Sikaritai language

Sikaritai (Sikwari) is a Lakes Plain language of Papua, Indonesia. It is named after Sikari village in Rafaer District, Mamberamo Raya Regency. Alternate names are Aikwakai, Araikurioko, Ati, Tori, Tori Aikwakai.

Sikaritai
Tori Aikwakai
Native toIndonesia
RegionSikari village in Rafaer District, Mamberamo Raya Regency, Papua
Native speakers
(800 cited 1993)[1]
Lakes Plain
  • Central
    • Sikaritai
Language codes
ISO 639-3tty
Glottologsika1263[2]

It is spoken in Haya, Iri, and Sikari villages.[3]

Sikaritai, Obokuitai, and Eritai constitute a dialect cluster.

Phonology

The following discussion is based on Martin (1991).[4]

Consonants
Labial Coronal Velar
Stop b t d k kʷ
Fricative ɸ s
Approximant w

This small consonant inventory is typical of Lakes Plain languages.[5] The complete lack of nasals is also a feature of these languages.

There are however several notable allophonic variants:

  • /d/ is realized as [d ~ l] word-initially, [ɾ ~ l] between vowels or following another consonants, and as [d̚] syllable-finally.
  • /k/ is realized as [g̚] syllable-finally. When followed by a vowel, the sequence /ik/ is realized as a syllabic fricative {{[ɣ̩]}}. The sequence /iko/ further varies with [u.o].
  • [ɸ] is in free variation with a glottal fricative [h].
  • /s/ is realized as [ʃ] following /k/.
  • /i/ before another vowel is realized as either a semivowel [j] or an affricate [dʒ] (the latter when following /k/ or when between two low vowels (/ɛ/ or /a/).

Vowels

Sikaritai has six vowels.

Front Central Back
High i u
Mid-high e
Mid ɛ o
Low a

Many other Lakes Plain languages have developed a series of extra high "fricativized" vowels from the loss of a final consonant.[5] In Sikaritai the final consonants have been retained; however, extra-high [i] and [u] appear as allophones of /i/ and /u/ before final /g/ and /d/. Martin postulates that Sikaritai is in the process of developing contrastive fricativized vowels as other Lakes Plain languages have done.

Tone

The language has a two-height tone system with H and L tone. More than one tonal element can appear on a single syllable.

Syllables

The syllable template is (C)(C)V(V)(C).

References
  1. Sikaritai at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
  2. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Sikaritai". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  3. Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2019). "Indonesia languages". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (22nd ed.). Dallas: SIL International.
  4. Martin, David (1991). "Sikaritai phonology". Workpapers in Indonesian Languages and Cultures. 9: 91–120.
  5. Clouse, Duane (1997). "Toward a reconstruction and reclassification of the Lakes Plain languages of Irian Jaya". Papers in Papuan Linguistics. 3: 133–236.


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