 seats (19.9%), followed by UDC/SVP with two seats (17.6%), and the Christian Democratic People's Party (PDC/CVP) (12.1%), Green Party (PES/GPS) (11.5%), and the Geneva Citizens' Movement (MCG) (7.9%) each with one seat. In the federal election, a total of 106,852 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 42.9%.[13]
Council of States
On 8/16 November 2015, in the federal election, Councilor Liliane Maury Pasquier, member of the Social Democratic Party (PS/SP), was re-elected in the second round as Conseillère des États of the canton of Geneva with a majority of 44,215 votes. She is part of the Council of States (French: Conseil des États) since 2007. Councilor Robert Cramer, member of the Green Party (PES/GPS), was re-elected in the second round with a majority of 42,075 votes. He is part of the Council of States since 2007.[14]
Federal election results
| Percentage of the total vote per party in the canton in the National Council Elections 1971-2015[15] | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Ideology | 1971 | 1975 | 1979 | 1983 | 1987 | 1991 | 1995 | 1999 | 2003 | 2007 | 2011 | 2015 | |
| FDP.The Liberalsa | Classical liberalism | 19.2 | 16.6 | 14.7 | 16.2 | 18.0 | 12.8 | 13.5 | 12.7 | 7.3 | 7.7 | 18.6 | 20.5 | |
| CVP/PDC/PPD/PCD | Christian democracy | 13.8 | 14.7 | 14.0 | 12.3 | 14.6 | 14.5 | 13.4 | 14.1 | 11.8 | 9.7 | 9.8 | 12.1 | |
| SP/PS | Social democracy | 19.1 | 22.6 | 21.5 | 19.2 | 18.6 | 26.4 | 30.0 | 20.0 | 24.8 | 19.1 | 19.1 | 19.9 | |
| SVP/UDC | Swiss nationalism | * b | * | * | * | * | 1.1 | * | 7.5 | 18.3 | 21.1 | 16.0 | 17.6 | |
| LPS/PLS | Swiss Liberal | 14.1 | 16.0 | 21.3 | 19.1 | 18.1 | 22.1 | 17.7 | 18.5 | 16.8 | 14.8 | c | c | |
| Ring of Independents | Social liberalism | 6.2 | 2.4 | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |
| EVP/PEV | Christian democracy | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 1.2 | 1.0 | 0.6 | |
| GLP/PVL | Green liberalism | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 3.2 | 2.3 | |
| BDP/PBD | Conservatism | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 1.0 | |
| PdA/PST-POP/PC/PSL | Socialism | 20.8 | 18.0 | 19.9 | 9.5 | 8.7 | 7.8 | 9.4 | 8.7 | 2.7 | 1.9 | 1.3 | * | |
| GPS/PES | Green politics | * | * | * | 7.6 | 11.5 | 6.7 | 5.6 | 8.2 | 11.2 | 16.4 | 14.0 | 11.5 | |
| Solidarity | Anti-capitalism | * | * | * | * | * | * | 3.8 | 8.0 | 5.4 | 4.9 | 5.2 | 6.1 | |
| SD/DS | National conservatism | 1.4 | 1.7 | 0.6 | 2.1 | 1.1 | 2.0 | 2.4 | * | * | * | * | * | |
| Rep. | Right-wing populism | 5.4 | 6.9 | 6.5 | 12.2 | 6.9 | d | * | * | * | * | * | * | |
| EDU/UDF | Christian right | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 0.2 | |
| FPS/PSL | Right-wing populism | * | * | * | * | * | 3.0 | * | * | * | * | * | * | |
| Geneva Citizens' Movement (MCR) |
Right-wing populism | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 9.8 | 7.9 | |
| Other | * | 1.1 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 2.5 | 3.4 | 4.2 | 2.3 | 1.7 | 3.2 | 1.9 | 0.3 | ||
| Voter participation % | 47.0 | 45.4 | 37.6 | 44.5 | 38.6 | 39.6 | 35.6 | 36.3 | 45.9 | 46.7 | 42.4 | 42.9 | ||
Demographics
| Largest groups of foreign residents 2013[2] | ||
| Nationality | Number | % total (foreigners) |
|---|---|---|
 | 36,518 | 7.7 (18.8) |
 | 27,231 | 5.7 (14.0) |
 | 20,591 | 4.3 (10.6) |
 | 14,346 | 3.0 (7.4) |
 | 7,440 | 1.6 (3.8) |
 | 4,981 | 1.0 (2.6) |
 | 4,690 | 1.0 (2.4) |
 | 4,637 | 1.0 (2.4) |
 | 3,870 | 0.8 (2.0) |
 | 3,517 | 0.7 (1.8) |
 | 2,263 | 0.5 (1.2) |
The population of the canton (as of 31 December 2018) is 499,480.[2] As of 2013, the population included 194,623 foreigners from 187 different nations, or about 40.1% of the total population.[2]
The population of the canton, as of December 2013, contained 168,505 people originally from Geneva (35.4%) and 112,878 Swiss from other cantons (23.7%). About 73% of foreigners came from Europe (EU28: 64.4%), 9.1% from Africa, 9.0% from the Americas, and 8.5% from Asia.[2] Including people holding multiple citizenship, 54.4% of people living in Geneva held a foreign passport.[16]
In 2014, the predominant language of Geneva was French, spoken by 81.04% of the population at home; the next largest home languages were English (10.84%), Portuguese (9.89%), Spanish (7.82%) and German (5.32%); respondents were permitted to report more than one language.[17]
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As home of Calvin's Reformation, the canton of Geneva has traditionally been a Protestant Christian stronghold. However, over the latter part of the 20th century, the proportion of Roman Catholics (220,139 people or 44.5% as of 2017) in the total population rose, in large part due to immigration from Southern Europe, and now they outnumber members of the Swiss Reformed Church (65,629 people or 13.3% as of 2017) in the canton by far; there has also been an increasing tendency in the Swiss population toward becoming religiously unaffiliated.[18] However, the canton is still officially considered Protestant. The surrounding regions of France are mostly Roman Catholic.
In 2012, 5.4% of the Genevan population (aged 15 years and older) belonged to other Christian groups, 5.5% were Muslims, and 5.9% belonged to other religious groups.[19][20] The remainder of the population was religiously unaffiliated or did not answer the census question.
Economy
The city of Geneva dominates the economy of the canton. It is a center of commerce, trade and finance. Geneva is of international significance also as a financial center. A great number of Swiss banks are located in Geneva, particularly in the area of private banking. It is also a major global center for commodities trading, including oil, metals and foodstuff.
The service industry is most significant in Geneva where there are headquarters of a number of international corporations and organizations, such as the United Nations and the International Labour Organization. Agriculture is commonplace in the hinterlands of Geneva, particularly wheat and wine. Precision machinery and instruments are other branches where the economy of the canton of Geneva is strong. This is also reflected in the tradition of watchmaking in Geneva.
Transport
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Most of the main roads in the canton of Geneva radiate from the capital city of Geneva. Of these main roads, a great number lead into France rather than other Swiss cantons. The canton is served by an international airport at Cointrin (Geneva International Airport), which only has one terminal. There are many railway services including commuter, intercity regional, and international mostly originating from Geneve Cornavin Station in Geneva. The services are operated by the Swiss Federal Railways, SNCF (France's national rail), and Trenitalia. Since 1984 the French high-speed trains (TGV) come to Geneva. In 1964, the canton of Geneva was connected to the Swiss highway system and in 1970 to that of France.
Education
The main educational institution is the University of Geneva, founded in 1559 by John Calvin. It was originally called Schola Genevensis. The original buildings are no longer used by the University, and is now used by Collège Calvin.
Culture
The Jeûne genevois is a public holiday specific to Geneva, celebrated on the Thursday following the first Sunday of September.
L'Escalade, or Fête de l'Escalade (from escalade, the act of scaling defensive walls), is an annual festival held in December in Geneva, Switzerland, celebrating the defeat of the surprise attack by troops sent by Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy during the night of 11–12 December 1602 (Old style). The celebrations and other commemorative activities are usually held on 12 December or the closest weekend.
References
- Arealstatistik Land Cover - Kantone und Grossregionen nach 6 Hauptbereichen accessed 27 October 2017
- Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB, online database – Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit (in German) accessed 23 September 2019
- According to the entry Genève (canton), in the Historical Dictionary of Switzerland: .
- Return of Calvin, Archives of the Republic and Canton of Geneva.
- "Liste officielle des communes de la Suisse – 23.03.2017". Office fédéral de la statistique. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
- "Conseil d'État: Second tour de l'élection du Conseil d'Etat 2018" (official site) (in French). Geneva, Switzerland: République et canton de Genève. 6 May 2018. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
- "Conseil d'État: Législature 2018-2023" (official site) (in French). Geneva, Switzerland: République et canton de Genève. 2019. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
- "Grand Conseil: Député-e-s" (official site) (in French). Geneva, Switzerland: République et canton de Genève. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
- "Grand Conseil: Parlement cantonal" (official site) (in French). Geneva, Switzerland: République et canton de Genève. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
- "Election du Grand Conseil du 15 Avril 2018" (official site) (in French). Geneva, Switzerland: République et canton de Genève. 13 April 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
- Condition pour l'aboutissement d'un référendum cantonal Archived 20 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine (in French). Retrieved 27 April 2011
- Condition pour l'aboutissement d'une initiative cantonale Archived 20 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine (in French). Retrieved 27 April 2011
- "Canton de Genève, Conseil national, 11 Sièges" (in French, German, and Italian). Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Statistical Office. 18 October 2015. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
- "Council of States - Results: Geneva". Swiss Federal Confederation. 8 November 2015. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
- Nationalratswahlen: Stärke der Parteien nach Kantonen (Schweiz = 100%) (Report). Swiss Federal Statistical Office. 2015. Archived from the original on 2 August 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
- Les binationaux dans le canton de Genève. Résultats du recensement fédéral de la population 2000, Communications statistiques n° 24 (PDF) (Report). OCSTAT, Geneva. 2005. Retrieved 12 May 2011. (in French)
- Population résidante permanente âgée de 15 ans ou plus selon la langue principale
- "Kirchenmitgliedschaft in der römisch-katholischen und evangelisch-reformierten Kirche nach Kantonen (2017)" (Table 1.4 on the lower part of the page) (in German). SPI St. Gallen. 2018. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
- "Statistiques cantonales – Les 21 domaines: 01. Population – Langues et religions" (official website) (in French). Geneva, Switzerland: StatistiqueGenève, République et Canton de Genève. August 2014. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
- "Languages and religions – Data, indicators: Religion" (official website). Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Statistical Office. 2014. Archived from the original on 15 November 2014. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
External links
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- Official page (in French)
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